메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 62, Issue , 2014, Pages 96-102

The obesity paradox: Understanding the effect of obesity on mortality among individuals with cardiovascular disease

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Epidemiology; Obesity paradox; Selection bias

Indexed keywords

BODY COMPOSITION; BODY FAT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; HEALTH CARE SURVEY; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION; POPULATION RISK; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; SELECTION BIAS; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SMOKING; ALGORITHM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FEMALE; MALE; MORTALITY; NUTRITION; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICAL BIAS; STATISTICAL MODEL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84896842870     PISSN: 00917435     EISSN: 10960260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.02.003     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (169)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 33747870163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years Old
    • Adams K.F., Schatzkin A., et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years Old. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 355(8):763-778.
    • (2006) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.355 , Issue.8 , pp. 763-778
    • Adams, K.F.1    Schatzkin, A.2
  • 2
    • 0033160968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of the effect of excluding early deaths on the estimated relationship between body mass index and mortality
    • Allison D.B., Faith M.S., et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of excluding early deaths on the estimated relationship between body mass index and mortality. Obes. Res. 1999, 7(4):342-354.
    • (1999) Obes. Res. , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 342-354
    • Allison, D.B.1    Faith, M.S.2
  • 3
    • 0032968281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation study of the effects of excluding early deaths on risk factor-mortality analyses in the presence of confounding due to occult disease: the example of body mass index
    • Allison D.B., Heo M., et al. Simulation study of the effects of excluding early deaths on risk factor-mortality analyses in the presence of confounding due to occult disease: the example of body mass index. Ann. Epidemiol. 1999, 9(2):132-142.
    • (1999) Ann. Epidemiol. , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 132-142
    • Allison, D.B.1    Heo, M.2
  • 4
    • 0030668397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examination of "early mortality exclusion" as an approach to control for confounding by occult disease in epidemiologic studies of mortality risk factors
    • Allison D.B., Heo M., et al. Examination of "early mortality exclusion" as an approach to control for confounding by occult disease in epidemiologic studies of mortality risk factors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1997, 146(8):672-680.
    • (1997) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.146 , Issue.8 , pp. 672-680
    • Allison, D.B.1    Heo, M.2
  • 5
    • 84873371097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for obesity paradox in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry
    • Angerås O., Albertsson P., et al. Evidence for obesity paradox in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry. Eur. Heart J. 2013, 34(5):345-353.
    • (2013) Eur. Heart J. , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 345-353
    • Angerås, O.1    Albertsson, P.2
  • 6
    • 77953682224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of obesity on outcomes in atrial fibrillation: yet another obesity paradox
    • Badheka A.O., Rathod A., et al. Influence of obesity on outcomes in atrial fibrillation: yet another obesity paradox. Am. J. Med. 2010, 123(7):646-651.
    • (2010) Am. J. Med. , vol.123 , Issue.7 , pp. 646-651
    • Badheka, A.O.1    Rathod, A.2
  • 7
    • 84876271110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversing the direction of associations among survivors: the "obesity paradox" explained
    • Banack H.R., Kaufman J.S. Reversing the direction of associations among survivors: the "obesity paradox" explained. Epidemiology 2013, 24(3):461.
    • (2013) Epidemiology , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 461
    • Banack, H.R.1    Kaufman, J.S.2
  • 8
    • 78649747039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults
    • Berrington de Gonzalez A., Hartge P., et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363(23):2211-2219.
    • (2010) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.363 , Issue.23 , pp. 2211-2219
    • Berrington de Gonzalez, A.1    Hartge, P.2
  • 9
    • 84864278918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass index and mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients
    • Bucholz E.M., Rathore S.S., et al. Body mass index and mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients. Am. J. Med. 2012, 125(8):796-803.
    • (2012) Am. J. Med. , vol.125 , Issue.8 , pp. 796-803
    • Bucholz, E.M.1    Rathore, S.S.2
  • 10
    • 0037464510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults
    • Calle E.E., Rodriguez C., et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348(17):1625-1638.
    • (2003) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.348 , Issue.17 , pp. 1625-1638
    • Calle, E.E.1    Rodriguez, C.2
  • 11
    • 84872352539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New insights into the true nature of the obesity paradox and the lower cardiovascular risk
    • Chrysant S.G., Chrysant G.S. New insights into the true nature of the obesity paradox and the lower cardiovascular risk. J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. 2013, 7(1):85-94.
    • (2013) J. Am. Soc. Hypertens. , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 85-94
    • Chrysant, S.G.1    Chrysant, G.S.2
  • 12
    • 77952717253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider
    • Cole S.R., Platt R.W., et al. Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2010, 39(2):417-420.
    • (2010) Int. J. Epidemiol. , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 417-420
    • Cole, S.R.1    Platt, R.W.2
  • 13
    • 49549117327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which factors confound or modify the relationship between body weight and mortality?
    • Cooper R.S. Which factors confound or modify the relationship between body weight and mortality?. Int. J. Obes. 2008, 32(S3):S47-S51.
    • (2008) Int. J. Obes. , vol.32 , Issue.S3
    • Cooper, R.S.1
  • 14
    • 19944427849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The obesity paradox: body mass index and outcomes in patients with heart failure
    • Curtis J.P., Selter J.G., et al. The obesity paradox: body mass index and outcomes in patients with heart failure. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005, 165(1):55-61.
    • (2005) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.165 , Issue.1 , pp. 55-61
    • Curtis, J.P.1    Selter, J.G.2
  • 15
    • 84883308069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity paradox and the heart: which indicator of obesity best describes this complex relationship?
    • De Schutter A., Lavie C.J., et al. Obesity paradox and the heart: which indicator of obesity best describes this complex relationship?. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2013, 16(5):517-524.
    • (2013) Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care , vol.16 , Issue.5 , pp. 517-524
    • De Schutter, A.1    Lavie, C.J.2
  • 16
    • 84871370100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The obesity paradox - a reality that requires explanation and clinical interpretation
    • Dixon J.B., Lambert G.W. The obesity paradox - a reality that requires explanation and clinical interpretation. Atherosclerosis 2013, 226(1):47-48.
    • (2013) Atherosclerosis , vol.226 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-48
    • Dixon, J.B.1    Lambert, G.W.2
  • 17
    • 49549124244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issues related to modeling the body mass index-mortality association: the shape of the association and the effects of smoking status
    • Durazo-Arvizu R.A., Cooper R.S. Issues related to modeling the body mass index-mortality association: the shape of the association and the effects of smoking status. Int. J. Obes. 2008, 32(S3):S52.
    • (2008) Int. J. Obes. , vol.32 , Issue.S3
    • Durazo-Arvizu, R.A.1    Cooper, R.S.2
  • 18
    • 0037087052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review
    • Eichner J.E., Dunn S.T., et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 155(6):487-495.
    • (2002) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.155 , Issue.6 , pp. 487-495
    • Eichner, J.E.1    Dunn, S.T.2
  • 19
    • 34548711453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and mortality across populations
    • Ewbank D.C. Differences in the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and mortality across populations. J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Med. Sci. 2007, 62(8):899-907.
    • (2007) J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Med. Sci. , vol.62 , Issue.8 , pp. 899-907
    • Ewbank, D.C.1
  • 20
    • 84870202829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity paradox or inappropriate study designs? Time for life-course epidemiology
    • Ferreira I., Stehouwer C.D.A. Obesity paradox or inappropriate study designs? Time for life-course epidemiology. J. Hypertens. 2012, 30(12):2271-2275.
    • (2012) J. Hypertens. , vol.30 , Issue.12 , pp. 2271-2275
    • Ferreira, I.1    Stehouwer, C.D.A.2
  • 21
    • 49549084371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjusting for reverse causality in the relationship between obesity and mortality
    • Flanders W.D., Augestad L.D. Adjusting for reverse causality in the relationship between obesity and mortality. Int. J. Obes. 2008, 32(S3):S42.
    • (2008) Int. J. Obes. , vol.32 , Issue.S3
    • Flanders, W.D.1    Augestad, L.D.2
  • 22
    • 34250766845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Properties of 2 counterfactual effect definitions of a point exposure
    • Flanders W.D., Klein M. Properties of 2 counterfactual effect definitions of a point exposure. Epidemiology 2007, 18(4):453-460.
    • (2007) Epidemiology , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 453-460
    • Flanders, W.D.1    Klein, M.2
  • 23
    • 84856487711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010
    • Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., et al. Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010. JAMA 2012, 307(5):491-497.
    • (2012) JAMA , vol.307 , Issue.5 , pp. 491-497
    • Flegal, K.M.1    Carroll, M.D.2
  • 24
    • 74549140993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008
    • Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010, 303(3):235-241.
    • (2010) JAMA , vol.303 , Issue.3 , pp. 235-241
    • Flegal, K.M.1    Carroll, M.D.2
  • 25
    • 78650452901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reverse causation and illness-related weight loss in observational studies of body weight and mortality
    • Flegal K.M., Graubard B.I., et al. Reverse causation and illness-related weight loss in observational studies of body weight and mortality. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 173(1):1-9.
    • (2011) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.173 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-9
    • Flegal, K.M.1    Graubard, B.I.2
  • 26
    • 34848853281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of smoking and preexisting illness on estimates of the fractions of deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity in the US population
    • Flegal K.M., Graubard B.I., et al. Impact of smoking and preexisting illness on estimates of the fractions of deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity in the US population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 166(8):975-982.
    • (2007) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.166 , Issue.8 , pp. 975-982
    • Flegal, K.M.1    Graubard, B.I.2
  • 27
    • 84871784819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Flegal K.M., Kit B.K., et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013, 309(1):71-82.
    • (2013) JAMA , vol.309 , Issue.1 , pp. 71-82
    • Flegal, K.M.1    Kit, B.K.2
  • 28
    • 59649113534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparisons of percentage body fat, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-stature ratio in adults
    • Flegal K.M., Shepherd J.A., et al. Comparisons of percentage body fat, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-stature ratio in adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 89(2):500-508. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26847.
    • (2008) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.89 , Issue.2 , pp. 500-508
    • Flegal, K.M.1    Shepherd, J.A.2
  • 29
    • 2442699834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype
    • Fried L.P., Tangen C.M., et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Med. Sci. 2001, 56(3):M146-M157.
    • (2001) J. Gerontol. A: Biol. Med. Sci. , vol.56 , Issue.3
    • Fried, L.P.1    Tangen, C.M.2
  • 30
    • 84890100428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: selection bias as an explanation for the obesity paradox: just because it's possible doesn't mean it's plausible
    • Glymour M.M., Vittinghoff E. Commentary: selection bias as an explanation for the obesity paradox: just because it's possible doesn't mean it's plausible. Epidemiology 2014, 25(1):4-6. 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000013.
    • (2014) Epidemiology , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-6
    • Glymour, M.M.1    Vittinghoff, E.2
  • 31
    • 33846331234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correcting biases in estimates of mortality attributable to obesity
    • Greenberg J.A. Correcting biases in estimates of mortality attributable to obesity. Obesity 2006, 14(11):2071-2079.
    • (2006) Obesity , vol.14 , Issue.11 , pp. 2071-2079
    • Greenberg, J.A.1
  • 32
    • 0037138577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of obesity on the short-term and long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: the obesity paradox?
    • Gruberg L., Weissman N.J., et al. The impact of obesity on the short-term and long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: the obesity paradox?. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002, 39(4):578-584.
    • (2002) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 578-584
    • Gruberg, L.1    Weissman, N.J.2
  • 33
    • 13944279789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A structural approach to selection bias
    • Hernán M.A., Hernández-Díaz S., et al. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiology 2004, 15(5):615-625.
    • (2004) Epidemiology , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 615-625
    • Hernán, M.A.1    Hernández-Díaz, S.2
  • 34
    • 33845196474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The birth weight "paradox" uncovered?
    • Hernández-Díaz S., Schisterman E.F., et al. The birth weight "paradox" uncovered?. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2006, 164(11):1115-1120.
    • (2006) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.164 , Issue.11 , pp. 1115-1120
    • Hernández-Díaz, S.1    Schisterman, E.F.2
  • 35
    • 19744372910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heart disease risk among metabolically healthy obese men and metabolically unhealthy lean men
    • Janssen I. Heart disease risk among metabolically healthy obese men and metabolically unhealthy lean men. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2005, 172(10):1315-1316.
    • (2005) Can. Med. Assoc. J. , vol.172 , Issue.10 , pp. 1315-1316
    • Janssen, I.1
  • 36
    • 0019426098 scopus 로고
    • Selection bias in epidemiologic studies
    • Kleinbaum D., Morgenstern H., et al. Selection bias in epidemiologic studies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1981, 113(4):452-463.
    • (1981) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.113 , Issue.4 , pp. 452-463
    • Kleinbaum, D.1    Morgenstern, H.2
  • 37
    • 0034611791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity as a medical problem
    • Kopelman P. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature 2000, 404(6778):635.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.404 , Issue.6778 , pp. 635
    • Kopelman, P.1
  • 38
    • 84890308528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions? A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Kramer C.K., Zinman B., et al. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2013, 159(11):758-769.
    • (2013) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.159 , Issue.11 , pp. 758-769
    • Kramer, C.K.1    Zinman, B.2
  • 39
    • 84890123720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass index, diabetes, and mortality in french women: explaining away a "paradox"
    • Lajous M., Bijon A., et al. Body mass index, diabetes, and mortality in french women: explaining away a "paradox". Epidemiology 2014, 25(1):10-14. 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000031.
    • (2014) Epidemiology , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 10-14
    • Lajous, M.1    Bijon, A.2
  • 41
    • 80052203814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body composition and coronary heart disease mortality-an obesity or a lean paradox?
    • Lavie C.J., De Schutter A., et al. Body composition and coronary heart disease mortality-an obesity or a lean paradox?. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2011, 86(9):857-864.
    • (2011) Mayo Clin. Proc. , vol.86 , Issue.9 , pp. 857-864
    • Lavie, C.J.1    De Schutter, A.2
  • 42
    • 84878665013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body composition and fitness in the obesity paradox-body mass index alone does not tell the whole story
    • Lavie C.J., De Schutter A., et al. Body composition and fitness in the obesity paradox-body mass index alone does not tell the whole story. Prev. Med. 2013, 57(1):1-2.
    • (2013) Prev. Med. , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-2
    • Lavie, C.J.1    De Schutter, A.2
  • 43
    • 84867095662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body composition and survival in stable coronary heart disease: impact of lean mass index and body fat in the "obesity paradox"
    • Lavie C.J., De Schutter A., et al. Body composition and survival in stable coronary heart disease: impact of lean mass index and body fat in the "obesity paradox". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012, 60(15):1374-1380.
    • (2012) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.60 , Issue.15 , pp. 1374-1380
    • Lavie, C.J.1    De Schutter, A.2
  • 44
    • 65549167028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The obesity paradox, weight loss, and coronary disease
    • Lavie C.J., Milani R.V., et al. The obesity paradox, weight loss, and coronary disease. Am. J. Med. 2009, 122(12):1106-1114.
    • (2009) Am. J. Med. , vol.122 , Issue.12 , pp. 1106-1114
    • Lavie, C.J.1    Milani, R.V.2
  • 45
    • 65549109680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss
    • Lavie C.J., Milani R.V., et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009, 53(21):1925-1932.
    • (2009) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , vol.53 , Issue.21 , pp. 1925-1932
    • Lavie, C.J.1    Milani, R.V.2
  • 46
    • 0037378997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body composition and prognosis in chronic systolic heart failure: the obesity paradox
    • Lavie C.J., Osman A.F., et al. Body composition and prognosis in chronic systolic heart failure: the obesity paradox. Am. J. Cardiol. 2003, 91(7):891-894.
    • (2003) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.91 , Issue.7 , pp. 891-894
    • Lavie, C.J.1    Osman, A.F.2
  • 47
    • 33846286532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reverse causality and confounding and the associations of overweight and obesity with mortality
    • Lawlor D.A., Hart C.L., et al. Reverse causality and confounding and the associations of overweight and obesity with mortality. Obesity 2006, 14(12):2294-2304.
    • (2006) Obesity , vol.14 , Issue.12 , pp. 2294-2304
    • Lawlor, D.A.1    Hart, C.L.2
  • 51
    • 33646792906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excess weight at time of presentation of myocardial infarction is associated with lower initial mortality risks but higher long-term risks including recurrent re-infarction and cardiac death
    • Nigam A., Wright R.S., et al. Excess weight at time of presentation of myocardial infarction is associated with lower initial mortality risks but higher long-term risks including recurrent re-infarction and cardiac death. Int. J. Cardiol. 2006, 110(2):153-159.
    • (2006) Int. J. Cardiol. , vol.110 , Issue.2 , pp. 153-159
    • Nigam, A.1    Wright, R.S.2
  • 52
    • 79953182337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do anthropometric indices accurately reflect directly measured body composition in men and women with chronic heart failure?
    • Oreopoulos A., Fonarow G.C., et al. Do anthropometric indices accurately reflect directly measured body composition in men and women with chronic heart failure?. Congest. Heart Fail. 2011, 17(2):90-92.
    • (2011) Congest. Heart Fail. , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 90-92
    • Oreopoulos, A.1    Fonarow, G.C.2
  • 53
    • 45549097014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Body mass index and mortality in heart failure: a meta-analysis
    • Oreopoulos A., Padwal R., et al. Body mass index and mortality in heart failure: a meta-analysis. Am. Heart J. 2008, 156(1):13-22.
    • (2008) Am. Heart J. , vol.156 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-22
    • Oreopoulos, A.1    Padwal, R.2
  • 54
    • 39449125667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: a meta-analysis
    • Oreopoulos A., Padwal R., et al. Effect of obesity on short- and long-term mortality postcoronary revascularization: a meta-analysis. Obesity 2008, 16(2):442-450.
    • (2008) Obesity , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 442-450
    • Oreopoulos, A.1    Padwal, R.2
  • 55
    • 73949159543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BMI and mortality: results from a national longitudinal study of Canadian adults
    • Orpana H.M., Berthelot J.-M., et al. BMI and mortality: results from a national longitudinal study of Canadian adults. Obesity 2010, 18(1):214-218.
    • (2010) Obesity , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 214-218
    • Orpana, H.M.1    Berthelot, J.-M.2
  • 56
    • 43749117064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A tool for deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis of epidemiologic studies
    • Orsini N., Bellocco R., et al. A tool for deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis of epidemiologic studies. Stata J. 2008, 8(1):29-48.
    • (2008) Stata J. , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-48
    • Orsini, N.1    Bellocco, R.2
  • 57
    • 84873403803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness
    • Ortega F.B., Lee D.-c., et al. The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness. Eur. Heart J. 2013, 34(5):389-397.
    • (2013) Eur. Heart J. , vol.34 , Issue.5 , pp. 389-397
    • Ortega, F.B.1    Lee, D.-C.2
  • 58
    • 84898051414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity paradox: conditioning on disease enhances biases in estimating the mortality risks of obesity
    • (in press)
    • Preston S.H., Stokes A. Obesity paradox: conditioning on disease enhances biases in estimating the mortality risks of obesity. Epidemiology 2014, (in press).
    • (2014) Epidemiology
    • Preston, S.H.1    Stokes, A.2
  • 59
    • 0033847784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology
    • Robins J.M., Hernán M.Á., et al. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology 2000, 11(5):550-560.
    • (2000) Epidemiology , vol.11 , Issue.5 , pp. 550-560
    • Robins, J.M.1    Hernán, M.Á.2
  • 60
    • 33747135682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies
    • Romero-Corral A., Montori V.M., et al. Association of bodyweight with total mortality and with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease: a systematic review of cohort studies. Lancet 2006, 368(9536):666-678.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.368 , Issue.9536 , pp. 666-678
    • Romero-Corral, A.1    Montori, V.M.2
  • 61
    • 49549086887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity
    • Rothman K.J. BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity. Int. J. Obes. 2008, 32(S3):S56.
    • (2008) Int. J. Obes. , vol.32 , Issue.S3
    • Rothman, K.J.1
  • 63
    • 79959700467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of body mass index on the five-year outcome of patients having percutaneous coronary interventions with drug-eluting stents
    • Sarno G., Räber L., et al. Impact of body mass index on the five-year outcome of patients having percutaneous coronary interventions with drug-eluting stents. Am. J. Cardiol. 2011, 108(2):195-201.
    • (2011) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.108 , Issue.2 , pp. 195-201
    • Sarno, G.1    Räber, L.2
  • 64
    • 3142706539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease
    • Song Y., Stampfer M.J., et al. Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 2004, 141(2):137-147.
    • (2004) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.141 , Issue.2 , pp. 137-147
    • Song, Y.1    Stampfer, M.J.2
  • 65
    • 0036840621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness and fatness as predictors of mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease in men and women in the lipid research clinics study
    • Stevens J., Cai J., et al. Fitness and fatness as predictors of mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease in men and women in the lipid research clinics study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 156(9):832-841.
    • (2002) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.156 , Issue.9 , pp. 832-841
    • Stevens, J.1    Cai, J.2
  • 66
    • 0035873565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in body mass index prior to baseline among participants who are ill or who die during the early years of follow-up
    • Stevens J., Juhaeri, et al. Changes in body mass index prior to baseline among participants who are ill or who die during the early years of follow-up. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001, 153(10):946-953.
    • (2001) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.153 , Issue.10 , pp. 946-953
    • Stevens, J.1    Juhaeri2
  • 67
    • 84890072986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The "obesity paradox", frailty, disability, and mortality in older men: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study
    • Strandberg T.E., Stenholm S., et al. The "obesity paradox", frailty, disability, and mortality in older men: a prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 178(9):1452-1460.
    • (2013) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.178 , Issue.9 , pp. 1452-1460
    • Strandberg, T.E.1    Stenholm, S.2
  • 68
    • 67651096062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the obesity paradox: cardiovascular risk, weight change, and mortality during long-term follow-up in men
    • Strandberg T.E., Strandberg A.Y., et al. Explaining the obesity paradox: cardiovascular risk, weight change, and mortality during long-term follow-up in men. Eur. Heart J. 2009, 30(14):1720-1727.
    • (2009) Eur. Heart J. , vol.30 , Issue.14 , pp. 1720-1727
    • Strandberg, T.E.1    Strandberg, A.Y.2
  • 69
    • 0033573345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of smoking on the body mass index-mortality relation: empirical evidence from 15 studies
    • The BMI in Diverse Populations Collaborative Group
    • The BMI in Diverse Populations Collaborative Group Effect of smoking on the body mass index-mortality relation: empirical evidence from 15 studies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1999, 150(12):1297-1308.
    • (1999) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.150 , Issue.12 , pp. 1297-1308
  • 70
    • 34548835744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity paradox in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease
    • Uretsky S., Messerli F.H., et al. Obesity paradox in patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. Am. J. Med. 2007, 120(10):863-870.
    • (2007) Am. J. Med. , vol.120 , Issue.10 , pp. 863-870
    • Uretsky, S.1    Messerli, F.H.2
  • 71
    • 84869097095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation of body mass index to late survival after valvular heart surgery
    • Vaduganathan M., Lee R., et al. Relation of body mass index to late survival after valvular heart surgery. Am. J. Cardiol. 2012, 110(11):1667-1678.
    • (2012) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.110 , Issue.11 , pp. 1667-1678
    • Vaduganathan, M.1    Lee, R.2
  • 72
    • 84872033034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of body mass index on short- and long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
    • van der Boon R.M.A., Chieffo A., et al. Effect of body mass index on short- and long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Am. J. Cardiol. 2013, 111(2):231-236.
    • (2013) Am. J. Cardiol. , vol.111 , Issue.2 , pp. 231-236
    • van der Boon, R.M.A.1    Chieffo, A.2
  • 73
    • 77953957904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bias formulas for sensitivity analysis for direct and indirect effects
    • (510.1097/EDE.1090b1013e3181df1191c)
    • VanderWeele T.J. Bias formulas for sensitivity analysis for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology 2010, 21(4):540-551. (510.1097/EDE.1090b1013e3181df1191c).
    • (2010) Epidemiology , vol.21 , Issue.4 , pp. 540-551
    • VanderWeele, T.J.1
  • 74
    • 34547681991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident diabetes: a meta-analysis
    • Vazquez G., Duval S., et al. Comparison of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio in predicting incident diabetes: a meta-analysis. Epidemiol. Rev. 2007, 29(1):115-128.
    • (2007) Epidemiol. Rev. , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 115-128
    • Vazquez, G.1    Duval, S.2
  • 75
    • 84876523209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overweight, obesity, and all-cause mortality
    • Vina J., Borras C., et al. Overweight, obesity, and all-cause mortality. JAMA 2013, 309(16):1679.
    • (2013) JAMA , vol.309 , Issue.16 , pp. 1679
    • Vina, J.1    Borras, C.2
  • 76
    • 84876584093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precursors in cancer epidemiology: aligning definition and function
    • Wacholder S. Precursors in cancer epidemiology: aligning definition and function. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2013, 22(4):521-527.
    • (2013) Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 521-527
    • Wacholder, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.