The role of thought suppression in depressive rumination

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 293-308

  Wenzlaff, Richard M ^a   Luxton, David D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognition; Depression; Dysphoria; Rumination; Thought suppression

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITION; DEPRESSION; DYSPHORIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL FUNCTION; PREDICTION; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RUMINATION; STRESS; THOUGHT DISORDER;

EID: 3242786327     PISSN: 01475916     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1023966400540     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Bacon, S. J. (1974). Arousal and the range of cue utilization. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 81-87.
2. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.
3. Beck, A. T., & Beamesderfer, A. (1974). Assessment of depression: The depression inventory. In P. Pichot (Ed.), Psychological measurements in psychopharmacology. Modern problems in Pharmacopsychiatry (Vol. 7, pp. 151-169). Basel, Switzerland: Darger.
4. Beck, A. T., & Beck, R. (1972). Screening depressed patients in family practice: A rapid technic. Post-graduate Medicine, 52, 81-85.
5. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
6. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77-100.
7. Beevers, C. G., Wenzlaff, R. M., Hayes, A. M., & Scott, W. D. (1999). Depression and the ironic effects of thought suppression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 133-148.
8. Blaney, P. H. (1980). Affect and memory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 229-246.
9. Blatt, S. H. J., & Homann, E. (1992). Parent-child interaction in the etiology of dependent and self-critical depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 47-91.
10. Blumberg, S. J. (2000). The White Bear Suppression Inventory: Revisiting its factor structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 943-950.
11. Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129-148.
12. Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1989). Depression. In G. W. Harris & T. O. Harris (Eds.). Life events and illness (pp. 49-93). New York: Guilford Press.
13. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
14. Cioffi, D., Holloway, J. (1993). Delayed costs of suppressed pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 274-282.
15. Cole, D. A., Jacquez, F. M., & Maschman, T. L. (2001). Social origins of depressive cognitions: A longitudinal study of self-perceived competence in children. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 377-396.
16. Combs, A. W., & Taylor, C. (1952). The effect of the perception of mild degrees of threat on performance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 420-424.
17. Compas, B. E. (1987). Stress and life events during childhood and adolescence. Clinical Psychological Review, 7, 275-302.
18. Compas, B. E., Grant, K., & Ey, S. (1994). Psychosocial stress and child and adolescent depression: Can we be more specific? In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.). Handbook of depression in children and adolescents (pp. 509-523). New York: Plenum.
19. Cutler, S. E., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Accounting for sex differences in depression through female victimization: Childhood sexual abuse. Sex Roles, 24, 425-438.
20. Davis, R. N., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). Cognitive inflexibility among ruminators and nonruminators. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 699-711.
21. Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 56, 183-201.
22. Ehlers, A., Mayou, R. A., & Bryant, B. (1998). Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 508-519.
23. Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Borger, S. C. (2001). Correlates of analogue and clinical depression: A further test of the phenomenological continuity hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 66, 175-183.
24. Gibb, B. E., Alloy, E. B., & Tierney, S. (2001). History of childhood maltreatment, negative cognitive styles, and episodes of depression in adulthood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 425-446.
25. Gotlib, I. H. (1984). Depression and general psychopathology in university students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 19-30.
26. Hammen, C. L. (1980). Depression in college students: Beyond the Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 126-128.
27. Hamilton, V. (1982). Cognition and stress: An information processing model. In L. Goldberger & S. Bresnitz (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 105-120). New York: The Free Press.
28. Janeck, A. S., & Calamari, J. E. (1999). Thought suppression in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 497-509.
29. Judd, L. L. (1997). The clinical course of unipolar major depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 989-991.
30. Kabat-Zinn, J., Lipworth, L., & Burney, R. (1985). The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 149, 936-943.
31. Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D., Beck, A. T., Hammen, C. L., & Ingram, R. E. (1987). Issues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 11, 289-299.
32. Klein, G. (1996). The effects of acute stressors on decision making. In J. E. Driskell & E. Salas (Eds.), Stress and human performance (pp. 49-88). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
33. Kuehner, C., & Weber, I. (1999). Responses to depression in unipolar depressed patients: An investigation of Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles theory. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1323-1333.
34. Lightsey, W. R., Jr. (1999). Positive thoughts versus states of mind ratio as a stress moderator: Findings across four studies. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 469-482.
35. Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on autobiographical memories and predictions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166-177.
36. Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993). Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 339-349.
37. Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 176-190.
38. Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, K. L., Caldwell, N. D., & Berg, K. (1999). Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1041-1060.
39. Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Ruminative thoughts (pp. 1-47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
40. Miller, J. J., Fletcher, K., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1995). Three-year follow-up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 17, 192-200.
41. Morrow, J., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Effects of responses to depression on the remediation of depressive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 519-527.
42. Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., & Horselenberg, R. (1996). Individual differences in thought suppression: The White Bear Suppression Inventory: Factor structure, reliability, validity and correlates. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 501-513.
43. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115-121.
44. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993). Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 561-570.
45. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-28.
46. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92-104.
47. Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2000). Treatment of recurrent major depression with attention training. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7, 407-413.
48. Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2001). Positive beliefs about depressive rumination: Development and preliminary validation of a self-report scale. Behavior Therapy, 32, 13-26.
49. Posner, M. I., & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
50. Rude, S. S., Wenzlaff, R. M., Gibbs, B., Vane, J., & Whitney, T. (2002). Negative interpretative biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 423-440.
51. Salkovskis, P. M., & Reynolds, M. (1994). Thought suppression induces intrusion in naturally occurring negative intrusive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 281-299.
52. Sanders, G. S. (1981). Driven by distraction: An integrative review of social facilitation theory and research. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17, 227-251.
53. Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977). Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review, 84, 127-190.
54. Shipherd, J. C., & Beck, J. G. (1999). The effects of suppressing trauma-related thoughts on women with rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 99-112.
55. Smari, J., Birgisdottir, A. B., Brynjolfsdottir, B. (1995). Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and suppression of personally relevant unwanted thoughts. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 621-625.
56. Spinhoven, P., & van der Does, A. J. W. (1999). Thought suppression, dissociation and psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 877-886.
57. Sullivan, M. J. L., Rouse, D., Bishop, S., & Johnston, S. (1997). Thought suppression, catastrophizing, and pain. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 555-568.
58. Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams, M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 25-39.
59. van den Hout, M., Merckelbach, H., & Pool, K. (1996). Dissociation, reality monitoring, trauma, and thought suppression. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 24, 97-108.
60. Vredenburg, K., Flett, G. L., & Krames, L. (1993). Analogue versus clinical depression: A critical reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 327-344.
61. Weary, G., Edwards, J. A., & Jacobson, J. A. (1995). Depression research methodologies in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: A reply. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 885-891.
62. Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34-52.
63. Wegner, D. M., & Wenzlaff, R. M. (1996). Mental Control. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 466-492). New York: Guilford Press.
64. Wegner, D. M., & Zanakos, S. (1994). Chronic thought suppression. Journal of Personality, 62, 615-640.
65. Wells, A. (1990). Panic disorder in association with relaxation induced anxiety: An attentional training approach to treatment. Behavior Therapy, 21, 273-280.
66. Wenzlaff, R. M. (1993). The mental control of depression: Psychological obstacles to emotional well-being. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Handbook of mental control (pp. 238-257). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
67. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Bates, D. E. (1998). Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: How lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1559-1571.
68. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Bates, D. E. (2000). The relative efficacy of concentration and suppression strategies of mental control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1200-1212.
69. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Eisenberg, A. R. (2001). Mental control after dysphoria: Evidence of a suppressed, depressive bias. Behavior Therapy, 32, 21-45.
70. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Grozier, S. A. (1988). Depression and the magnification of failure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 90-93.
71. Wenzlaff, R. M., Meier, J., & Salas, D. M. (2002). Thought suppression and memory biases during and after depressive moods. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 403-422.
72. Wenzlaff, R. M., Rude, S. S., Taylor, C. H., Stultz, R. H., & Sweatt, R. A. (2001). Beneath the veil of thought suppression: Attentional bias and depression risk. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 435-452.
73. Wenzlaff, R. M., Rude, S. S., & West, L. M. (2002). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: The role of thought suppression and attitude certainty. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 533-548.
74. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought Suppression. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 59-91.
75. Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Roper, D. W. (1988). Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 882-892.
76. Wood, J. V., Saltzberg, J. A., Neale, J. M., Stone, A. A., & Rachmiel, T. B. (1990). Self-focused attention, coping responses, and distressed mood in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1027-1036.