The impact of the chemical production of methyl nitrate from the NO + CH3O2 reaction on the global distributions of alkyl nitrates, nitrogen oxides and tropospheric ozone: A global modelling study

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2014, Pages 2363-2382

  Williams, J E ^a   Le Bras, G ^b   Kukui, A ^b   Ziereis, H ^c   Brenninkmeijer, C A M ^d  

^a ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE KNMI   (Netherlands)

^b CNRS   (France)

^c GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^d MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; MIXING RATIO; NITRATE; NITROGEN OXIDES; NUMERICAL MODEL; OXIDATION; OZONE; TROPOSPHERE; VERTICAL PROFILE;

EID: 84896776438     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2363-2014     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Atkinson, R.: Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2063-2101, 2000.
2. Atlas, E., Pollock, W. Greenberg, J., Heidt, L., and Thompson, A. M.: Alkyl nitrates, non-methane hydrocarbons and halocarbon gases over the equatorial Pacific Ocean during Saga 3, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16933-16947, 1993.
3. Beyersdorf, A. J., Blake, D. R., Swanson, A., Meinardi, S., Rowland, F. S., and Davis, D: Adundances and variability of tropospheric volatile organic compounds at the South Pole and other Antarctic locations, Atmos. Environ., 44, 4565-4574, 2010.
4. Blake, N. J., Blake, D. R., Wingenter, O. W., Sive, B. C., Kang, C. H., Thornton, D. C., Bandy, A. R., Atlas, E., Flocke, F., Harris, J. M., and Rowland, F. S.: Aircraft measurements of the latitudinal, vertical and seasonal variations of NMHCs, methyl nitrate, methyl halides, and DMS during the First Aerosol Characteriza-tion Experiment (ACE 1), J. Geophys. Res., 104, 21803-21817, 1999.
5. Blake, N. J., Blake, D. R., Swanson, A. L., Atlas, E., Flocke, F., and Rowland, F. S.: Latitudinal, vertical, and seasonal variations of C1-C4 alkyl nitrates in the troposphere over the Pacific Ocean during PEM-Tropics A and B: Oceanic and continental sources, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8242, doi:10.1029/2001JD001444, 2003a.
6. Blake, N. J., Blake, D. R., Sive, B. C., Katzenstein, A. S., Meinardi, S., Wingenter, O. W., Atlas, E. L., Flocke, F., Ridley, B. A., and Rowland, F. S.: The seasonal evolution of NMHCs and light alkyl nitrates at middle to high northern latitudes during TOPSE, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8359, doi:10.1029/2001JD001467, 2003b.
7. Boxe, C. S., Hamer, P. D., Ford, W., Hoffmann, M., and Shallcross, D. E.: The effect of the novel HO2 + NO =HNO3 reaction channel at South Pole, Antarctica, Antarctic Sci., 24, 417, doi:10.1017/S0954102012000144, 2012.
8. Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Crutzen, P., Boumard, F., Dauer, T., Dix, B., Ebinghaus, R., Filippi, D., Fischer, H., Franke, H., Frieß, U., Heintzenberg, J., Helleis, F., Hermann, M., Kock, H. H., Koeppel, C., Lelieveld, J., Leuenberger, M., Martinsson, B. G., Miemczyk, S., Moret, H. P., Nguyen, H. N., Nyfeler, P., Oram, D., O'Sullivan, D., Penkett, S., Platt, U., Pupek, M., Ramonet, M., Randa, B., Reichelt, M., Rhee, T. S., Rohwer, J., Rosenfeld, K., Scharffe, D., Schlager, H., Schumann, U., Slemr, F., Sprung, D., Stock, P., Thaler, R., Valentino, F., van Velthoven, P.,Waibel, A., Wandel, A., Waschitschek, K., Wiedensohler, A., Xueref-Remy, I., Zahn, A., Zech, U., and Ziereis, H.: Civil Aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrumented container: The new CARIBIC system, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4953-4976, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4953-2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47505049)
9. Browne, E. C. and Cohen, R. C.: Effects of biogenic nitrate chemistry on the NOx lifetime in remote continental regions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 11917-11932, doi:10.5194/acp-12-11917-2012, 2012.
10. Buhr, M. P., Parrish, D. P., Norton, R. B., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Sievers, R. E., and Roberts, J. M.: Contribution of organic nitrates to the total reactive nitrogen budget at a rural Eastern US site, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9809-9816, 1990.
11. Butkovskaya, N. I., Kukui, A., Pouvesle, N., and Le Bras, G.: Formation of nitric acid in the gas-phase HO2 + NO reaction: Effects of temperature and water vapour, J. Phys. Chem. A., 109, 6509-6520, doi:10.1021/jp051534v, 2005.
12. Butkovskaya, N. I., Kukui, A., and Le Bras, G.: HNO3 forming channel of the HO2 + NO reaction as a function of pressure and temperature in the ranges of 72-600 Torr and 223-323 K, J. Phys. Chem. A., 111, 9047-9053, 2007. (Pubitemid 47522556)
13. Butkovskaya, N. I., Rayez, M.-T., Kukui, A., and Le Bras, G.: Water vapor effect on the HNO3 yield in the HO2 + NO reaction: experimental and theoretical evidence, J. Phys. Chem. A., 113, 11327-11342, doi:10.1021/jp811428p, 2009.
14. Butkovskaya, N. I., Kukui, A., and Le Bras, G.: Pressure and temperature dependence of Ethyl Nitrate formation in the C2H5O2 + NO reaction, J. Phys. Chem. A, 116, 5972-5980, doi:10.1021/jp210710d, 2012.
15. Cariolle, D., Evans, M. J., Chipperfield, M. P., Butkovskaya, N., Kukui, A., and Le Bras, G.: Impact of the new HNO3-forming channel of the HO2+NO reaction on tropospheric HNO3, NOx, HOx and ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4061-4068, doi:10.5194/acp-8-4061-2008, 2008.
16. Chuck, A. L., Turner, S. M., and Liss, P. S.: Direct Evidence for a Marine Source of C1 and C2 Alkyl Nitrates, Science, 297, 1151-1154, 2002. (Pubitemid 36193343)
17. Clemitshaw, K. C., Williams, J., Rattigan, O. V., Shallcross, D. E., Law, K. S., and Cox, R. A.: Gas-phase ultraviolet absorption cross-sections and atmospheric lifetimes of several C2-C5 alkyl nitrates, J. Photochem. Photobiology A, 102, 117-126, 1997. (Pubitemid 127163341)
18. Dahl, E. E. and Saltzman, E. S.: Alkyl nitrate photochemical production rates in North Pacific seawater, Mar. Chem., 112, 137, doi:10.1016/j.marchem. 2008.10.002, 2008.
19. Dahl, E. E., Yvon-Lewis, S. A., and Saltzman, E. S.: Saturation anomalies of alkyl nitrates in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20817, doi:10.1029/2005GL023896, 2005. (Pubitemid 41782751)
20. Dahl, E. E., Yvon-Lewis, S. A., and Saltzman, E. S.: Alkyl nitrate (C1-C3) depth profiles in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C01012, doi:10.1029/2006JC003471, 2007. (Pubitemid 47272025)
21. Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N., and Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553-597, 2011.
22. Farmer, D. K. and Cohen, R. C.: Observations of HNO3, P P AN, PN and NO2 fluxes: evidence for rapid HOx chemistry within a pine forest canopy, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3899-3917, doi:10.5194/acp-8-3899-2008, 2008.
23. Farmer, D. K., Perring, A. E.,Wooldridge, P. J., Blake, D. R., Baker, A., Meinardi, S., Huey, L. G., Tanner, D., Vargas, O., and Cohen, R. C.: Impact of organic nitrates on urban ozone production, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4085-4094, doi:10.5194/acp-11-4085-2011, 2011.
24. Fehsenfeld, F. C., Daum, P., Leaitch, W. R., Trainer, M., Parrish, D. D., and Hübler, G., transport and processing of O3 and O3 precursors over the North Atlantic: An overview of the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) summer intensive, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 28877-28891, 1996.
25. Fiore, A. M., Horowitz, L. W., Dlugokencky, E. J., and West, J. J.: Impact of meteorology and emissions on methane trends, 1990-2004, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12809, doi:10.1029/2006GL026199, 2006. (Pubitemid 44687735)
26. Flocke, F., Atlas, E., Madronich, S., Schauffler, S. M., Aikin, K., Margitan, J. J., and Bui, T. P.: Observations of methyl nitrate in the lower stratosphere during STRAT: Implications for gas phase prodcution mechanisms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1891-1894, 1998a.
27. Flocke, F., Volz-Thomas, A., Buers, H.-J., Pätz, W., Garthe, H.-J., and Kley, D.: Long-term measurements of alkyl nitrates in southern Germany: 1. General behavior and seasonal and diurnal variation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 5279-5746, 1998b.
28. Fuchs, H., Hofzumahaus, A., Rohrer, F., Bohn, B., Brauers, T., Dorn, H.-P., Häseler, R., Holland, F., Kaminski, M., Li, X., Lu, K., Nehr, S., Tillmann, R., Wegener R., and Wahner, A.: Experimental evidence for efficient hydroxyl radical regener ation in isoprene oxidation, Nature Geosci., 6, 1023-1026, doi:10.1038/ngeo1964, 2013.
29. Ganzeveld, L. and Lelieveld, J.: Dry deposition parameterization in a chemistry general circulation model and its influence on the distribution of reactive gases, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20999-21012, 1995.
30. Gery, M. W., Whitten, G. Z., Killus, J. P., and Dodge, M. C.: A photochemical kinetics mechanism for urban and regional scale computer modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 925-956, 1989.
31. Gottschaldt, K., Voigt, C., Jöckel, P., Righi, M., Deckert, R., and Dietmüller, S.: Global sensitivity of aviation NOx effects to the HNO3-forming channel of the HO2 + NO reaction, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3003-3025, doi:10.5194/acp-13-3003-2013, 2013.
32. Guenther, A., Karl, T., Harley, P., Wiedinmyer, C., Palmer, P. I., and Geron, C.: Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181-3210, doi:10.5194/acp-6-3181-2006, 2006. (Pubitemid 44197400)
33. Huijnen, V., Williams, J., van Weele, M., van Noije, T., Krol, M., Dentener, F., Segers, A., Houweling, S., Peters, W., de Laat, J., Boersma, F., Bergamaschi, P., van Velthoven, P., Le Sager, P., Eskes, H., Alkemade, F., Scheele, R., Nédélec, P., and Pätz, H.-W.: The global chemistry transport model TM5: description and evaluation of the tropospheric chemistry version 3.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 3, 445-473, doi:10.5194/gmd-3-445- 2010, 2010.
34. Jacob, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Maring, H., Clarke, A. D., Dibb, J. E., Emmons, L. K., Ferrare, R. A., Hostetler, C. A., Russell, P. B., Singh, H. B., Thompson, A. M., Shaw, G. E., McCauley, E., Pederson, J. R., and Fisher, J. A.: The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: design, execution, and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5191-5212, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010, 2010.
35. Jaffe, D., Mahura, A., Kelly, J., Atkins, J., Novelli, P. C., and Merrill, J.: Impact of Asian emissions on the remote North Pacific atmosphere: Interpretation of CO data from Shemya, Guam, Midway and Mauna Loa, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28627-28635, doi:10.1029/96JD02750, 1997.
36. Jégou, F., Urban, J., de La Noë, J., Ricaud, P., Le Flochmoën, E., Murtagh, D. P., Eriksson, P., Jones, A., Petelina, S., Llewellyn, E. J., Lloyd, N. D., Haley, C., Lumpe, J., Randall, C., Bevilacqua, R. M., Catoire, V., Huret, N., Berthet, G., Renard, J. B., Strong, K., Davies, J., Mc Elroy, C. T., Goutail, F., and Pommereau, J. P.: Technical Note: Validation of Odin/SMR limb observations of ozone, comparisons with OSIRIS, POAM III, ground-based and balloon-borne instruments, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3385-3409, doi:10.5194/acp-8-3385-2008, 2008.
37. Jones, A. E., Wolff, E. W., Ames, D., Bauguitte, S. J.-B., Clemitshaw, K. C., Fleming, Z., Mills, G. P., Saiz-Lopez, A., Salmon, R. A., Sturges, W. T., and Worton, D. R.: The multi-seasonal NOy budget in coastal Antarctica and its link with surface snow and ice core nitrate: results from the CHABLIS campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9271-9285, doi:10.5194/acp-11-9271-2011, 2011.
38. Kames, J. and Schurath, U.: Alkyl nitrates and bifunctional nitrates of atmospheric interest: Henry's law constants and their temperature dependencies, J. Atmos. Chem., 15, 79-95, 1992. (Pubitemid 23373454)
39. Mao, J., Jacob, D. J., Evans, M. J., Olson, J. R., Ren, X., Brune, W. H., Clair, J. M. St., Crounse, J. D., Spencer, K. M., Beaver, M. R., Wennberg, P. O., Cubison, M. J., Jimenez, J. L., Fried, A., Weibring, P., Walega, J. G., Hall, S. R., Weinheimer, A. J., Cohen, R. C., Chen, G., Crawford, J. H., McNaughton, C., Clarke, A. D., Jaeglé, L., Fisher, J. A., Yantosca, R. M., Le Sager, P., and Carouge, C.: Chemistry of hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx) in the Arctic troposphere in spring, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5823-5838, doi:10.5194/acp-10-5823-2010, 2010.
40. Meijer, E. W., van Velthoven, P. F. J., Brunner, D. W., Huntrieser, H., and Kelder, H.: Improvement and evaluation of the parameterisation of nitrogen oxide production by lightning, Phys. Chem. Earth, 26, 557-583, 2001.
41. Myriokefalitakis, S., Vignati, E., Tsigaridis, K., Papadimas, C., Sciare, J., Mihalopoulos, N., Facchini, M. C., Rinaldi, M., Dentener, F. J., Ceburnis, D., Hatzianastasiou, N., O'Dowd, C. D., van Weele, M. and Kanakidou, M.: Global Modeling of the Oceanic Source of Organic Aerosols, Adv. Meteorol., 2010, 939171, doi:10.115/2010/939171, 2010.
42. Neu, J. L., Lawler, M. J., Prather, M. J., and Saltzman, E. S.: Oceanic alkyl nitrates as a natural source of tropospheric ozone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13814, doi:10.1029/2008GL034189, 2008.
43. Ohara, T., Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Horii, N., Yamaji, K., Yan, X., and Hayasaka, T.: An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419-4444, doi:10.5194/acp-7-4419- 2007, 2007. (Pubitemid 47326583)
44. Orlando, J. J., Tyndall, G. S., and Calvert, J. G.: Thermal decomposition pathways for peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN): Implications for atmospheric methyl nitrate levels, Atmos. Environ., 26A, 3111-3118, 1992. (Pubitemid 23376681)
45. Perrier, S., Houdier, S., Dominé, F., Cabanes, A., Legagneux, L., Sumner, A. L., and Shepson, P. B.: Formaldehyde in Arctic snow. Incorporation into ice particles and evolution in the snowpack, Atmos. Environ., 36, 2695-2705, 2002. (Pubitemid 34632670)
46. Raper, J. L., Kleb, M. M., Jacob, D. J., Davis, D. D., Newell, R. E., Fuelberg, H. E., Bendura, R. J., Hoell, J. M., and McNeal, R. J.: Pacific Exploratory Mission in the Tropical Pacific: PEMTropics B, March-April 1999, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 32401-32425, doi:10.1029/2000JD900833, 2001.
47. Reeves, C. E., Slemr, J., Oram, D. E., Worton, D., Penkett, S. A., Stewart, D. J., Purvis, R., Watson, N., Hopkins, J., Lewis, A., Methven, J., Blake, D. R., and Atlas, E.: Alykl nitrates in outflow from North America over the North Atlantic during Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D10, doi:10.1029/2006JD007567, 2007. (Pubitemid 47193695)
48. Ridley, B. A. and Robinson, E.: The Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemical Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10285-10290, 1992.
49. Roberts, J. M., Bertman, S. B., Parrish, D. D., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Jobson, B. T., and Niki, H.: measurement of alkyl nitrates at Chebogue Point, Nova Scotia during the 1993 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE) intensive, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13569-13580, 1998.
50. Russo, R. S., Zhou, Y., Haase, K. B., Wingenter, O. W., Frinak, E. K., Mao, H., Talbot, R. W., and Sive, B. C.: Temporal variability, sources, and sinks of C1-C5 alkyl nitrates in coastal New England, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 1865-1883, doi:10.5194/acp-10-1865-2010, 2010.
51. Sander, R.: Compilation of Henry's Law Constants for Inorganic and Organic Species of Potential Importance in Environ mental Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, available at: http://www. mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~sander/res/henry.html, 1999.
52. Sander, S. P., Abbatt, J. R., Burkholder, J. B., Friedl, R. R., Golden, D. M., Huie, R. E., Kolb, C. E., Kurylo, M. J., Moortgat, G. K., Orkin, V. L., andWine, P. H.: Chemical kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric studies, Evaluation No.17, JPL Publication 10-6, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, available at: http://jpldataeval.jpl.nasa.gov, 2011.
53. Sanderson, M. G., Collins, W. J., Derwent, R. G., and Johnson, C. E.: Simulation of global hydrogen levels Uusing a Lagrangian Three-Dimensional Model, J. Atmos. Chem., 46, 15-48, 2003.
54. Schuck, T. J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Baker, A. K., Slemr, F., von Velthoven, P. F. J., and Zahn, A.: Greenhouse gas relationships in the Indian summer monsoon plume measured by the CARIBIC passenger aircraft, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3965-3984, doi:10.5194/acp-10-3965-2010, 2010.
55. Schultz, M. G., Backman, L., Balkanski, Y., Bjoerndalsaeter, S., Brand, R., Burrows, J. P., Dalsøeren, S., de Vasconcelos, M., Grodtmann, B., Hauglustaine, D. A., Heil, A., Hoelzemann, J. J., Isaksen, I. S. A., Kaurola, J., Knorr, W., Ladstaetter-Weissenmayer, A., Mota, B., Oom, D., Pacyna, J., Panasiuk, D., Pereira, J. M. C., Pulles, T., Pyle, J., Rast, S., Richter, A., Savage, N., Schnadt, C., Schultz, M., Spessa, A., Staehelin, J., Sundet, J. K., Szopa, S., Thonicke, K., van het Bolscher, M., van Noije, T. van Velthoven, P. Vik, A. F., and Wittrock, F.: REanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical composition over the past 40 years (RETRO)-A long-term global modeling study of tropospheric chemistry, Final Report, Jülich/Hamburg, Germany, 2007 (Published as report no. 48/2007 in the series "Reports on Earth System Science" of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, ISSN 1614-1199), 2007.
56. Simpson, I. J., Meinardi, S., Blake, D. R., Blake, N. J., Rowland, F. S., Atlas, E., and Flocke, F.: A biomass burning source of C1-C4 alkyl nitrates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2168, doi:10.1029/2002GL016290, 2002.
57. Søvde, O. A., Hoyle, C. R., Myhre, G., and Isaksen, I. S. A.: The HNO3 forming branch of the HO2 + NO reaction: pre-industrialto-present trends in atmospheric species and radiative forcings, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8929-8943, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8929-2011, 2011.
58. Spahni, R.,Wania, R., Neef, L., vanWeele, M., Pison, I., Bousquet, P., Frankenberg, C., Foster, P. N., Joos, F., Prentice, I. C., and van Velthoven, P.: Constraining global methane emissions and uptake by ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 8, 1643-1665, doi:10.5194/bg-8-1643-2011, 2011.
59. Stevenson, D. S., Dentener, F. J., Schultz, M. G., Ellington, K., van Noije, T. P. C., Wild, O., Zeng, G., Amann, M., Atherton, C. S., Bell, N., Bergmann, D. J., Bey, I., Butler, T., Cofala, J., Collins, W.J., Derwent, R. G., Doherty, R. M., Brevet, J., Eskes, H. J., Fiore, A. M., Gauss, M., Hauglustaine, D. A., Horowitz, L. W., Isaksen, I. S. A., Krol, M. C., Lamarque, J.-F., Lawrence, M. G., Montanaro, V., Müller, J.-F., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Pyle, J. A., Rast, S., Rodriguez, J. M., Sanderson, M. G., Savage, N. H., Shindell, D. T., Strahan, S. E., Sudo, K., and Szopa, S.: Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D08301, doi:10.1029/2005JD006338, 2006.
60. Swanson, A. L., Blake, N. J., Atlas, E., Flocke, F., Blake, D. R., and Rowland, F. S.: Seasonal variations of C2-C4 nonmethane hydrocarbons and C1-C4 alkyl nitrates at the Summit research station in Greenland, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4065, doi:10.1029/2001JD001445, 2003.
61. Swanson, A. L., Davis, D. D., Arimoto, R., Roberts, P., Atlas, E.L., Flocke, F., Meinardi, S., Rowland, F. S., and Blake, D. R.,Organic trace gases of oceanic origin observed at South Pole during ISCAT 2000, Atmos. Environ., 38, 5463-5472, 2004. (Pubitemid 39178651)
62. Talukdar, R. K., Herndon, S. C., Burkholder, J. B., Roberts, J. M., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Atmospheric fate of several alkyl nitrates, part 1:Rate coefficients of the reactions of alkyl nitrates with isotopically labelled hydroxyl radicals, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 2787-2796, 1997a. (Pubitemid 127784914)
63. Talukdar, R. K., Burkholder, J. B., Hunter, M., Gilles, M. K., Roberts, J. M., and Ravishankara, A. R.: Atmospheric fate of several alkyl nitrates, part 2: UV absorption cross-sections and photodissociation quantum yields, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 93, 2797-2805, 1997b. (Pubitemid 127784915)
64. Thomas, J. L., Dibb, J. E., Huey, L. G., Liao, J., Tanner, D., Lefer, B., von Glasow, R., and Stutz, J.: Modeling chemistry in and above snow at Summit, Greenland-Part 2: Impact of snowpack chemistry on the oxidation capacity of the boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 6537-6554, doi:10.5194/acp-12-6537-2012, 2012.
65. Urban, J., Pommier, M., Murtagh, D. P., Santee, M. L., and Orsolini, Y. J.: Nitric acid in the stratosphere based on Odin observations from 2001 to 2009-Part 1: A global climatology, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7031-7044, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7031-2009, 2009.
66. van der A, R. J., Allaart, M. A. F., and Eskes, H. J.: Multi sensor reanalysis of total ozone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11277-11294, doi:10.5194/acp-10-11277-2010, 2010.
67. van derWerf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., and van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agriculture, and peat fires (1997-2009) Atmos. Chem. Phys.10, 11707-11735.2010,http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/10/11707/2010/.
68. Walega, J. G., Ridley, B. A., Madronich, S., Grahek, F. E., Shetter, D., Sauvain, T. D., Hahn, C. J., Merill, J. T., Bodhaine, B. A., and Robinson, E.: Observations of peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, methyl nitrate and ozone during the Mauna Loa Observatory Photochemical Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10311-10330, 1992.
69. Wang, Y., Choi, Y., Zeng, T., Davis, D., Buhr, Martin, Huey, L. G., and Neff, W.: Assessing the photochemical impact of snow NOx emissions over Anarctica during ANTCI 2003, Atmos. Environ., 41, 3944-3958, 2007. (Pubitemid 46702756)
70. Weller, R., Jones, A. E., Wille, A., Jacobi, H.-W., McIntyre, H. P., Sturges, W. T., Huke, M., and Wahenbach, D.: Seasonality of reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) at Neumayer Station, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4673, doi:10.1029/2002JD002495, 2002.
71. Williams, J. E., van Velthoven, P. F. J., and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.: Quantifying the uncertainty in simulating global tropospheric composition due to the variability in global emission estimates of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2857-2891, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2857-2013, 2013.
72. Yarwood, G., Rao, S., Yocke, M., and Whitten, G.: Updates to the carbon bond chemical mechanism: CB05. Final report to the US EPA, EPA Report Number: RT-0400675, available at: www.camx.com (last access: November 2013), 2005.
73. Yonemura, S., Kawashima, S., and Tsuruta, H.: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane uptake by soils in a temperate arable field and a forest, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 105, 14347-14362, 2000.
74. Zhang, L., Jacob, D. J., Boersma, K. F., Jaffe, D. A., Olson, J. R., Bowman, K. W., Worden, J. R., Thompson, A. M., Avery, M. A., Cohen, R. C., Dibb, J. E., Flock, F. M., Fuelberg, H. E., Huey, L. G., McMillan, W. W., Singh, H. B., and Weinheimer, A. J.: Transpacific transport of ozone pollution and the effect of recent Asian emission increases on air quality in North America: an integrated analysis using satellite, aircraft, ozonesonde, and surface observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6117-6136, doi:10.5194/acp-8-6117-2008, 2008.