메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue 7 DEC, 2013, Pages

Of goals and habits: Age-related and individual differences in goal-directed decision-making

Author keywords

Aging; Decision making and learning; Dopamine; Goal directed; Habitual

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ARTICLE; COMPUTER PROGRAM; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; GOAL DIRECTED DECISION MAKING; GROUPS BY AGE; HABIT; HABITUAL DECISION MAKING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MARKOV DECISION TASK; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MENTAL TASK; MOTIVATION; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; NORMAL HUMAN; PERSEVERATION; PROCESS MODEL; RESPONSE TIME; REWARD; STIMULUS RESPONSE; WORKING MEMORY;

EID: 84896993947     PISSN: 16624548     EISSN: 1662453X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00253     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (100)

References (51)
  • 2
    • 72049125602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human and rodent homologies in action control: cortico-striatal determinants of goal-directed and habitual action
    • doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.131
    • Balleine, B. W., and O'Doherty, J. P. (2010). Human and rodent homologies in action control: cortico-striatal determinants of goal-directed and habitual action. Neuropsychopharmacology 35, 48-69. doi: 10.1038/npp.2009.131
    • (2010) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.35 , pp. 48-69
    • Balleine, B.W.1    O'Doherty, J.P.2
  • 4
    • 52849104617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'On the control of control: the role of dopamine in regulating prefrontal function and working memory'
    • eds. S. Monsell and J. Driver (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press)
    • Braver, T. S., and Cohen, J. D. (2000). "On the control of control: the role of dopamine in regulating prefrontal function and working memory," in Attention and Performance XVIII, eds. S. Monsell and J. Driver (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 713-737.
    • (2000) Attention and Performance XVIII , pp. 713-737
    • Braver, T.S.1    Cohen, J.D.2
  • 5
    • 38549137059 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales
    • doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
    • Carver, C. S., and White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 67, 319-333. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
    • (1994) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.67 , pp. 319-333
    • Carver, C.S.1    White, T.L.2
  • 7
    • 84870590186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of prefrontal cortex and the midbrain dopamine system in working memory updating
    • doi: 10.1073/pnas.1116727109.
    • D'Ardenne, K., Eshel, N., Luka, J., Lenartowicz, A., Nystrom, L. E., and Cohen, J. D. (2012). Role of prefrontal cortex and the midbrain dopamine system in working memory updating. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.109, 19900-19909. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1116727109
    • (2012) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.109 , pp. 19900-19909
    • D'Ardenne, K.1    Eshel, N.2    Luka, J.3    Lenartowicz, A.4    Nystrom, L.E.5    Cohen, J.D.6
  • 8
    • 40049086223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BOLD Responses reflecting dopaminergic signals in the human ventral tegmental area
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1150605
    • D'Ardenne, K., Mcclure, S. M., Nystrom, L., and Cohen, J. D. (2008). BOLD Responses reflecting dopaminergic signals in the human ventral tegmental area. Science 319, 1264-1267. doi: 10.1126/science.1150605
    • (2008) Science , vol.319 , pp. 1264-1267
    • D'Ardenne, K.1    Mcclure, S.M.2    Nystrom, L.3    Cohen, J.D.4
  • 9
    • 79952746011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model-based influences on humans' choices and striatal prediction errors
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.027
    • Daw, N. D., Gershman, S. J., Seymour, B., Dayan, P., and Dolan, R. J. (2011). Model-based influences on humans' choices and striatal prediction errors. Neuron 69, 1204-1215. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.027
    • (2011) Neuron , vol.69 , pp. 1204-1215
    • Daw, N.D.1    Gershman, S.J.2    Seymour, B.3    Dayan, P.4    Dolan, R.J.5
  • 10
    • 28044450875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human and rodent homologies in action control: cortico-striatal determinants of goal-directed and habitual action
    • doi: 10.1038/nn1560
    • Daw, N. D., Niv, Y., and Dayan, P. (2005). Human and rodent homologies in action control: cortico-striatal determinants of goal-directed and habitual action. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1704-1711. doi: 10.1038/nn1560
    • (2005) Nat. Neurosci. , vol.8 , pp. 1704-1711
    • Daw, N.D.1    Niv, Y.2    Dayan, P.3
  • 11
    • 84872761547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ubiquity of model-based reinforcement learning
    • doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.08.003
    • Doll, B. B., Simon, D. A., and Daw, N. D. (2012). The ubiquity of model-based reinforcement learning. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 22, 1075-1081. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.08.003
    • (2012) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , vol.22 , pp. 1075-1081
    • Doll, B.B.1    Simon, D.A.2    Daw, N.D.3
  • 12
    • 84866757154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task rules, working memory and fluid intelligence
    • doi: 10.3758/s13423-012-0225-y
    • Duncan, J., Schramm, M., Thompson, R., and Dumontheil, I. (2012). Task rules, working memory and fluid intelligence. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 19, 864-870. doi: 10.3758/s13423-012-0225-y
    • (2012) Psychon. Bull. Rev. , vol.19 , pp. 864-870
    • Duncan, J.1    Schramm, M.2    Thompson, R.3    Dumontheil, I.4
  • 14
    • 80054885342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuromodulation of reward-based learning and decision making in human aging
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06230.x
    • Eppinger, B., Haemmerer, D., and Li, S.-C. (2011). Neuromodulation of reward-based learning and decision making in human aging. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1235, 1-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06230.x
    • (2011) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , vol.1235 , pp. 1-17
    • Eppinger, B.1    Haemmerer, D.2    Li, S.-C.3
  • 15
    • 84898039850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'When two birds in the bush are better than one in the hand: age-related impairments in learning to predict future rewards'
    • (New Orleans, LA).
    • Eppinger, B., Heekeren, H. R., and Li, S.-C. (2012). "When two birds in the bush are better than one in the hand: age-related impairments in learning to predict future rewards," in Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, (New Orleans, LA).
    • (2012) Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience
    • Eppinger, B.1    Heekeren, H.R.2    Li, S.-C.3
  • 16
    • 78649473663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To choose or to avoid: age differences in learning form positive and negative feedback
    • doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21364
    • Eppinger, B., and Kray, J. (2011). To choose or to avoid: age differences in learning form positive and negative feedback. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 41-52. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21364
    • (2011) J. Cogn. Neurosci. , vol.23 , pp. 41-52
    • Eppinger, B.1    Kray, J.2
  • 17
    • 38749088657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Better or worse than expected? Aging, Learning, and the ERN
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.09.001
    • Eppinger, B., Kray, J., Mock, B., and Mecklinger, A. (2008). Better or worse than expected? Aging, Learning, and the ERN. Neuropsychologia 46, 521-539. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.09.001
    • (2008) Neuropsychologia , vol.46 , pp. 521-539
    • Eppinger, B.1    Kray, J.2    Mock, B.3    Mecklinger, A.4
  • 18
    • 84878877726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced striatal responses to reward prediction errors in older compared to younger adults
    • doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2942-12.2013
    • Eppinger, B., Schuck, N. W., Nystrom, L. E., and Cohen, J. D. (2013). Reduced striatal responses to reward prediction errors in older compared to younger adults. J. Neurosci. 33, 9905-9912. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2942-12.2013
    • (2013) J. Neurosci. , vol.33 , pp. 9905-9912
    • Eppinger, B.1    Schuck, N.W.2    Nystrom, L.E.3    Cohen, J.D.4
  • 19
    • 46849101226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning to avoid in older age
    • doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.392
    • Frank, M. J., and Kong, L. (2008). Learning to avoid in older age. Psychol. Aging 23, 392-398. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.392
    • (2008) Psychol. Aging , vol.23 , pp. 392-398
    • Frank, M.J.1    Kong, L.2
  • 20
    • 0035382933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working memory: a computational model
    • doi: 10.3758/CABN.1.2.137
    • Frank, M. J., Loughry, B., and O'Reilly, R. C. (2001). Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working memory: a computational model. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 1, 137-160. doi: 10.3758/CABN.1.2.137
    • (2001) Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. , vol.1 , pp. 137-160
    • Frank, M.J.1    Loughry, B.2    O'Reilly, R.C.3
  • 21
    • 84893351295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective revaluation in sequential decision making: a tale of two systems
    • doi: 10.1037/a0030844. [Epub ahead of print].
    • Gershman, S. J., Markman, A. B., and Otto, A. R. (2013). Retrospective revaluation in sequential decision making: a tale of two systems. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. doi: 10.1037/a0030844. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2013) J. Exp. Psychol. Gen.
    • Gershman, S.J.1    Markman, A.B.2    Otto, A.R.3
  • 22
    • 77953260848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • States versus rewards: dissociable neural prediction error signals underlying model-based and model-free reinforcement learning
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.016
    • Gläscher, J., Daw, N. D., Dayan, P., and O'Doherty, J. P. (2010). States versus rewards: dissociable neural prediction error signals underlying model-based and model-free reinforcement learning. Neuron 66, 585-595. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.04.016
    • (2010) Neuron , vol.66 , pp. 585-595
    • Gläscher, J.1    Daw, N.D.2    Dayan, P.3    O'Doherty, J.P.4
  • 23
    • 84865647080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopaminergic and prefrontal contributions to reward-based learning and outcome monitoring during child development and aging
    • doi: 10.1037/a0027342
    • Hämmerer, D., and Eppinger, B. (2012). Dopaminergic and prefrontal contributions to reward-based learning and outcome monitoring during child development and aging. Dev. Psychol. 48, 862-874. doi: 10.1037/a0027342
    • (2012) Dev. Psychol. , vol.48 , pp. 862-874
    • Hämmerer, D.1    Eppinger, B.2
  • 24
    • 78650319424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifespan differences in electrophysiological correlates of monitoring gains and losses during probabilistic reinforcement learning
    • doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21475
    • Hämmerer, D., Li, S.-C., Mueller, V., and Lindenberger, U. (2011). Lifespan differences in electrophysiological correlates of monitoring gains and losses during probabilistic reinforcement learning. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 579-592. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21475
    • (2011) J. Cogn. Neurosci. , vol.23 , pp. 579-592
    • Hämmerer, D.1    Li, S.-C.2    Mueller, V.3    Lindenberger, U.4
  • 25
  • 26
    • 33644782012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic response-by-response models of matching behavior in Rhesus monkeys
    • doi: 10.1901/jeab.2005.110-04
    • Lau, B., and Glimcher, P. W. (2005). Dynamic response-by-response models of matching behavior in Rhesus monkeys. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 84, 555-579. doi: 10.1901/jeab.2005.110-04
    • (2005) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.84 , pp. 555-579
    • Lau, B.1    Glimcher, P.W.2
  • 27
    • 1642269059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transformations in the couplings among intellectual abilities and constituent cognitive processes across the lifespan
    • doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503003.x
    • Li, S.-C., Lindenberger, U., Hommel, B., Aschersleben, G., Prinz, W., and Baltes, P. B. (2004). Transformations in the couplings among intellectual abilities and constituent cognitive processes across the lifespan. Psychol. Sci. 15, 155-163. doi: 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503003.x
    • (2004) Psychol. Sci. , vol.15 , pp. 155-163
    • Li, S.-C.1    Lindenberger, U.2    Hommel, B.3    Aschersleben, G.4    Prinz, W.5    Baltes, P.B.6
  • 28
    • 77953935730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning to choose: cognitive aging and strategy selection learning in decision making
    • doi: 10.1037/a0018923
    • Mata, R., Von Helversen, B., and Rieskamp, J. (2010). Learning to choose: cognitive aging and strategy selection learning in decision making. Psychol. Aging 25, 299-309. doi: 10.1037/a0018923
    • (2010) Psychol. Aging , vol.25 , pp. 299-309
    • Mata, R.1    Von Helversen, B.2    Rieskamp, J.3
  • 29
    • 0034928713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
    • doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
    • Miller, E. K., and Cohen, J. D. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 167-202. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167
    • (2001) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. , vol.24 , pp. 167-202
    • Miller, E.K.1    Cohen, J.D.2
  • 30
    • 7244240565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational roles for dopamine in behavioral control
    • doi: 10.1038/nature03015
    • Montague, P. R., Hyman, S. E., and Cohen, J. D. (2004). Computational roles for dopamine in behavioral control. Nature 431, 760-767. doi: 10.1038/nature03015
    • (2004) Nature , vol.431 , pp. 760-767
    • Montague, P.R.1    Hyman, S.E.2    Cohen, J.D.3
  • 31
    • 0036490862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A computational account of altered error processing in older age: dopamine and the error-related negativity
    • doi: 10.3758/CABN.2.1.19
    • Nieuwenhuis, S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Talsma, D., Coles, M. G. H., Holroyd, C. B., Kok, A., et al. (2002). A computational account of altered error processing in older age: dopamine and the error-related negativity. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2, 19-36. doi: 10.3758/CABN.2.1.19
    • (2002) Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. , vol.2 , pp. 19-36
    • Nieuwenhuis, S.1    Ridderinkhof, K.R.2    Talsma, D.3    Coles, M.G.H.4    Holroyd, C.B.5    Kok, A.6
  • 32
    • 84855688852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural prediction errors reveal a risk-sensitive reinforcement-learning process in the human brain
    • doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5498-10.2012
    • Niv, Y., Edlund, J. A., Dayan, P., and O'Doherty, J. P. (2012). Neural prediction errors reveal a risk-sensitive reinforcement-learning process in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 32, 551-562. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5498-10.2012
    • (2012) J. Neurosci. , vol.32 , pp. 551-562
    • Niv, Y.1    Edlund, J.A.2    Dayan, P.3    O'Doherty, J.P.4
  • 33
    • 45949092119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dialogues on prediction errors
    • doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.03.006
    • Niv, Y., and Schoenbaum, G. (2008). Dialogues on prediction errors. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 265-272. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.03.006
    • (2008) Trends Cogn. Sci. , vol.12 , pp. 265-272
    • Niv, Y.1    Schoenbaum, G.2
  • 34
    • 84877341847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The curse of planning: dissecting multiple reinforcement learning systems by taxing the central executive
    • doi: 10.1177/0956797612463080
    • Otto, A. R., Gershman, S. J., Markman, A. B., and Daw, N. D. (2013). The curse of planning: dissecting multiple reinforcement learning systems by taxing the central executive. Psychol. Sci. 24, 751-761. doi: 10.1177/0956797612463080
    • (2013) Psychol. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 751-761
    • Otto, A.R.1    Gershman, S.J.2    Markman, A.B.3    Daw, N.D.4
  • 35
    • 78650416582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging, probabilistic learning and performance monitoring
    • doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.10.009
    • Pietschmann, M., Endrass, T., Czerwon, B., and Kathmann, N. (2011). Aging, probabilistic learning and performance monitoring. Biol. Psychol. 86, 74-82. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.10.009
    • (2011) Biol. Psychol. , vol.86 , pp. 74-82
    • Pietschmann, M.1    Endrass, T.2    Czerwon, B.3    Kathmann, N.4
  • 39
    • 0000470521 scopus 로고
    • The aging of working memory
    • doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.535
    • Salthouse, T. A. (1994). The aging of working memory. Neuropsychology 8, 535-543. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.8.4.535
    • (1994) Neuropsychology , vol.8 , pp. 535-543
    • Salthouse, T.A.1
  • 40
    • 0024673164 scopus 로고
    • Effects of adult age and working memory on reasoning and spatial abilities
    • doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.15.3.507
    • Salthouse, T. A., Mitchell, D. R. D., Skovronek, E., and Babcock, R. L. (1989). Effects of adult age and working memory on reasoning and spatial abilities. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 15, 507-516. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.15.3.507
    • (1989) J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. , vol.15 , pp. 507-516
    • Salthouse, T.A.1    Mitchell, D.R.D.2    Skovronek, E.3    Babcock, R.L.4
  • 41
    • 75349112997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability in nucleus accumbens activity mediates age-related suboptimal financial risk taking
    • Samanez-Larkin, G. R., Kuhnen, C. M., Yoo, D. J., and Knutson, B. (2010). Variability in nucleus accumbens activity mediates age-related suboptimal financial risk taking. J. Neurosci. 27, 1426-1434.
    • (2010) J. Neurosci. , vol.27 , pp. 1426-1434
    • Samanez-Larkin, G.R.1    Kuhnen, C.M.2    Yoo, D.J.3    Knutson, B.4
  • 42
    • 84859520612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frontostriatal white matter integrity mediates adult age differences in probabilistic reward learning
    • doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5756-11.2012
    • Samanez-Larkin, G. R., Levens, S. M., Perry, L. M., Dougherty, R. F., and Knutson, B. (2012). Frontostriatal white matter integrity mediates adult age differences in probabilistic reward learning. J. Neurosci. 32, 5333-5337. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5756-11.2012
    • (2012) J. Neurosci. , vol.32 , pp. 5333-5337
    • Samanez-Larkin, G.R.1    Levens, S.M.2    Perry, L.M.3    Dougherty, R.F.4    Knutson, B.5
  • 43
    • 0030896968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neural substrate of predicition and reward
    • doi: 10.1126/science.275.5306.1593
    • Schultz, W., Dayan, P., and Montague, P. R. (1997). A neural substrate of predicition and reward. Science 275, 1593-1599. doi: 10.1126/science.275.5306.1593
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1593-1599
    • Schultz, W.1    Dayan, P.2    Montague, P.R.3
  • 46
    • 58149442669 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive maps in rats and men
    • doi: 10.1037/h0061626
    • Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychol. Rev. 55, 189-208. doi: 10.1037/h0061626
    • (1948) Psychol. Rev. , vol.55 , pp. 189-208
    • Tolman, E.C.1
  • 47
    • 33847039693 scopus 로고
    • Is working memory capacity task dependent
    • doi: 10.1016/0749-596X(89)90040-5
    • Turner, M. L., and Engle, R. W. (1989). Is working memory capacity task dependent. J. Mem. Lang. 28, 127-154. doi: 10.1016/0749-596X(89)90040-5
    • (1989) J. Mem. Lang. , vol.28 , pp. 127-154
    • Turner, M.L.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 48
    • 29544452455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An automated version of the operation span task
    • doi: 10.3758/BF03192720
    • Unsworth, N., Heitz, R. P., Dschrock, J. C., and Engle, R. W. (2005). An automated version of the operation span task. Behav. Res. Methods 37, 498-505. doi: 10.3758/BF03192720
    • (2005) Behav. Res. Methods , vol.37 , pp. 498-505
    • Unsworth, N.1    Heitz, R.P.2    Dschrock, J.C.3    Engle, R.W.4
  • 49
    • 80555138921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • With age come wisdom: decision making in younger and older adults
    • doi: 10.1177/0956797611420301
    • Worthy, D. A., Gorlick, M. A., Pacheco, J. L., Schnyer, D. M., and Maddox, W. T. (2011). With age come wisdom: decision making in younger and older adults. Psychol. Sci. 22, 1375-1380. doi: 10.1177/0956797611420301
    • (2011) Psychol. Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 1375-1380
    • Worthy, D.A.1    Gorlick, M.A.2    Pacheco, J.L.3    Schnyer, D.M.4    Maddox, W.T.5
  • 50
    • 84861922027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-based differences in strategy use in choice tasks
    • doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00145
    • Worthy, D. A., and Maddox, W. T. (2012). Age-based differences in strategy use in choice tasks. Front. Neurosci. 5:145. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00145
    • (2012) Front. Neurosci. , vol.5 , pp. 145
    • Worthy, D.A.1    Maddox, W.T.2
  • 51
    • 84864935116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine enhances model-based over model-free behavior
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.042
    • Wunderlich, K., Smittenaar, P., and Dolan, R. J. (2012). Dopamine enhances model-based over model-free behavior. Neuron 75, 418-424. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.042
    • (2012) Neuron , vol.75 , pp. 418-424
    • Wunderlich, K.1    Smittenaar, P.2    Dolan, R.J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.