Working without commitments: The health effects of precarious employment

Working Without Commitments: The Health Effects of Precarious Employment

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-335

  Lewchuk, Wayne ^a   Clarke, Marlea ^b,c   De Wolff, Alice ^d  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897155679     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (298)

1. ACTRA. 2009. Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists (actra), Written Submission to The House of Commons Standing Committee on Finance, Pre-budget Consultations 2010. Toronto: actra. http://www.actra.ca/actra/images/documents/2010-ACTRAPre-budget-submission.pdf
2. Allen, John and Nick Henry. 1996. "Fragments of Industry and Employment: Contract Service Work and the Shift towards Precarious Employment." In Changing Forms of Employment: Organisations, Skills and Gender, ed. Rosemary Crompton, Duncan Gallie, and Kate Purcell, 65-82. London: Routledge.
3. Anderson, John. 1998. "Public and Private Sector Unions in the Delivery of Training: The 1998 CLC Protocol," Training Matters: Works In Progress WIP #1. Toronto: Centre for Research on Work and Society, York University.
4. Armstrong, Pat. 1996. "The Feminization of the Workforce: Harmonizing Down in a Global Economy." In Rethinking Restructuring: Gender and Change in Canada, ed. Isabella Bakker, 29-54. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
5. Aronson, Jane, and Sheila M. Neysmith. 1997. "The Retreat of the State and Long-Term Care Provision: Implications for Frail Elderly People, Unpaid Family Careers and Paid Home Care Workers," Studies in Political Economy 53: 37-66.
6. Aronsson, Gunnar. 1999. "Contingent Workers and Health and Safety," Work, Employment and Society 13 (3): 439-59.
7. Artazcoz, Lucía, Joan Benach, Carme Borrell, and Imma Cortès. 2005. "Social Inequalities in the Impact of Flexible Employment on Different Domains of Psychosocial Health," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59: 761-7.
8. Arum, Richard, and Walter Müller, eds. 2004. The Re-emergence of Self-Employment: A Comparative Study of Self-Employment Dynamics and Social Inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
9. Bakker, Isabella, ed. 1996. Rethinking Restructuring: Gender and Change in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
10. Baragar, Fletcher, and Mario Secarecia. 2008. "Financial Restructuring: Implications of Recent Canadian Macroeconomic Developments," Studies in Political Economy 82: 61-83.
11. Bardasi, Elena, and Marco Francesconi. 2004. "The Impact of Atypical Employment on Individual Wellbeing: Evidence from a Panel of British Workers," Social Science and Medicine 58: 1671-88.
12. Baron, Ava. 1987. "Contested Terrain Revisited: Technology and Gender Definitions of Work in the Printing Industry, 1850-1920." In Women, Work and Technology: Transformations, ed. B. Wright, 58-83. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
13. Bartley, M. 2005. "Job Insecurity and its Effect on Health," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59: 717-18.
14. Bauman, Zygmunt. 1998. Globalization: The Human Condition. New York: Columbia University Press.
15. Bauman, Zygmunt. 2005. Work Consumerism and the New Poor. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
16. Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage Publications.
17. Beck, Ulrich. 2000. The Brave New World of Work. Cambridge: Polity Press.
18. Beder, Sharon. 2000. Selling the Work Ethic: From Puritan Pulpit to Corporate PR. London and New York: Zed Books.
19. Benach, Joan, M. Amable, C. Muntaner, and F.G. Benavides. 2002. "The Consequences of Flexible Work for Health: Are We Looking in the Right Place?" Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 56: 405-6.
20. Benach, Joan, D. Gimeno, and F.G. Benavides. 2002. Types of Employment and Health in the European Union. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
21. Benach, Joan, D. Gimeno, F.G. Benavides, J.M. Martínez, and D.M. Torné. 2004. "Types of Employment and Health in the European Union: Changes from 1995-2000," European Journal of Public Health 14: 314-21.
22. Benach, Joan, C. Muntaner, and V. Santana (Chairs). 2007. Employment Conditions and Health Inequalities. Final Report to the who Commission on Social Determinants of Health.
23. Benach, Joan, and C. Muntaner. 2007. "Precarious Employment and Health: Developing a Research Agenda," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 61: 276-7.
24. Benach, Joan, (forthcoming). Employment, Work and Health Inequalities: A Global Perspective.
25. Benavides, F. G., and J. Benach. 1999. Precarious Employment and Health-Related Outcomes in the European Union. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
26. Benavides, F. G., J. Benach, A.V. Diez-Roux, and C. Roman. 2000. "How Do Types of Employment Relate to Health Indicators? Findings from the Second European Survey on Working Conditions," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 59: 494-501.
27. Benavides, F.G., J. Benach, C, Muntaner, G.L. Delclos, N. Catot, and M. Amable, 2006. "Associations between Temporary Employment and Occupational Injury: What Are the Mechanisms?" Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63: 416-21.
28. Bernhard-Oettel, Cluaida, Magnus Sverke, and Hans de Wittte. 2005. "Comparing Three Alternative Types of Employment with Full-time Work: How Do Employment Contract and Perceived Job Conditions Relate to Health Complaints?" Work and Stress 19 (4): 301-18.
29. Bernhardt, Annette, Heather Boushey, Laura Dresser, and Chris Tilly, eds. 2008. The Gloves-Off Economy: Workplace Standards at the Bottom of America's Labor Market. Urbana-Champaign: Labor and Employment Relations Association.
30. Bernstein, Stephanie. 2006. "Mitigating Precarious Employment in Quebec: The Role of Minimum Employment Standards Legislation." In Precarious Employment: Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada, ed. Leah Vosko, 221-40. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
31. Bernstein, Stephanie, Katherine Lippel, Eric Tucker, and Leah Vosko. 2006. "Precarious Employment and the Law's Flaws: Identifying Regulatory Failure and Securing Effective Protection for Workers." In Precarious Employment: Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada, ed. Leah Vosko, 203-20. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
32. Bezanson, Kate. 2006. "The Neo-Liberal State and Social Reproduction: Gender and Household Insecurity in the Late 1990s." In Social Reproduction: Feminist Political Economy Challenges Neo-Liberalism, ed. Kate Bezanson and Meg Luxton, 173-214. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
33. Black, Clementina. 1915. Married Women's Work: Being the Report of an Enquiry Undertaken by the Women's Industrial Council. London: G. Bell and Sons.
34. Boeri, Tito, and Pietro Garibaldi. 2009. "Beyond Eurosclerosis," Economic Policy 24 (59): 411-61.
35. Bohle, Philip, Michael Quinlan, David Kennedy, and Ann Williamson. 2004. "Working Hours, Work-Life Conflict and Health in Precarious and Permanent Employment," Revista de Saude Publica 38 (Supp): 19-25.
36. Bradley, Harriet. 1989. Men's Work, Women's Work. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
37. Brandes, Stuart. 1984. American Welfare Capitalism, 1880-1940. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38. Braverman, Harry. 1974. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Labor Review.
39. Bredgaard, Thomas, Flemming Larson, and Per Kongshoj Madsen. 2005. "The Flexible Danish Labour Market: A Review," carma Research Papers 1: 1-43.
40. Brody, David. 1968. "The Rise and Decline of Welfare Capitalism." In Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America: The Twenties, ed. John Braeman et al., 147-78. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
41. Broom, Dorthy H., et al. 2006. "The Lesser Evil: Bad Jobs or Unemployment? A Survey of Mid-Aged Australians," Social Science Medicine 63: 575-86.
42. Burchell, B., D. Ladipo, and F. Wilkinson, eds. 2002. Job Insecurity and Work Intensification. London: Routledge.
43. Burgard, S., Jennie Brand, and James House 2005. Job Insecurity and Health in the United States. Ann Arbor: Population Studies Centre, University of Michigan.
44. Burgess, J., and A. De Ruytner., 2000. "Declining Job Quality in Australia: Another Hidden Cost of Unemployment," Economic and Labour Relations Review 11 (2): 246-69.
45. Burke, Ronald. 2002. "Men, Masculinity and Health." In Gender Work Stress and Health, ed. Debra Nelson and Ronald Burke, 35-54. Washington: American Psychological Association.
46. Burri, Susanne D. 2009. "The Netherlands: Precarious Employment in a Context of Flexicurity." In Gender and the Contours of Precarious Employment, ed. Leah Vosko, Martha MacDonald, and Iain Campbell, 127-42. London: Routledge.
47. Cameron, Barbara. 2006. "Social Reproduction and Canadian Federalism." In Social Reproduction: Feminist Political Economy Challenges Neo-Liberalism, ed. Kate Bezanson and Meg Luxton, 45-74. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
48. Campbell, Iain, and John Burgess. 2001. "Casual Employment in Australia and Temporary Employment in Europe: Developing a Cross-National Comparison," Work, Employment and Society 15: 171-84.
49. Campbell, Iain, Gillian Whitehouse, and Janeen Baxter, 2009. "Australia: Casual Employment, Part-Time Employment and the Resilience of the Male-Breadwinner Model." In Gender and the Contours of Precarious Employment, ed. Leah Vosko, Martha MacDonald, and Iain Campbell, 60-75. London: Routledge.
50. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. 2009. The View from Here: How a Living Wage Can Reduce Poverty in Manitoba. Ottawa.
51. Cappelli, Peter. 1999. The New Deal at Work: Managing the Market-Driven Workforce. Boston: Harvard University Press.
52. ccpa. 2009. Municipal taxation needs reforming. http://www.policyalternatives.ca/editorials/2005/03/editorial1073/?pa= 2005 [retrieved November 3 2009].
53. Challenge, Q.O.L. 2007. A Bold New Way for People in BC's Capitol Region to Work Together. Report of Phase One, 2003-2006. Victoria, B.C.: Social Planning Council.
54. Chancer, Lynn. 1998. "The Case for Guaranteed Income in Principle." In Post-Work: The Wages of Cybernation, ed. Stanley Aronowitz and Jonathan Cutler, 81-127. New York: Routledge.
55. Chaykowski, Richard. 2005. "Non-Standard Work and Economic Vulnerability," Vulnerable Worker Series-No.3 Work Network. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Netword (CPRN).
56. Cherlin, Andrew J. 2005. "American Marriage in the Early Twenty-First Century," The Future of Children 15 (2): 33-55.
57. "China Strengthens Labour Protections," Globe and Mail, 29 June, 2007, A12.
58. Chirumbolo, Antonio, and Johnny Hellgren. 2003. "Individual and Organizational Consequences of Job Insecurity: A European Study," Economic and Industrial Democracy 24 (2): 217-40.
59. Christie, Nancy. 2000. Engendering the State: Family, Work, and Welfare in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
60. Clarke, Marlea. 2006. "All the Workers"? Labour Market Reform and Precarious Work in Post-Apartheid South Africa, 1994-2004. Ph.D. dissertation. Political Science Department, York University, Toronto.
61. Clarke, Marlea, Wayne Lewchuk, Alice de Wolff, and Andy King. 2007. "'This Just Isn't Sustainable': Precarious Employment, Stress and Workers' Health," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 30 (6): 311-26.
62. Cooper, C.L. 2002. "The Changing Psychological Contract at Work," Occupational Environment Medicine 59: 355.
63. Commission of the European Communities. 2006. Green Paper: Modernising Labour Law to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century. Brussels.
64. Corman, June, and Meg Luxton. 2007. "Social Reproduction and the Changing Dynamics of Unpaid Household and Caregiving Work." In Work in Tumultuous Times: Critical Perspectives, ed. Vivian Shalla and Wallace Clement, 262-88. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
65. Cranford, Cynthia, Leah Vosko, and Nancy Zukewich. 2003. "Temporary Employment in the Canadian Labour Market: A Statistical Portrait," Just Labour 3: 46-59.
66. Cranford, Cynthia, Judy Fudge, Eric Tucker, and Leah Vosko, eds. 2005. Self-Employed Workers Organize. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
67. Cranford, Cynthia, and Leah Vosko. 2006. "Conceptualizing Precarious Employment: Mapping Wage Work across Social Location and Occupational Context." In Precarious Employment: Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada, ed. Leah Vosko, 43-66. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
68. Crompton, Rosemary, ed. 1999. Restructuring Gender Relations and Employment: The Decline of the Male Breadwinner Model. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
69. Crompton, Rosemary, ed. 2006. Employment and the Family: The Reconfiguration of Work and Family Life in Contemporary Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
70. Crompton, Rosemary, Suzan Lewis, and Clare Lyonette, eds. 2007. Women, Men, Work and Family in Europe. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
71. Cummings, Kristin J. 2008. "Contingent Workers and Contingent Health: Risks of a Modern Economy," Journal of the American Medical Association 299 (4): 448-50.
72. Daubas-Letourneux, V. and Thébaud-Mony, A. 2003. Work Organization and Health at Work in the European Union. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Working and Living Conditions.
73. De Witte, H. 1999. "Job Insecurity and Psychological Well-Being: Review of the Literature and Exploration of Some Unresolved Issues," European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 8: 155-77.
74. de Wolff, Alice. 2006a. "Bargaining for Collective Responsibility for Social Reproduction." In Social Reproduction: Feminist Political Economy Challenges Neo-Liberalism, ed. Kate Bezanson and Meg Luxton, 93-116. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
75. de Wolff, Alice. 2006b. "Privatizing Public Employment Assistance and Precarious Employment in Toronto." In Precarious Employment: Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada, ed. Leah Vosko, 182-99. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
76. Department of Trade and Industry. 2007. Employment Status and Employment Rights of Agency Workers. http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/dti/employmentrights/guides/agencyworkersandemploymentstatus.pdf, accessed 22 November, 2008.
77. Doogan, K.. 2001. "Insecurity and Long-term Employment," Work Employment and Society 15 (3): 419-41.
78. Doogan, K.. 2005. "Long-term Employment and the Restructuring of the Labour Market in Europe," Time and Society 14 (1): 65-87.
79. D'Souza, R.M., L. Strazdins, L.L-Y. Lim, D.H Broom, and B. Rodgers. 2003. "Work and Health in a Contemporary Society: Demands, Control, and Insecurity," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 57: 849-54.
80. Duxbury, Linda, and Chris Higgins. 2001. Work-Life Balance in the New Millennium: Where Are We? Where Do We Need to Go? Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Network.
81. Edwards, Richard. 1979. Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books.
82. Ellingsæter, Anne Lise. 1999. "Dual Breadwinners between State and Market." In Restructuring Gender Relations and Employment: The Decline of the Male Breadwinner Model, ed. Rosemary Crompton, 40-59. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
83. Elson, Diane. 1999. "Labor Markets as Gendered Institutions: Equality, Efficiency and Empowerment Issues," World Development 27 (3): 611-27.
84. European Expert Group on Flexicurity. 2007. Flexicurity Pathways: Turning Hurdles into Stepping Stones. Brussels.
85. Farber, Henry S. 2005. "What Do We Know about Job Loss in the United States? Evidence from the Displaced Workers Survey, 1984-2004," Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago: Economic Perspectives Issue Q II: 13-28.
86. Farber, Henry S. 2008a. "Job Loss and the Decline of Job Security in the United States," Princeton University Industrial Relations Section Working Paper no.520, at http://www.irs.princeton.edu/pubs/pdfs/520revised.pdf.
87. Farber, Henry S. 2008b. "Short(er) Shrift: The Decline in Work Firm Attachment in the United States." In Laid Off, Laid Low: Political and Economic Consequences of Employment Insecurity, ed. Katherine S. Newman, 10-37. New York: Columbia University Press.
88. Farber, Henry S. 2008c. "Employment Insecurity: The Decline in Worker-Firm Attachment in the United States," Princeton University Working Paper 530. Princeton, New Jersey.
89. Farber, Henry S., John Haltiwanger, and Katharine G. Abraham. 1997. "The Changing Face of Job Loss in the United States 1981-95," The Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, (Microeconomics Supplement): 55-142.
90. Ferguson, Niall. 2008. The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World. New York: Penguin Press.
91. Ferrie, J.E. 2001. "Is Job Insecurity Harmful to Health?" Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 94: 71-6.
92. Ferrie J.E, W.H., G. Oxenstierna, and T. Theorell. 2007. "The Impact of Moderate and Major Workplace Expansion and Downsizing on the Psychosocial and Physical Work Environment and Income in Sweden," Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 35 (1): 62-9.
93. Ferrie, J.E, M.J. Shipley, M.G. Marmot, S.A. Stansfeld, and D. Smith, 1998. "The Health Effects of Major Organizational Change and Job Insecurity," Social Science Medicine 46 (2): 243-54.
94. Ferrie, J.E., M.J. Shipley, S.A. Stansfeld, and M.G. Marmot. 2002. "Effects of Chronic Job Insecurity and Change in Job Security on Self Reported Health, Minor psychiatric Morbidity, Physiological Measures, and Health Related Behaviours in British Civil Servants: The Whitehall II Study," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 56: 450-4.
95. Ferrie, J.E, M.J. Shipley, K. Newman, S.A. Stansfeld, and M.G. Marmot. 2005. "Self-Reported Job Insecurity and Health in the Whitehall II Study: Potential Explanations of the Relationship," Social Science and Medicine 60: 1593-1602.
96. Fevre, R. 2007. "Employment Insecurity and Social Theory: The Power of Nightmares," Work, Employment and Society 21 (3): 517-35.
97. Food Banks Canada. 2009. Hunger Count 2009, http://www.cafb-acba.ca/documents/HungerCount2009NOV16.pdf, accessed 16 November, 2009.
98. Forget, Evelyn L. 2010. "The Town with No Poverty: Using Health Administration Data to Assess Outcomes of a North American Guaranteed Annual Income Field Experiment," Working Paper. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba.
99. Frade, Carlos, and Isabelle Darmon. 2005. "New Modes of Business Organization and Precarious Employment: Towards the Recommodification of Labour?" Journal of European Social Policy 15 (2): 107-21.
100. Fraser, Jill Andresky. 2001. White Collar Sweat-Shop: The Deterioration of Work and Its Rewards in Corporate America. New York: Norton.
101. Fudge, Judy. 1997. Precarious Work and Families. Toronto: Centre for Research on Work and Society, York University.
102. Fudge, Judy, Eric Tucker, and Leah Vosko. 2002. The Legal Concept of Employment: Marginalizing Workers, Report for the Law Commission of Canada: 1-141.
103. Galarneau, Diane. 2005. "Earnings of Temporary versus Permanent Employees," Perspectives 6 (1): 5-18.
104. Galbauzi, Grace-Edward. 2004. "Racializing the Division of Labour: Neoliberal Restructuring and the Economic Segregation of Canada's Racialized Groups." In Challenging the Market: The Struggle to Regulate Work and Income, ed. Jim Stanford and Leah Vosko, 175-204. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
105. Ganage, Charlene. 1986. Double Day Bind. Toronto: The Women's Press.
106. Garrahan, Philip, and Paul Stewart. 1992. The Nissan Enigma: Flexibility at Work in a Local Economy. London: Mansell.
107. Giatti, L., S.M. Barreto, and C. Comini Ceaser. 2008. "Household Con-text and Self-Rated Health: The Effect of Unemployment and Informal Work," Journal of Epidemiological Community Health 62: 1079-85.
108. Giloth, Robert, ed. 2004. Workforce Intermediaries for the Twenty-first Century. Philadelphia: Temple University Press in association with The American Assembly Columbia University.
109. Gindin, Sam. 1995. The Canadian Auto Workers: The Birth and Transformation of a Union. Toronto: James Lorimer and Co.
110. Golsch, Katrin. 2005. The Impact of Labour Market Insecurity on the Work and Family Life of Men and Women. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
111. Gordon, David, Richard Edwards, and Michael Reich. 1982. Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
112. Gornick, Janet, and Marcia Meyers. 2003. Families that Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
113. Gorz, André. 2005. Reclaiming Work: Beyond the Wage-Based Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
114. Gottfried, Heidi. 2009. "Japan: The Reproduction Bargain and the Making of Precarious Employment." In Gender and the Contours of Precarious Employment, ed. Leah Vosko, Martha MacDonald, and Iain Campbell, 76-91. London: Routledge.
115. Goudswaard, A., and F. Andries. 2002. Employment Status and Working Conditions. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Working and Living Conditions.
116. Graham, L. 1995. On the Line at Subaru-lsuz. Ithaca: ilr Press.
117. Green, Francis. 2006. Demanding Work: The Paradox of Job Quality in the Affluent Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
118. Greenglass, Esther R. 2002. "Work Stress, Coping, and Social Support: Implications for Women's Occupational Well-Being." In Gender Work Stress and Health, ed. Debra Nelson and Ronald Burke, 85-96. Washington: American Psychological Association.
119. Grnell, Marianne. 2001. "Job Losses and New Rules on Employment Conditions in Temporary Work Agencies." European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2001/11/feature/nl0111102f.htm, accessed 22 November, 2008.
120. Guadalupe, Maria. 2003. "The Hidden Costs of Fixed Term Contracts: The Impact on Work Accidents," Labour Economics 10: 339-57.
121. Haber, William, and Wibur Cohen, eds. 1948. Readings in Social Security. New York: Prentice-Hall.
122. Hacker, Jacob S. 2006a. The Great Risk Shift: The Assault on American Jobs, Families, Health Care and Retirement and How You Can Fight Back. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
123. Hacker, Jacob S. 2006b. Universal Insurance: Enhancing Economic Security to Promote Opportunity. The Hamilton Project, Washington: The Brookings Institution.
124. Hallock, Kevin F. 2009. "Job Loss and the Fraying of the Implicit Employment Contract," Journal of Economic Perspectives 23 (4): 69-93.
125. Hebson, Gail, and Irena Grugulis. 2005. "Gender and New Organizational Forms." In Fragmenting Work: Blurring Organizational Boundaries and Disordering Hierarchies, ed. Mick Marchington, Damian Grimshaw, Jill Ribery, and Hugh Willmott, 217-37. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
126. Heery, Edmund, and Brian Abbott. 2000. "Trade Unions and the Insecure Workforce." In The Insecure Workforce, ed. Edmund Heery and John Salmon, 155-80. London: Routledge.
127. Heery, Edmund, and J. Salmon, eds. 2000. The Insecure Workforce. London: Routledge.
128. Hennessy, Trish, and Armine Yalnizyan. 2009. Canada's "He-cession," Behind the Numbers. Ottawa: ccpa: 1-3.
129. Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1997. The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan Books.
130. Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 1999. Economics and Utopia: Why the Learning Economy Is Not the End of History. London: Routledge.
131. HRSDC. 2008. Discussion Paper on the Review of Labour Standards in the Canada Labour Code. Ottawa: Human Resources and Social Development Canada (hrsdc) Labour Program.
132. Huberman, Michael, and Wayne Lewchuk. 2003. "European Economic Integration and the Labour Compact, 1850-1913," European Economic History Review 7: 3-41.
133. Hyman, J., D. Scholarios, and C. Baldry. 2005. "Getting On or Getting By? Employee Flexibility and Coping Strategies for Home and Work," Work Employment and Society 19 (4): 705-25.
134. International Labour Organisation. 2003. Report V: The Scope of the Employment Relationship (Report prepared for the International Labour Conference, 91st Session). Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
135. International Labour Organisation. 2006. Report V (1) The Employment Relationship. Geneva: International Labour Office.
136. International Labour Organisation. 2007. The Employment Relationship: An Annotated Guide to ILO Recommendation No. 198. Accessed 15 July, 2008, from http://www .ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/downloads/guide-rec198.pdf
137. Jacoby, Sanford. 1997. Modern Manors: Welfare Capitalism since the New Deal. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
138. Jackson, Andrew. 2004. "Gender Inequality and Precarious Work: Exploring the Impact of Unions through the Gender and Work Database." Paper read at Gender and Work: Knowledge Production in Practice Conference, at York University, North York, Ontario.
139. Johnson, Jennifer. 2002. Getting By on the Minimum: The Lives of Working-Class Women. New York: Routledge.
140. Jonsson, Inger, and Anita Nyberg. 2009. "Sweden: Precarious Work and Precarious Employment." In Gender and the Contours of Precarious Employment, ed. Leah Vosko, Martha MacDonald, and Iain Campbell, 194-210. London: Routledge.
141. Kahn, Joseph, and David Barboza. 2007. "China Passes a Sweeping Labor Law," New York Times, 30 Jun 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/30/business/worldbusiness/30chlabor.html
142. Kapsalis, Costa, and Pierre Tourigny. 2004. "Duration of Non-standard Employment," Perspectives 5 (12): 5-13.
143. Karasek, R., and T. Theorell, 1990. Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction of Working Life. New York: Basic Books.
144. Kaufman, Bruce E. 2008. Managing the Human Factor: The Early Years of Human Resource Management in American Industry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
145. Keune, Maarten. 2008. "Flexicurity: A Contested Concept at the Core of the European Labour Market Debate," Intereconomics March/April: 992-8.
146. Kivimaki, M., J. Vahtera, J. Pentti, and J.E. Ferrie. 2000. "Factors Underlying the Effect of Organisational Downsizing on Health of Employees: Longitudinal Cohort Study," British Medical Journal in Health 320: 971-5.
147. Kivimaki, M., J. Vahtera, J. Pentti, L. Thomson, A. Griffiths, and T. Cox. 2001. "Downsizing, Changes in Work, and Self-Rated Health of Employees: A 7-Year Panel 3-Wave Panel Study," Anxiety, Stress and Coping 14: 59-73.
148. Kivimaki, Mika, Jussi Vahtera, Marianna Virtanen, Marko Elovainio, and Jaana Pentt. 2003. "Temporary Employment and Risk of Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality," American Journal of Epidemiology 158: 663-8.
149. Kling, Jeffrey R. 2006. Fundamental Restructuring of Unemployment Insurance, Wage-Loss Insurance, and Temporary Earnings Replacement Accounts. Washington. Brookings Institution, Discussion Paper 5.
150. Knowledge Socialization Project at ibm Research http://www.research .ibm.com/knowsoc/stories_IBMHistory.html, accessed 4 June, 2007.
151. Krahn, Harvey. 1995. "Non-Standard Work on the Rise," Perspectives on Labour and Income 7 (4): 35-42.
152. Krantz, Gunilla, Leeni Berntsson, and Ulf Lundberg. 2005. "Total Workload, Work Stress and Perceived Symptoms in Swedish Male and Female White-Collar Employees," The European Journal of Public Health 15 (2): 209-14.
153. Kumar, Pradeep. 2008. "Is the Movement at a Standstill? Union Efforts and Outcomes," Our Times 27 (5): 11.
154. Kvist, Jon, and Lisbeth Pedersen. 2007. "Danish Labour Market Activation Policies," National Institute Economic Review 202: 99-111.
155. Larson, Jeffry H., Stephan M. Wilson, and Rochelle Beley. 1994. "The Impact of Job Insecurity on Marital and Family Relationships," Family Relations 43 (2): 138-43.
156. Larson, Trine. 2008. "eu Fixed-Term Work Directive Has Limited Effect at Local Level," http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2008/08/articles/dk0808039i.htm, accessed 9 November, 2009.
157. Lazonick, William. 2009. "The New Economy Business Model and the Crisis of U.S. Capitalism," Capital and Society 4 (2): 1-67.
158. Leeson, R.A. 1980. Travelling Brothers: The Six Centuries' Road from Craft Fellowship to Trade Unionism. London: Granada.
159. Letourneux, V., 1998. Precarious Employment and Working Conditions in the European Union. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publication of the European Communities.
160. Lewchuk, Wayne. 1993. "Men and Monotony: Fraternalism at the Ford Motor Company," Journal of Economic History 53 (4): 824-56.
161. Lewchuk, Wayne, and D. Robertson. 1996. "Working Conditions under Lean Production: A Worker-based Benchmarking Study," Asia Pacific Business Review 2 (Summer): 60-81.
162. Lewchuk, Wayne 1997. "Production without Empowerment: Work Reorganization from the Perspective of Motor Vehicle Workers," Capital and Class 63: 37-64.
163. Lewchuk, Wayne, Alice de Wolff, and Andy King. 2006a. "The Hidden Costs of Precarious Employment: Health and the Employment Rela-tionship." In Precarious Employment: Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada, ed. Leah Vosko, 141-62. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
164. Lewchuk, Wayne 2006b. "Employment Strain and Temporary Employment." In Work and Labour in Tumultuous Times: Critical Perspectives, ed. Vivian Shalla and Wallace Clement, 98-130. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
165. Lewchuk, Wayne, Marlea Clarke, and Alice de Wolff. 2008. "Working Without Commitments: Precarious Employment and Health," Work Employment and Society 22: 387-406.
166. Lewchuk, Wayne 2009. "Precarious Employment and the Internal Responsibility System: Some Canadian Experiences." In Workplace Health and Safety: International Perspectives on Worker Representation, ed. Theo Nicholls and David Walters, 109-33. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
167. Lindsay, Colin. 2008. "Are Women Spending More Time on Unpaid Domestic Work than Men in Canada?" Component of Statistics Canada, catalogue no. 89-630-X. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
168. Lippel, Katherine. 2006. "Precarious Employment and Occupational Health and Safety Regulation in Quebec." In Precarious Employment: Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada, ed. Leah Vosko, 241-55. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
169. Louie, A., A.S. Ostry, M. Quinlan, T. Keegel, J. Shoveller, and A.D. LaMontangne. 2006. "Empirical Study of Employment Arrangements and Precariousness in Australia," Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations 61 (3): 465-89.
170. Lowe, Graham. 2007. 21st Century Job Quality: Achieving What Canadians Want. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks, Research Report W/37.
171. Lundberg, Ulf, and Marianne Frankenhaeuser. 1999. "Stress and Workload of Men and Women in High-Ranking Positions," Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 4 (2): 142-51.
172. Luxton, Meg. 1990. "Two Hands for the Clock: Changing Patterns in the Gendered Division of Labour in the Home." In Through the Kitchen Window: The Politics of Home and Family, ed. M. Luxton, 17-36. Toronto: Garamond Press.
173. Luxton, Meg, Harriet Rosenberg, and Sedef Arat-Koc, eds. 1990. Through the Kitchen Window: The Politics of Home and Family. Toronto: Garamond.
174. Luxton, Meg, and June Corman. 2001. Getting by in Hard Times: Gen-dered Labour at Home and on the Job. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
175. Madsen, Per Kongshej. 2006. "Labour Market Flexibility and Social Protection in European Welfare States: Contrasts and Similarities," Australian Bulletin of Labour 32 (2): 139-62.
176. McBride, Stephen. 1998. "The Political Economy of Training in Canada," Centre for Research on Work and Society Training Matters: Working Paper Series #98-07. Toronto: York University.
177. McKay, Ian. 2008. Reasoning Otherwise: Leftists and the People's Enlightenment in Canada, 1890-1920. Toronto: Between the Lines.
178. McNally, David. 2009. "Inequality, the Profit System and Global Crisis." In Bankruptcies and Bailouts, ed. Julie Guard and Wayne Antony, 32-45. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
179. Malenfant, R., A. LaRue, and M. Vezina. 2007. "Intermittent Work and Well-being: One Foot in the Door, One Foot Out," Current Sociology 55 (6): 814-35.
180. Marchington, Mick, Damian Grimshaw, Jill Ribery, and Hugh Willmott, eds. 2005. Fragmenting Work: Blurring Organizational Boundaries and Disordering Hierarchies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
181. Marglin, Stephen. 2008. The Dismal Science: How Thinking Like an Economist Undermines Community. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
182. Marmot, Michael, Sharon Friel, Ruth Bell, Tanja A.J. Houweling, and Sebastian Taylor. 2008. "Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health," Lancet 372: 1661-9.
183. Marshall, Katherine. 2003. "Benefits on the Job," Perspectives on Labour and Income 4 (5) Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-X. Ottawa: Statistics Canada: 5-12.
184. Marshall, Katherine. 2006. "Converging Gender Roles," Perspectives on Labour and Income 7 (7) Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-X. Ottawa: Statistics Canada: 5-17.
185. Marshall, Katherine. 2009. "The Family Work Week," Perspectives on Labour and Income 10 (4): 5-13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-X. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
186. May, Martha. 1982. "The Historical Problem of the Family Wage: The Ford Motor Company and the Five Dollar Day," Feminist Studies 8 (Summer): 399-424.
187. McKeen, W. 2004. Money in Their Own Name: The Feminist Voice in Poverty Debate in Canada, 1970-1995. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
188. McKeen, W. 2006. "Diminishing the Concept of Social Policy: The Shifting Conceptual Ground of Social Policy Debate in Canada," Critical Social Policy 26 (4): 865-87.
189. McKeen, W., and A. Porter. 2003. "Politics and Transformation: Welfare State Restructuring in Canada." In Changing Canada: Political Economy as Transformation, ed. Wallace Clement and Leah F. Vosko, 109-34. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
190. Melman, Seymour. 1958. Decision Making and Productivity. Oxford: Blackwell.
191. Menéndez, María, Joan Benach, Carles Muntaner, Marcelo Amble, and Patricia O'Campo. 2007. "Is Precarious Employment More Damaging to Women's Health than Men's?" Social Science Medicine 64: 776-81.
192. Meyer III, Stephen. 1981. The Five Dollar Day: Labor Management and Social Control in the Ford Motor Company, 1908-1921. Albany: State University of New York Press.
193. Milkman, Ruth. 1997. Farewell to the Factory: Auto Workers in the Late Twentieth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
194. Mills, C. Wright. 1956. White Collar. The American Middle Classes, New York: Oxford University Press.
195. Misswa. 2006. Time for a Fair Deal, Report of the Task Force on Modernizing Income Security for Working-Age Adults. Toronto: St Christopher House and Toronto City Summit Alliance.
196. Monsebraaten, Laurie. 2007. "Guaranteed Income, Guaranteed Dignity." Toronto Star 5 March, 2007.
197. Morissette, R., Johnson, A. 2005. Are Good Jobs Disappearing in Canada? Statistics Canada, Business and Labour Market Analysis Division (11F0019MIE-No. 239): 1-52.
198. Murray, Jacqueline, ed. 2007. Employment Conditions and Health Inequalities: Final Report to the Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH). Geneva: Employment Conditions Knowledge Network (emconet).
199. Nelson, Daniel. 1975. Managers and Workers: Origins of the New Factory System in the United States, 1880-1920. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
200. Nelson, Debra L., Ronald J. Burke, and Susan Michie. 2002. "New Directions for Studying Gender, Work Stress, and Health." In Gender, Work Stress and Health, ed. D.L Nelson and R.J. Burke, 229-42. Washington: American Psychological Association.
201. Newman, Katherine S., and Victor Chen. 2007. The Missing Class: Portraits of the Near Poor in America. Boston: Beacon Press.
202. National Union of Public and General Employees (nupge), 2007a. Pensions Backgrounder #2, A Brief History of Pensions in Canada, National Union's Pensions Manual, 4th ed. [accessed 28 November, 2008]. Available from http://www.nupge.ca/publications/Pensions %20Documents/History_of_Pensions.pdf.
203. National Union of Public and General Employees (nupge), 2007b. Pensions Backgrounder #6, Workplace Pension Plans. [accessed 3 December, 2008]. Available from http://www.nupge.ca/publications/Pensions%20Documents/Workplace_Pension_Plans.pdf.oecd.
204. National Union of Public and General Employees (nupge), 1994. The OECD Jobs Study: Facts, Analysis, Strategies, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/51/1941679.pdf
205. National Union of Public and General Employees (nupge), 1997. OECD Employment Outlook 1997, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/17/2080463.pdf-2000.
206. OECD Employment Outlook 2000, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/44/2079593.pdf-2006.
207. OECD Employment Outlook 2006: Boosting Jobs and Incomes, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
208. National Union of Public and General Employees (nupge), 2009. Overview: Data on Informal Employment and Self-Employment From "Is Informal Normal? Towards More and Better Jobs in Developing Countries," Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/49/42863997.pdf (Oct 22, 2009).
209. National Union of Public and General Employees (nupge), nd. OECD. Stat Extracts, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://stats.oecd.org/wbos/Index.aspx
210. Ontario Federation of Labour. 2007. Brief to the Ontario Expert Commission on Pensions. Toronto: ofl.
211. Origo, Federica, and Laura Pagani. 2008. "Flexicurity and Workers' Well-Being in Europe: Is Temporary Employment Always Bad?" University of Milan-Bicocca Working Paper 141, Milan: 1-41.
212. Osberg, Lars. 2009. Canada's Declining Social Safety Net: The Case for EI Reform. Ottawa: ccpa.
213. Osterman, Paul. 1999. Securing Prosperity: The American Labor Market: How It has Changed and What to Do about It. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
214. Palmer, Bryan. 1979. Culture in Conflict: Skilled Workers and Industrial Capitalism in Hamilton, Ontario 1860-1914. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
215. Parker, Sharon, Mark Griffin, Christine Sprigg, and Toby Wall. 2002. "Effect of Temporary Contracts on Perceived Work Characteristics and Job Strain: A Longitudinal Study," Personnel Psychology 55 (3): 689-719.
216. Pedersen, H.H., C.C. Hansen, and S. Mahler. 2003. Temporary Agency Work in the European Union. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
217. Pfau-Effinger, Birgit. 1999. "The Modernization of Family and Motherhood in Western Europe." In Restructuring Gender Relations and Employment: The Decline of the Male Breadwinner Model, ed. Rosemary Crompton, 60-79. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
218. Philips, Kaia, Raul Eamets, with Janika Alloja Kerly Krillo, and Anne Lauringson. 2007. Approaches to Flexicurity: EU models. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
219. Picchio, Antonella. 1992. Social Reproduction: The Political Economy of the Labour Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
220. Pink, Daniel H. 2001. Free Agent Nation: The Future of Working for Yourself. New York: Warner Business Books.
221. Pocock, B. 2005. "Work-Life 'Balance' in Australia: Limited Progress, Dim Prospects," Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 43 (2): 198-209.
222. Presser, Harriet B. 2003. Working in a 24/7: Challenges for American Families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
223. Pupo, Norene, and Anne Duffy. 2003. "Caught in the Net: The Impact of Changes to Canadian Employment Insurance Legislation on Parttime Workers," Social Policy and Society 2 (1): 1-11.
224. Pupo, Norene, and Mark Thomas, eds. 2010. Interrogating the New Economy: Restructuring Work in the 21st Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
225. Purcell, Kate. 2000. "Gendered Employment Insecurity." In The Insecure Workforce, ed. Edmund Heery and John Salmon, 112-39. London, Rutledge.
226. Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.
227. Quinlan, Michael. 1999. "The Implications of Labour Market Restructuring in Industrialized Societies for Occupational Health and Safety," Economic and Industrial Democracy 20: 427-60.
228. Quinlan, Michael. 2003. "Flexible Work and Organisational Arrangements-Regulatory Problems and Responses." Working Paper #16. Canberra: National Research Centre for ohs Regulation, Australian National University, Australia.
229. Quinlan, Michael, and Chris Mahew. 1999. "Precarious Employment and Workers' Compensation," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 5-6: 491-520.
230. Quinlan, Michael 2000. "Precarious Employment, Work Re-Organization and the Fracturing of ohs Management." In Systematic Occupational Health and Safety Management: Perspectives on an International Development, ed. Kaj Frick, Per Langaa Jensen, Michael Quinlan, and Ton Wilthagen, 175-98. Oxford: Pergamon Science.
231. Quinlan, Michael 2006. "Economic Pressure, Multi-Tiered Subcontracting and Occupational Health and Safety in the Australian Long Haul Trucking Industry," Employee Relations 28 (3): 212-29.
232. Quinlan, Michael, Chris Mahew, and Philip Bohle. 2001. "The Global Expansion of Precarious Employment, Work Disorganization, and Consequences for Occupational Health: A Review of Recent Literature," International Journal of Health Services 31 (2): 335-414.
233. Rathke, Wade. 2009. Citizen Wealth: Winning the Campaign to Save Working Families. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
234. Robinson, Peter. 2000. "Insecurity and the Flexible Workforce: Measuring the Ill-defined." In The Insecure Workforce, ed. Edmund Heery and John Salmon, 25-38. London: Routledge.
235. Rodriguez, Eunice. 2002. "Marginal Employment and Health in Britain and Germany: Does Unstable Employment Predict Health?" Social Science and Medicine 55: 963-79.
236. Rogers, G. 1989. "Precarious Work in Western Europe: The State of the Debate." In Precarious Jobs in Labour Market Regulation: The Growth of Atypical Employment in Western Europe, ed. G. Rodgers and J. Rodgers, 1-16. Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
237. Rose, Sonya. 1992. Limited Livelihoods: Gender and Class in Nineteenth-Century England. Berkeley: University of California Press.
238. Ross, Stephanie. 2004. "Social Unionism and Membership Participation: What Role for Union Democracy?" Paper read at the annual conference of the Canadian Political Science Association, Political Economy Section, in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
239. Rubery, Jill, and Jane Humphries. 1984. "The Reconstitution of the Supply Side of the Labour Market: The Relative Autonomy of Social Regulation," Cambridge Journal of Economics 8: 331-46.
240. Rubery, J., J. Earnshaw, M. Marchington, F.E. Cooke, and S. Vincent. 2002. "Changing Organizational Forms and the Employment Relationship," Journal of Management Studies 39 (5): 645-72.
241. Rutherford, Tod D. 1998. "'Still in Training?' Labor Unions and the Restructuring of Canadian Labor Market Policy," Economic Geography 74: 131-49.
242. Salami, Reihan. 2009. "The Death of Macho," Foreign Policy July/August: 1-4.
243. Saloniemi, A., P. Virtanen, and J. Vahtera, 2004. "The Work Environment in Fixed Term Jobs: Are Poor Psychosocial Conditions Inevitable?" Work, Employment and Society 18: 193-208.
244. Sangster, Joan. 1995. "Doing Two Jobs: The Wage Earning Mother, 1945-1970." In A Diversity of Women, ed. Joy Parr, 98-134. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
245. Sassen, Saskia. 2001. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. 2nd ed., Princeton: Princeton University Press.
246. Saunders, R. 2006. "Making Work Pay: Findings and Recommendations," Research Highlights, Canadian Policy Research Networks 6 (May): 10.
247. Schomann, Klaus, Ralf Rogowski, and Thomas Kruppe. 1998. Labour Market Efficiency in the European Union: Employment Protection and Fixed-Term Contracts. London: Routledge.
248. Sciarra, Silvana. 2008. "Is Flexicurity a European Policy?" urge Working Paper 4, Florence: Research Unit on European Governance.
249. Scott, H.K.. 2004. "Reconceptualizing the Nature and Health Consequences of Work-Related Insecurity for the New Economy: The Decline of Workers; Power in the Flexible Regime," International Journal of Health Services 34: 143-53.
250. Seifert, Ana Maria, Karen Messing, Jessica Riel, and Céline Chatigny. 2007. "Precarious Employment Conditions Affect Work Content in Education and Social Work: Results of Work Analyses," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 30: 299-310.
251. Sennett, Richard. 1998. The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism. New York: W.W. Norton.
252. Shalla, Vivian, and Clement Wallace, eds. 2007. Work in Tumultuous Times: Critical Perspectives. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
253. Sidel, Ruth. 1990. On Her Own: Growing Up in the Shadow of the American Dream. New York: Viking.
254. Smith, Vicki. 2001. Crossing the Great Divide: Worker Risk and Opportunity in the New Economy. Ithica, ny: Cornell University Press/ilr Press.
255. Standing, Guy. 2002. Beyond the New Paternalism: Basic Security as Equality. London: Verso.
256. Statistics Canada, 2001. "Income: Low Income Cut-offs," 2001 Census Dictionary. Ottawa: Government of Canada.
257. Statistics Canada, 2002. Profile of Canadian Families and Households: Diversification Continues, 2001 Census. Catalogue no. 96F0030SIE200100, Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
258. Statistics Canada, 2006. "Study: Canada's Labour Market at a Glance," The Daily, Thursday, 1 June, 2006. http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/060601/d060601a.htm-2008.
259. Earnings and Incomes of Canadians over the Past Quarter Century, 2006 Census. Catalogue no. 97-563-X, Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
260. Stevenson, Betsey, and Justin Wolfers. 2008. "Marriage and the Market," CATO Unbound January 18.
261. Sverke, Magnus, J. Hellgren, and K. Naswall. 2002. "No Security: A Meta-Analysis and Review of Job Insecurity and Its Consequences," Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 7: 242-64.
262. Tal, Benjamin. 2009. Canadian Employment Quality Index: Employment Stabilizing-Quality Falling, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce. http://research.cibcwm.com/economic_public/download/eqi-cda-20091102.pdf
263. Thomas, Mark P. 2009. Regulating Flexibility: The Political Economy of Employment Standards. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
264. Tilly, Louise A., and Joan W. Scott. 1987. Women, Work and Family. New York: Routledge.
265. Tompa, Emile, H. Scott-Marshall., D. Dolinschi, S. Trevithick, and S. Bhattacharyya. 2007. "Precarious Employment Experiences and their Health Consequences: Towards a Theoretical Framework," Work 28: 209-24.
266. Townson, Monica. 2000. Reducing Poverty among Older Women: The Potential of Retirement Incomes Policies. Ottawa: Status of Women Canada Policy Research Fund.
267. Townson, Monica. 2006. "The Impact of Precarious Employment on Financial Security in Retirement." In New Frontiers of Research on Retirement, edited by L.O. Stone, Chapter Nineteen. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
268. US Department of Labor. 2005. Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements, February 2005, Washington: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
269. Vallée, Guylaine. 2005. Towards Enhancing the Employment Conditions of Vulnerable Workers: A Public Policy Perspective. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Network (cprn).
270. Valletta, Robert G. 1999. "Declining Job Security," Journal of Labor Economics 17 (4, part 2): S170-S197.
271. Valletta, Robert G. 2007, "Anxious Workers," Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Economic Letter 13: 1-3.
272. van Dresser, Steve. 1999. "The Employment Rights of Repeatedly Renewed Private Sector Contract Workers" http://www.debito.org/rightsofrepeatedlyrenewed.htm, accessed 22 November, 2008.
273. Vidal, Matt, and Leann M. Tigges. 2009. "Temporary Employment and Strategic Staffing in the Manufacturing Sector," Industrial Relations 48 (1): 55-72.
274. Viebrock, Elke, and Jochen Clasen. 2009. "Flexicurity and Welfare Reform: A Review," Socio-Economic Review 7: 305-31.
275. Virtanen, P., J. Vahtera, M. Kivimaki, J. Pentti, and J. Ferrie, 2002. "Employment Security and Health," Journal of. Epidemiology and Community Health 56: 569-74.
276. Virtanen, P., J. Vahtera, M. Kivimaki, V. Liukkonen, M. Virtanen, and J. Ferrie. 2005. "Labor Market Trajectories and Health: A Four-Year Follow-up Study of Initially Fixed-Term Employees," American Journal of Epidemiology 161: 840-6.
277. Virtanen, M., M. Kivimaki, M. Joensuu, P. Virtanen, M. Elovainio, and J. Vahtera. 2005. "Temporary Employment and Health: A Review," International Journal of Epidemiology 34: 610-22.
278. Vosko, Leah. 2000. Temporary Work: The Gendered Rise of a Precarious Employment Relationship. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
279. Vosko, Leah. ed. 2006. Precarious Employment: Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
280. Vosko, Leah. 2006. "Precarious Employment: Towards an Improved Understanding of Labour Market Insecurity." In Precarious Employment: Understanding Labour Market Insecurity in Canada, ed. L. Vosko, 3-42, Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
281. Vosko, Leah. 2007. "Gendered Labour Market Insecurities: Manifestations of Precarious Employment in Different Locations." In Work in Tumultuous Times: Critical Perspectives, ed. V. Shalla and W. Clement, 52-97. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
282. Vosko, Leah, Nancy Zukewich, and Cynthia Cranford. 2003. "Precarious Jobs: A New Typology of Employment," Perspectives on Labour and Income 4 (10): 16-26.
283. Vosko, Leah, Martha MacDonald, and Iain Campbell, eds. 2009. Gender and the Contours of Precarious Employment. London: Routledge.
284. Vrankulj, Sam. 2010. "caw Worker Adjustment Tracking Project: Preliminary Findings." unpublished.
285. Wagner, Alexandra. 2005. "Services and the Employment Prospects of Women." In Working in the Service Sector, ed. Gerhard Bosch and Steffen Lehndorff, 103-30. London: Routledge.
286. Wallulis, Jerald. 1998. The New Insecurity: The End of the Standard Job and Family. Albany: University of New York Press.
287. Watkins, Emily. 2006. Joe Job, McJob, Not a Real Job: A Study of Working Post-Secondary Students in the Greater Toronto Area. ma Thesis (Work and Society), McMaster University.
288. Webb, M. 2004. Canada's Self Employment-On the Rise Again. Global Economic Research, Scotiabank Group: 4.
289. Weil, David, and Carlos Mallo. 2007. "Regulating Labour Standards via Supply Chains: Combining Public/Private Interventions to Improve Workplace Compliance," British Journal of Industrial Relations 45 (4):791-814.
290. Whyte Jr., William H. 1956. The Organization Man. New York: Simon and Schuster.
291. Wilkinson, Frank, and David Ladipo. 2002. "What Can Governments Do?" In Job Insecurity and Work Intensification, ed. B. Burchell, D. Ladipo, and F. Wilkinson, 172-84. London: Routledge.
292. Wilson, S., S. Silver, and J. Shields. 1998. Involuntary Job Loss in Canada. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
293. Wilthagen, T., and F. Tros. 2004. "The Concept of 'Flexicurity': A New Approach to Regulating Employment and Labour Markets," TRANSFER-European Review of Labour and Research 10 (2): 166-87.
294. Wolbers, M. 2007. "Employment Insecurity at Labour Market Entry and Its Impact on Parental Home Leaving and Family Formation: A Comparative Study among Recent Graduates in Eight European Countries," International Journal of Comparative Sociology 48 (6): 481-507.
295. Wood, Ellen Meiksins. 1995. Democracy against Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
296. Yeandle, Sue. 1999. "Women, Men and Non-standard Employment: Breadwinning and Caregiving in Germany, Italy, and the uk." In Restructuring Gender Relations and Employment: The Decline of the Male Breadwinner Model, ed. Rosemary Crompton, 80-104. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
297. Zhou, Jianping. 2007. "Danish for All? Balancing Flexibility with Security: The Flexicurity Model," IMF Working Paper 36. European Department. Washingtons.
298. Zuboff, Shoshana, and James Maxmin. 2002. The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism. New York: Penguin Books.