Effects of endurance and high-intensity swimming exercise on the redox status of adolescent male and female swimmers

Journal of Sports Sciences

Volumn 32, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 747-756

  Kabasakalis, Athanasios ^a   Tsalis, George ^a   Zafrana, Ekaterini ^b   Loupos, Demetrios ^a   Mougios, Vassilis ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b St Luke's General Hospital   (Greece)

Author keywords

8 hydroxy 2' deoxyguanosine; glutathione; malondialdehyde; oxidative stress; swimming; training

Indexed keywords

8 OXO 7 HYDRODEOXYGUANOSINE; 8-OXO-7-HYDRODEOXYGUANOSINE; BILIRUBIN; DEOXYGUANOSINE; DRUG DERIVATIVE; GLUTATHIONE; MALONALDEHYDE; PLASMA PROTEIN; URIC ACID;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BLOOD; ENDURANCE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; PHYSIOLOGY; SWIMMING;

ADOLESCENT; BILIRUBIN; BLOOD PROTEINS; DEOXYGUANOSINE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FEMALE; GLUTATHIONE; HUMANS; MALE; MALONDIALDEHYDE; OXIDATION-REDUCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; SWIMMING; URIC ACID;

EID: 84896699373     PISSN: 02640414     EISSN: 1466447X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.850595     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Aguiló, A., Tauler, P., Fuentespina, E., Tur, J. A., Córdova, A., & Pons, A. (2005). Antioxidant response to oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. Physiology and Behavior, 84(1), 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.07.034
2. Alessio, H. M., Hagerman, A. E., Fulkerson, B. K., Ambrose, J., Rice, R. E., & Wiley, R. L. (2000). Generation of reactive oxygen species after exhaustive aerobic and isometric exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(9), 1576-1581.
3. Aspenes, S. T., & Karslen, T. (2012). Exercise-training intervention studies in competitive swimming. Sports Medicine, 42(6), 527-543. doi:10.2165/11630760-000000000-00000
4. Bailey, D. M., Young, I. S., McEneny, J., Lawrenson, L., Kim, J., Barden, J., & Richardson, R. S. (2004). Regulation of free radical outflow from an isolated muscle bed in exercising humans. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 287(4), H1689-H1699. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00148.2004
5. Benítez, S., Sánchez-Quesada, J. L., Lucero, L., Arcelus, R., Ribas, V., Jorba, O.,... Ordóñez-Llanos, J. (2002). Changes in low-density lipoprotein electronegativity and oxidizability after aerobic exercise are related to the increase in associated non-esterified fatty acids. Atherosclerosis, 160(1), 223-232.
6. Bloomer, R. J. (2008). Effect of exercise on oxidative stress biomarkers. Advances in Clinical Chemistry, 46, 1-50. doi:10.1016/S0065-2423(08)00401-0
7. Bloomer, R. J., Davis, P. G., Consitt, L. A., & Wideman, L. (2007). Plasma protein carbonyls response to increasing exercise duration in aerobically trained men and women. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(1), 21-25. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924140
8. Bloomer, R. J., Falvo, M. J., Fry, A. C., Schilling, B. K., Smith, W. A., & Moore, C. A. (2006). Oxidative stress response in trained men following repeated squats or sprints. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(8), 1436-1442. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000227408.91474.77
9. Bloomer, R. J., & Fisher-Wellman, K. H. (2008). Blood oxidative stress biomarkers: Influence of sex, exercise, training status, and dietary intake. Gender Medicine, 5(3), 218-228. doi:10.1016/j.genm.2008.07.002
10. Bloomer, R. J., Fry, A. C., Falvo, M. J., & Moore, C. A. (2007). Protein carbonyls are acutely elevated following single set anaerobic exercise in resistance trained men. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 10(6), 411-417. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.07.014
11. Bloomer, R. J., Goldfarb, A. H., & McKenzie, M. J. (2006). Oxidative stress response to aerobic exercise: Comparison of antioxidant supplements. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(6), 1098-1105. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000222839.51144.3e
12. Bloomer, R. J., Goldfarb, A. H., Wideman, L., McKenzie, M. J., & Consitt, L. A. (2005). Effects of acute aerobic and anaerobic exercise on blood markers of oxidative stress. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2), 276-285.
13. Briviba, K., Watzl, B., Nickel, K., Kulling, S., Bös, K., Haertel, S.,... Bub, A. (2005). A half-marathon and a marathon run induce oxidative DNA damage, reduce antioxidant capacity to protect DNA against damage and modify immune function in hobby runners. Redox Reports, 10(6), 325-331. doi:10.1179/135100005X83716
14. Caimi, G., Canino, B., Amodeo, G., Montana, M., & Presti, R. L. (2009). Lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant status in unprofessional athletes before and after a cardiopulmonary test. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 43(3), 235-241. doi:10.3233/CH-2009-1215
15. Camera, E. & Picardo, M. (2002). Analytical methods to investigate glutathione and related compounds in biological and pathological processes. Journal of Chromatography B Analytical Technologies in Biomedical and Life Sciences, 781(1-2), 181-206. doi:10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00618-9
16. Camus, G., Felekidis, A., Pincemail, J., Deby-Dupont, G., Deby, C., Juchmes-Ferir, A.,... Lamy, M. (1994). Blood levels of reduced/oxidized glutathione and plasma concentration of ascorbic acid during eccentric and concentric exercises of similar energy cost. Archives Internationales De Physiologie, De Biochimie Et De Biophysique, 102(1), 67-70.
17. Chevion, S., Moran, D. S., Heled, Y., Shani, Y., Regev, G., Abbou, B.,... Epstein, Y. (2003). Plasma antioxidant status and cell injury after severe physical exercise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 100(9), 5119-5123. doi:10.1073/pnas.0831097100
18. Dalle-Donne, I., Rossi, R., Giustarini, D., Milzani, A., & Colombo, R. (2003). Protein carbonyls groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clinica Chimica Acta, 329(1-2), 23-38. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00003-2
19. Del Rio, D., Stewart, A. J., & Pellegrini, N. (2005). A review of recent studies on malondialdehyde as toxic molecule and biological marker of oxidative stress. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 15(4), 316-328. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2005.05.003
20. Deminice, R., Santana Trindade, C., Carvalho Degiovanni, G., Ribeiro Garlip, M., Vannucchi Portari, G., Teixeira, M.,... Jordao, A. A. (2010). Oxidative stress biomarkers response to high intensity interval training and relation to performance in competitive swimmers. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 50(3), 356-362.
21. Deminice, R., Sicchieri, T., Mialich, M. S., Milani, F., Ovidio, P. P., & Jordao, A. A. (2011). Oxidative stress biomarker responses to an acute session of hypertrophy-resistance traditional interval training and circuit training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(3), 798-804. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7bac6
22. Dröge, W. (2002). Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Physiological Reviews, 82(1), 47-95. doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2001
23. Dufaux, B., Heine, O., Kothe, A., Prinz, U., & Rost, R. (1997). Blood glutathione status following distance running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18(2), 89-93. doi:10.1055/s-2007-972601
24. Elokda, A. S., Shields, R. K., & Nielsen, D. H. (2005). Effects of a maximal graded exercise test on glutathione as a marker of acute oxidative stress. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 25(4), 215-219.
25. Fatouros, I. G., Chantzinikolaou, A., Douroudos, I. I., Nikolaidis, M. G., Kyparos, A., Margonis, K.,... Jamurtas, A. Z. (2010). Time-course of changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant status responses, following a soccer game. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(12), 3278-3286. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b60444
26. Finaud, J., Lac, G., & Filaire, E. (2006). Oxidative stress: Relationship with exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 36(4), 327-358.
27. Fisher-Wellman, K., & Bloomer, R. J. (2009). Acute exercise and oxidative stress: A 30 year history. Dynamic Medicine, 8, 1. doi:10.1186/1476-5918-8-1
28. Glantzounis, G. K., Tsimoyannis, E. C., Kappas, A. M., & Galaris, D. A. (2005). Uric acid and oxidative stress. Current pharmaceutical Design, 11(32), 4145-4151. doi:10.2174/138161205774913255
29. Gohil, K., Viguie, C., Stanley, W. C., Brooks, G. A., & Packer, L. (1988). Blood glutathione oxidation during human exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 64(1), 115-119.
30. Goldfarb, A. H., McKenzie, M. J., & Bloomer, R. J. (2007). Gender comparisons of exercise-induced oxidative stress: Influence of antioxidant supplementation. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism, 32(6), 1124-1131. doi:10.1139/H07-078
31. 2max. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 15(3), 279-290.
32. Gomez-Cabrera, M.-C., Viña, J., & Ji, L. L. (2009). Interplay of oxidants and antioxidants during exercise: Implications for muscle health. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 37(4), 116-123. doi:10.3810/psm.2009.12.1749.
33. Green, H. J., & Fraser, I. G. (1988). Differential effects of exercise intensity on serum uric acid concentration. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20(1), 55-59.
34. Groussard, C., Machefer, G., Rannou, F., Faure, H., Zouhal, H., Sergent, O.,... Gratas-Delamarche, A. (2003). Physical fitness and plasma non-ezymatic antioxidant status at rest and after a wingate test. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 28(1), 79-92. doi:10.1139/h03-007
35. Groussard, C., Morel, I., Chevanne, M., Monnier, M., Cillard, J., & Delamarche, A. (2000). Free radical scavenging and antioxidant effects of lactate ion: An in vitro study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(1), 169-175.
36. Gérard-Monnier, D., Erdelmeier, I., Rérgnard, K., Moze-Henry, N., Yadan, J.-C., & Chaudière, J. (1998). Reactions of 1-methyl-2-phenylindole with malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals. Analytical applications to a colorimetric assay of lipid peroxidation. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 11(10), 1176-1183. doi:10.1021/tx9701790
37. Hamurcu, Z., Saritas, N., Baskol, G., & Akpinar, N. (2010). Effect of wrestling exercise on oxidative DNA damage, nitric oxide level and paraoxonase activity in adolescent boys. Pediatric Exercise Science, 22(1), 60-68.
38. Hellsten, Y., Sjödin, B., Richter, E. A., & Bangsbo, J. (1998). Urate uptake and lowered ATP levels in human muscle after high-intensity intermittent exercise. American Journal of Physiology, 274(4pt1), E600-E606.
39. Hoffman, J. R., Im, J., Kang, J., Maresh, C. M., Kraemer, W. J., French, D.,... Chance, B. (2007). Comparison of low- and high-intensity resistance exercise on lipid peroxidation: Role of muscle oxygenation. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(1), 118-122.
40. Holmér, I., & Bergh, U.. (1974). Metabolic and thermal response to swimming in water at varying temperatures. Journal of Applied Physiology, 37(5), 702-705.
41. Hudson, M. B., Hosick, P. A., McCaulley, G. O., Schrieber, L., Wrieden, J., McAnulty, S. R.,... Quindry, J. C. (2008). The effect of resistance exercise on humoral markers of oxidative stress. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(3), 542-548. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31815daf89
42. Ilhan, N., Kamanli, A., Ozmerdivenli, R., & Ilhan, N. (2004). Variable effects of exercise intensity on reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels, and glucose concentration. Archives of Medical Research, 35(4), 294-300. doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2004.03.006
43. Inal, M., Akyüz, F., Turgut, A., & Getsfrid, W. M. (2001). Effect of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism on free radical generation swimmers. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 33(4), 564-567.
44. Inoue, T., Mu, Z., Sumikawa, K., Adachi, K., & Okochi, T. (1993). Effect of physical exercise on the content of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in nuclear DNA prepared from human lymphocytes. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 84(7), 720-725.
45. Ji, L. L. (2008). Modulation of skeletal muscle antioxidant defense by exercise: Role of redox signaling. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 44(2), 142-152. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.031.
46. Kabasakalis, A., Kyparos, A., Tsalis, G., Loupos, D., Pavlidou, A., & Kouretas, D. (2011). Blood oxidative stress markers after ultramarathon swimming. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(3), 805-811. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d0b109
47. Kutzing, M. K., & Firestein, B. L. (2008). Altered uric acid levels and disease states. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 324(1), 1-7. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.129031
48. Kyparos, A., Salonikidis, K., Nikolaidis, M. G., & Kouretas, D. (2007). Short duration exhaustive aerobic exercise induces oxidative stress: A novel play-oriented volitional fatigue test. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 47(4), 483-490.
49. Kyparos, A., Vrabas, I., Nikolaidis, M. G., Riganas, C. S., & Kouretas, D. (2009). Increased oxidative stress blood markers in well-trained rowers following two-thousand meter rowing ergometer race. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(5), 1418-1426. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a3cb97
50. Laaksonen, D. E., Atalay, M., Niskanen, L., Uusitupa, M., Hänninen, O., & Sen, C. K. (1999). Blood glutathione homeostasis as a determinant of resting and exercise-induced oxidative stress in young men. Redox Reports, 4(1-2), 53-59. doi:10.1179/135100099101534648
51. Lee, J., Goldfarb, A. H., Rescino, M. H., Hegde, S., Patrick, S., & Apperson, K. (2002). Eccentric exercise effect on blood-oxidative stress markers and delayed onset of muscle soreness. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(3), 443-448.
52. Lombardi, G., Colombini, A., Ricci, C., Freschi, M., Lippi, G., & Banfi, G. (2010). Serum uric acid in top-level alpine skiers over four consecutive competitive seasons. Clinica Chimica Acta, 411(9-10), 645-648. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.01.021
53. Lynn, A. (2006). Swimming: Technique, training, competition strategy. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press.
54. Maglischo, E. (2003). Swimming fastest. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
55. Mestre-Alfaro, A., Ferrer, M. D., Banquells, M., Riera, J., Drobnig, F., Sureda, A.,... Pons, A. (2012). Body temperature modulates the antioxidant and acute immune responses to exercise. Free Radical Research, 46(6), 799-808. doi:10.3109/10715762.2012.680193
56. Michailidis, Y., Jamurtas, A. Z., Nikolaidis, M. G., Fatouros, I. G., Koutedakis, Y., Papassotiriou, I., & Kouretas, D. (2007). Sampling time is crucial for measurement of aerobic exercise-induced oxidative stress. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 39(7), 1107-1113. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0b013e318053e7ba
57. Mougios, V. (2006). Exercise biochemistry. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
58. Muñoz, D., Olcina, G., Timón, R., Robles, M. C., Caballero, M. J., & Maynar, M. (2010). Effect of different exercise intensities on oxidative stress markers and anti-oxidant response in trained cyclists. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 50(1), 93-98.
59. Naughton, G., Farpour-Lambert, N. J., Carlson, J., Bradney, M., & Van Praagh, E. (2000). Physiological issues surrounding the performance of adolescent athletes. Sports Medicine, 30(5), 309-325.
60. Neubauer, O., König, D., Kern, N., Nics, L., & Wagner, K.-H. (2008). No indications of persistent oxidative stress in response to an Ironman triathlon. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(12), 2119-2128. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181824dab
61. Neubauer, O., Reichhold, S., Nics, L., Hoelzl, C., Valentini, J., Stadlmayr, B.,... Wagner, K.-H. (2010). Antioxidant responses to an acute ultra-endurance exercise: Impact on DNA stability and indications for an increased need for nutritive antioxidants in the early recovery phase. British Journal of Nutrition, 104(8), 1129-1138. doi:10.1017/S0007114510001856
62. Niess, A. M., & Simon, P. (2007). Response and adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise - The role of reactive oxygen species. Frontiers in Bioscience, 12, 4826-4838. doi:10.2741/2431
63. Nikolaidis, M. G., Jamurtas, A. Z., Paschalis, V., Kostaropoulos, I. A., Kladi-Skandali, A., Balamitsi, V.,... Kouretas, D. (2006). Exercise-induced oxidative stress in G6PD-deficient individuals. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(8), 1443-1450. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000228938.24658.5f
64. Nikolaidis, M. G., Kyparos, A., Hadziioannou, M., Panou, N., Samaras, L., Jamurtas, A. Z., & Kouretas, D. (2007). Acute exercise markedly increases blood oxidative stress in boys and girls. Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism, 32(2), 197-205. doi:10.1139/h06-097
65. Nikolaidis, M. G., Paschalis, V., Giakas, G., Fatouros, I. G., Koutedakis, Y., Kouretas, D., & Jamurtas, A. Z. (2007). Decreased blood oxidative stress after repeated muscle-damaging exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(7), 1080-1089. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31804ca10c
66. Paschalis, V., Nikoaidis, M. G., Fatouros, I. G., Giakas, G., Koutedakis, Y., Karatzaferi, C.,... Jamurtas, A. Z. (2007). Uniform and prolonged changes in blood oxidative stress after muscle-damaging exercise. In Vivo, 21(5), 877-883.
67. Pastore, A., Federici, G., Bertini, E., & Piemonte, F. (2003). Analysis of glutathione: Implication in redox and detoxification. Clinica Chimica Acta, 333(1), 19-39. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00200-6
68. Patsoukis, N., Zervoudakis, G., Panagopoulos, N. T., Georgiou, C. D., Angelatou, F., & Matsokis, N. A. (2004). Thiol redox state (TRS) and oxidative stress in the mouse hippocampus after pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptic seizure. Neuroscience Letters, 357(2), 83-86. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.10.080
69. Powers, S. K., Nelson, W. B., & Hudson, M. B. (2011). Exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans: Cause and consequences. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 51(5), 942-950. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.009
70. Quindry, J. C., McAnulty, S. R., Hudson, M. B., Hosick, P., Dumke, C., McAnulty, L. S.,... McAnulty, D. (2008). Oral quercetin supplementation and blood oxidative capacity in response to ultramarathon competition. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 18(6), 601-616.
71. Radák, Z., Chung, H. Y., & Goto, S. (2008). Systemic adaptation to oxidative challenge induced by regular exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 44(2), 153-159. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.029
72. Radák, Z., Kumagai, S., Nakamoto, H., & Goto, S. (2007). 8-Oxoguanosine and uracil repair of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in red and white skeletal muscle of exercise trained old rats. Journal of Applied Physiology, 102(4), 1696-1701. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01051.2006
73. Reddy, Y. N., Murthy, S. V., Krishna, D. R., & Prabhakar, M. C. (2004). Role of free radicals and antioxidant in tuberculosis patients. The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, 51(4), 213-218.
74. Reid, M. B. (2008). Free radicals and muscle fatigue: Of ROS, canaries, and the IOC. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 44, 169-179. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.002
75. Reznick, A. Z., & Packer, L. (1994). Oxidative damage to proteins: Spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay. Methods in Enzymology, 233, 357-363. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33041-7
76. Rokitzki, L., Logemann, E., Sagredos, A. N., Murphy, M., Wetzel-Roth, W., & Keul, J. (1994). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidative vitamins under extreme endurance stress. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 151(2), 149-158. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09732.x
77. Rossi, R., Milzani, A., Dalle-Donne, I., Giustarini, D., Lusini, L., Colombo, R., & Di Simplicio, P. (2002). Blood glutathione disulfide: In vivo factor or in vitro artifact? Clinical Chemistry, 48(5), 742-753.
78. Sachdev, S., & Davies, K. J. A. (2008). Production, detection, and adaptive responses to free radicals in exercise. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 44(2), 215-223. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.019
79. Selby, G. B., & Eichner, E. R. (1986). Endurance swimming, intravascular hemolysis, anemia, and iron depletion. The American Journal of Medicine, 81(5), 791-794.
80. Shaskey, D. J., & Green, G. A. (2000). Sports haematology. Sports Medicine, 29(1), 27-38.
81. Skenderi, K. P., Tsironi, M., Lazaropoulou, C., Anastasiou, C. A., Matalas, A.-L., Kanavaki, I.,... Chroussos, I. (2008). Changes in free radical generation, and antioxidant capacity during ultra-marathon foot race. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 38(3), 159-165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01917.x
82. Steinberg, J. G., Delliaux, S., & Jammes, Y. (2006). Reliability of different blood indices to explore the oxidative stress in response to maximal cycling and static exercises. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, 26(2):106-112. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2006.00658.x
83. 2 production after a swimming session: Gender differences. Free Radical Research, 42(4), 312-319. doi:10.1080/10715760801989926
84. Tauler, P., Aguiló, A., Gimeno, I., Fuentespina, E., Tur, J. A., & Pons, A. (2003). Influence of vitamin C diet supplementation on endogenous antioxidant defences during exhaustive exercise. Pflügers Archiv, 446(6), 658-664. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1112-1
85. Tauler, P., Ferrer, M. D., Romaguera, D., Sureda, A., Aguiló, A., Tur, J., & Pons, A. (2008). Antioxidant response and oxidative damage induced by a swimming session: Influence of gender. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(2), 1303-1311. doi:10.1080/02640410801974992
86. Tauler, P., Sureda, A., Cases, N., Aguiló, A., Rodriguez-Marroyo, J. A., Villa, G.,... Pons, A. (2006). Increased lymphocyte antioxidant defences in response to exhaustive exercise do not prevent oxidative damage. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 17(10), 665-671. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.10.013
87. Theodorou, A. A., Nikolaidis, M. G., Paschalis, V., Sakellariou, G. K., Fatouros, I. G., Koutedakis, Y., & Jamurtas, A. Z. (2010). Comparison between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient and normal individuals after eccentric exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(6), 1113-1121. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c67ecd
88. Tiidus, P. M. (2000). Estrogen and gender effects on muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 25(4), 274-287. doi:10.1139/h00-022
89. Tsakiris, S., Parthimos, T., Parthimos, N., Tsakiris, T., & Schulpis, K. H. (2006). The beneficial effect of L-cysteine supplementation on DNA oxidation induced by forced training. Pharmacological Research, 53(4), 386-390. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2006.01.008
90. Valavanidis, A., Vlachogianni, T., & Fiotakis, C. (2009). 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): A critical biomarker of oxidative stress and carcinogenesis. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews, 27(2), 120-139. doi:10.1080/10590500902885684
91. Vitek, L., & Schwertner, H. A. (2007). The heme catabolic pathway and its protective effects on oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Advances in Clinical Chemistry, 43, 1-57. doi:10.1016/S0065-2423(06)43001-8
92. Wells, G. D., Selvadurai, H., & Tein, I. (2009). Bioenergetic provision of energy for muscular activity. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 10(3), 83-90. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2009.04.005