The linkage between the warm and the cold conveyor belts in an idealized extratropical cyclone

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 71, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 1443-1459

  Schemm, Sebastian ^a   Wernli, Heini ^a  

^a ETH Zurich   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; STORMS;

BAROCLINIC WAVES; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES; LATENT HEAT RELEASE; LOW-LEVEL WINDS; LOWER TROPOSPHERE; MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; WARM CONVEYOR BELTS;

BELT CONVEYORS;

ATMOSPHERIC FRONT; BAROCLINIC WAVE; JET FLOW; LATENT HEAT FLUX; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; TRAJECTORY; TROPICAL CYCLONE; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 84897455588     PISSN: 00224928     EISSN: 15200469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-13-0177.1     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Agustí-Panareda, A., S. L. Gray, and S. E. Belcher, 2009: On the dependence of boundary-layer ventilation on frontal type. J. Geophys. Res., 114, D05305, doi:10.1029/2008JD010694.
2. Bader, M. J., G. S. Forbes, J. R. Grant, R. B. E. Lilley, and A. J. Waters, 1995: Images in Weather Forecasting. Cambridge University Press, 499 pp.
3. Bigelow, F., 1902: Circulation of the atmosphere in high and low areas. Mon. Wea. Rev., 30, 117-125.
4. Boutle, I. A., S. E. Belcher, and R. S. Plant, 2011: Moisture transport in midlatitude cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 360-373.
5. Brennan, M. J., G. M. Lackmann, and K. M. Mahoney, 2008: Potential vorticity PV thinking in operations: The utility of nonconservation. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 168-182.
6. Browning, K. A., 1986: Conceptual models of precipitation systems. Wea. Forecasting, 1, 23-41.
7. Browning, K. A., 1990: Organisation of clouds and precipitation in extratropical cyclones. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 129-165.
8. Browning, K. A., 2004: The sting at the end of the tail: Damaging winds associated with extratropical cyclones. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 375-399.
9. Browning, K. A., and N. M. Roberts, 1994: Structure of a frontal cyclone. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 120, 1535-1557.
10. Bush, A. B. G., and W. R. Peltier, 1994: Tropopause folds and synoptic-scale baroclinic wave life cycles. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1581-1604.
11. Čampa, J., and H. Wernli, 2012: A PV perspective on the vertical structure of mature midlatitude cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 725-740.
12. Carlson, T. N., 1980: Airflow through midlatitude cyclones and the comma cloud pattern. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1498-1509.
13. Clark, P. A., K. A. Browning, and C. Wang, 2005: The sting at the end of the tail: Model diagnostics of fine-scale threedimensional structure of the cloud head. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2263-2292.
14. Cooper, I. M., A. J. Thorpe, and C. G. Bishop, 1992: The role of diffusive effects on potential vorticity in fronts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 118, 629-647.
15. Crocker, A. M., W. L. Godson, and C. M. Penner, 1947: Frontal contour charts. J. Meteor., 4, 95-99.
16. Davis, C. A., and K. A. Emanuel, 1991: A potential vorticity diagnostics of cyclogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1929-1953.
17. Eckhardt, S., A. Stohl, H. Wernli, P. James, C. Forster, and N. Spichtinger, 2004:A15-year climatology of warm conveyor belts. J. Climate, 17, 218-237.
18. Eliassen, A., and E. Kleinschmidt, 1957: Dynamic meteorology. Handbuch der Physik, S. Flügge, Ed., Springer-Verlag, 1-154.
19. Galloway, J. L., 1958: The three-front model: Its philosophy, nature, construction and use. Weather, 13, 3-10.
20. Godson, W. L., 1951: Synoptic properties of frontal surfaces. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 77, 633-653.
21. Grams, C. M., and Coauthors, 2011: The key role of diabatic processes in modifying the upper-tropospheric wave guide: A North Atlantic case-study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 2174-2193.
22. Green, J. S. A., F. H. Ludlam, and J. F. R. McIlven, 1966: Isentropic relative-flow analysis and the parcel theory. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 92, 210-219.
23. Grønås, S., 1995: The seclusion intensification of the New Year's Day storm 1992. Tellus, 47A, 733-746.
24. Harrold, T. W., 1973: Mechanisms influencing distribution of precipitation within baroclinic disturbances. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 232-251.
25. Haynes, P. H., and M. E. McIntyre, 1987: On the evolution of vorticity and potential vorticity in the presence of diabatic heating and frictional or other forces. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 828-841.
26. Herzog, H.-J., G. Vogel, and U. Schubert, 2002: LLM-A nonhydrostatic model applied to high-resolving simulations of turbulent fluxes over heterogeneous terrain. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 73, 67-86.
27. Hines, K. M., and C. R. Mechoso, 1993: Influence of surface drag on the evolution of fronts. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1152-1176.
28. Hoskins, B. J., M. E. McIntyre, and A. W. Robertson, 1985: On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 877-946.
29. Hulme, A. L., and J. E. Martin, 2009: Synoptic- and frontal-scale influences on tropical transition events in the Atlantic basin. Part II: Tropical transition of Hurricane Karen. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3626-3650.
30. Joos, H., and H. Wernli, 2012: Influence of microphysical processes on the potential vorticity development in a warm conveyor belt: A case study with the limited-area model COSMO. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 407-418.
31. Kessler, E., 1969: On the Distribution and Continuity of Water Substance in the Atmospheric Circulations. Meteor. Monogr., No. 32, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84 pp.
32. Keyser, D., and R. Rotunno, 1990: On the formation of potentialvorticity anomalies in upper-level jet-front systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1914-1921.
33. Kuo, Y.-H., R. J. Reed, and S. Low-Nam, 1992: Thermal structure and airflow in a model simulation of an occluded marine cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 2280-2297.
34. Madonna, E., H. Wernli, H. Joos, and O. Martius, 2014: Warm conveyor belts in the ERA-Interimdata set (1979-2010). Part I: Climatology and potential vorticity evolution. J. Climate, 27, 3-26, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00720.1.
35. Martin, J. E., 1999: Quasigeostrophic forcing of ascent in the occluded sector of cyclones and the trowal airstream. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 70-88.
36. Martínez-Alvarado, O., F. Weidle, and S. L. Gray, 2010: Sting jets in simulations of a real cyclone by two mesoscale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 4054-4075.
37. Mass, C. F., and D. M. Schultz, 1993: The structure and evolution of a simulated midlatitude cyclone over land. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 889-917.
38. Mellor, G., and T. Yamada, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 20, 851-875.
39. Nakamura, N., and I. M. Held, 1989: Nonlinear equilibrium of twodimensional Eady waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3055-3064.
40. Namias, J., 1939: The use of isentropic analysis in short term forecasting. J. Aeronaut. Sci., 6, 295-298.
41. Neiman, P. J., M. A. Shapiro, and L. S. Fedor, 1993: The life cycle of an extratropical marine cyclone. Part II: Mesoscale structure and diagnostics. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 2177-2199.
42. Penner, C. M., 1955: A three-front model for synoptic analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 89-91.
43. Pomroy, H. R., and A. J. Thorpe, 2000: The evolution and dynamical role of reduced upper-tropospheric potential vorticity in Intensive Observing Period One of FASTEX. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 1817-1834.
44. Raymond, D. J., and H. Jiang, 1990: A theory for long-lived mesoscale convective systems. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 3067-3077.
45. Reed, R. J., M. T. Stoelinga, and Y.-H. Kuo, 1992: A model-aided study of the origin and evolution of the anomalously high potential vorticity in the inner region of a rapidly deepening marine cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 893-913.
46. Reed, R. J., Y.-H. Kuo, and S. Low-Nam, 1994: An adiabatic simulation of the ERICA IOP 4 storm: An example of quasi-ideal frontal cyclone development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2688-2708.
47. Rossa, A. M., H. Wernli, and H. C. Davies, 2000: Growth and decay of an extra-tropical cyclone's PV-tower. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 73, 139-156.
48. Rotunno, R., W. C. Skamarock, and C. Snyder, 1998: Effects of surface drag on fronts within numerically simulated baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2119-2129.
49. Schär, C., and H. Wernli, 1993: Structure and evolution of an isolated semi-geostrophic cyclone. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 119, 57-90.
50. Schemm, S., H. Wernli, and L. Papritz, 2013: Warm conveyor belts in idealized moist baroclinic wave simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 627-652.
51. Schultz, D. M., 2001: Reexamining the cold conveyor belt. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2205-2225.
52. Schultz, D. M., and C. F. Mass, 1993: The occlusion process in a midlatitude cyclone over land. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 918-940.
53. Shapiro, M. A., 1976: The role of turbulent heat flux in the generation of potential vorticity in the vicinity of upper-level jet stream systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 892-906.
54. Shapiro, M. A., 1978: Further evidence of the mesoscale and turbulent structure of upper-level jet stream-frontal systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1100-1111.
55. Shapiro, M. A., and D. Keyser, 1990: Front, jet streams and the tropopause. Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmén Memorial Volume, C. W. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 167-191.
56. Shaw, W. N., and R. G. K. Lempfert, 1906: The Life History of Surface Air Currents: A Study of the Surface Trajectories of Moving Air Masses. Darling and Son, Ltd., 107 pp.
57. Sinclair, V. A., S. L. Gray, and S. E. Belcher, 2008: Boundary-layer ventilation by baroclinic life cycles. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 134, 1409-1424.
58. Smart, D. J., and K. A. Browning, 2014: Attribution of strong winds to a cold conveyor belt and sting jet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., doi:10.1002/qj.2162, in press.
59. Stoelinga, M. T., 1996: A potential vorticity-based study of the role of diabatic heating and friction in a numerically simulated baroclinic cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 849-874.
60. Stohl, A., 2001: A 1-year Lagrangian climatology of airstreams in the Northern Hemisphere troposphere and lowermost stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7263-7279, doi:10.1029/2000JD900570.
61. Takayabu, I., 1986: Roles of the horizontal advection on the formation of surface fronts and on the occlusion of a cyclone developing in the baroclinic westerly jet. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 64, 329-345.
62. Thompson, W. T., 1995: Numerical simulations of the life cycle of a baroclinic wave. Tellus, 47A, 722-732.
63. Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1799.
64. Wernli, H., 1997: A Lagrangian-based analysis of extratropical cyclones II. A detailed case study. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1677-1706.
65. Wernli, H., and H. C. Davies, 1997: A Lagrangian-based analysis of extratropical cyclones I. The method and some applications. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 467-489.
66. Wernli, H., R. Fehlmann, and D. Lüthi, 1998: The effect of barotropic shear on upper-level induced cyclogenesis: Semigeostrophic and primitive equation numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2080-2094.
67. Wernli, H., S. Dirren, M. A. Liniger, and M. Zillig, 2002: Dynamical aspects of the life cycle of the winter storm "Lothar." Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 405-429.
68. Whitaker, J. S., L. W. Uccellini, and K. F. Brill, 1988: A modelbased diagnostic study of the rapid development phase of the Presidents's Day cyclone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2337-2365.
69. Young, M. V., G. A. Monk, and K. A. Browning, 1987: Interpretation of satellite imagery of a rapidly deepening cyclone. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 1089-1115.