The emotion regulation questionnaire: Validation of the erq-9 in two community samples

Psychological Assessment

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 46-54

  Spaapen, Devon L ^a   Waters, Flavie ^a,b   Brummer, Laura ^c   Stopa, Lusia ^c   Bucks, Romola S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b GRAYLANDS HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Emotion regulation; Processing; Psychometric properties; Questionnaire; Validation

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGE; AGED; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSION ANXIETY AND STRESS SCALE; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; EMOTION REGULATION QUESTIONNAIRE; EMOTIONAL REAPPRASIAL; EMOTIONAL SUPPRESSION; EMOTIONALITY; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; NORMAL HUMAN; PSYCHOMETRY; SELF REPORT; SEX DIFFERENCE; UNITED KINGDOM; VERY ELDERLY; VOLUNTEER; ADULT; DEFENSE MECHANISM; EMOTION; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; REPRODUCIBILITY; VALIDATION STUDY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANXIETY; AUSTRALIA; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOMETRICS; REPRESSION, PSYCHOLOGY; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SEX FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84896710071     PISSN: 10403590     EISSN: 1939134X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0034474     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Abler, B., & Kessler, H. (2009). Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Eine deutsche version des ERQ von Gross & John [A German version of the ERQ by Gross & John]. Diagnostica, 55, 144-152. doi:10.1026/0012- 1924.55.3.144
2. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotionregulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217-237. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11 .004
3. Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176-181. doi:10.1037/1040- 3590.10.2.176
4. Arbuckle, J. L. (2011). IBM SPSS Amos 20 user's guide. Chicago, IL: Smallwaters.
5. Balzarotti, S., Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2010). An Italian adaptation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 61-67. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000009
6. Beevers, C. G., & Meyer, B. (2004). Thought suppression and depression risk. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 859 - 867. doi:10.1080/ 02699930341000220
7. Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238-246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
8. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
9. Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Emotion regulation and aging. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 307-330). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
10. Chen, Z. (2010, July). Assessing two emotion regulation processes in Chinese adolescents. Paper presented at the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Management Science (ICAMS), Chengdu, China.
11. Clara, I. P., Cox, I. P., & Enns, M. W. (2001). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in depressed and anxious patients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23, 61-67. doi:10.1023/A:1011095624717
12. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. D'Argembeau, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2006). Individual differences in the phenomenology of mental time travel: The effect of vivid visual imagery and emotion regulation strategies. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 342-350. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.09.001
14. Demaree, H. A., Schmeichel, B. J., Robinson, J. L., Pu, J., Everhart, D. E., & Berntson, G. G. (2006). Up- and down-regulating facial disgust: Affective, vagal, sympathetic, and respiratory consequences. Biological Psychology, 71, 90-99. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.02.006
15. DiStefano, C., & Motl, W. R. (2006). Further investigating method effects associated with negatively worded items on self-report surveys. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 13, 440-464. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1303_6
16. Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Pimley, S., & Novacek, J. (1987). Age differences in stress and coping processes. Psychology and Aging, 2, 171-184. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.2.2.171
17. Gross, J. J. (1998a). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224 -237. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.224
18. Gross, J. J. (1998b). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299. doi:10.1037/ 1089-2680.2.3.271
19. Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 281-291. doi:10.1017/ S0048577201393198
20. Gross, J. J., Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Skorpen, C. G., Tsai, J., & Hsu, A. Y. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychology and Aging, 12, 590-599. doi:10.1037/0882-7974 .12.4.590
21. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
22. Heilman, R. M., Crisan, L. G., & Houser, D. (2010). Emotion regulation and decision making under risk and uncertainty. Emotion, 10, 257-265. doi:10.1037/a0018489
23. Helson, R., & Klohnen, E. C. (1998). Affective coloring of personality from young adulthood to midlife. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 241-252. doi:10.1177/0146167298243002
24. Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227-239.
25. Henry, J. D., Rendell, P. G., Green, M. J., McDonald, S., & O'Donnell, M. (2008). Emotion regulation in schizophrenia: Affective, social, and clinical correlates of suppression and reappraisal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 473-478. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.473
26. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1-55. doi: 10.1080/10705519909540118
27. Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition & Emotion, 24, 281-298. doi:10.1080/02699930903407948
28. Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
29. Koole, S. L. (2009). The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 4 - 41. doi:10.1080/ 02699930802619031
30. Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335-343. doi:10.1016/0005- 7967(94)00075-U
31. Magar, E. C., Phillips, L. H., & Hosie, J. A. (2008). Self-regulation and risk-taking. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 153-159. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.03.014
32. Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2003). Systems of coping associated with dysphoria, anxiety and depressive illness: A multivariate profile perspective. Stress, 6, 223-234. doi:10.1080/10253890310001594487
33. Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Nakagawa, S. (2008). Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 925-937. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.925
34. Meade, A. W., Johnson, E. C., & Braddy, P. W. (2008). Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 568-592. doi:10.1037/0021-9010 .93.3.568
35. Melka, S. E., Lancaster, S. L., Bryant, A. R., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2011). Confirmatory factor and measurement invariance analyses of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 1283-1293. doi:10.1002/jclp.20836
36. Moore, S. A., Zoellner, L. A., & Mollenholt, N. (2008). Are expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal associated with stress-related symptoms? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 993-1000. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.001
37. Nielson, K. A., & Lorber, W. (2009). Enhanced post-learning memory consolidation is influenced by arousal predisposition and emotion regulation but not by stimulus valence or arousal. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 92, 70-79. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.03.002
38. Nye, C. D., & Drasgow, F. (2011). Effect size indices for analysis of measurement equivalence: Understanding the practical importance of differences between groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96, 966- 980. doi:10.1037/a0022955
39. Perry, Y., Henry, J. D., & Grisham, J. R. (2011). The habitual use of emotion regulation strategies in schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50, 217-222. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.2010.02001.x
40. Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 410-424. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.410
41. Ritter, P., Lorig, K., Laurent, D., & Matthews, K. (2004). Internet versus mailed questionnaires: A randomized comparison. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 6, e29. doi:10.2196/jmir.6.3.e29
42. Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. C. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA.
43. Tucker, J. S., & Lewis, C. (1973). The reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1-10. doi:10.1007/ BF02291170
44. Wenzlaff, R. M, & Luxton, D. D. (2003). The role of thought suppression in depressive rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 293- 308. doi:10.1023/A:1023966400540
45. Wiltink, J., Glaesmer, H., Canterino, M., Wolfling, K., Knebel, A., Kessler, H., . . . Buetel, M. E. (2011). Regulation of emotions in the community: Suppression and reappraisal strategies and its psychometric properties. Psycho-Social Medicine, 8, 1-12. doi:10.3205/psm000078