Glycopeptide pharmacodynamics

Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 189-215

  Hermsen, Elizabeth D ^a   Ross, Gigi H ^b   Rotschafer, John C ^c  

^a NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Ortho McNeil Pharmaceutical Incorporated   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84896489718     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (132)

1. Crossley KB, Rotschafer JC, Chern MM, Mead KE, Zaske DE. Comparison of a radioimmunoassay and a microbiological assay for measurement of serum vancomy-cin concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 17:654-657.
2. Cooper GL, Given DB. The development of vancomycin. In: Cooper GL, Given DB, eds. Vancomycin: A Comprehensive Review of 30 Years of Clinical Research. Park Row Publishers, 1986:1-6.
3. Leclercq R, Derlot E, Duval J, Courvalin P. Plasmid-mediated resistance to vancomy-cin and teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:157-161.
4. Uttley AH, Collins CH, Naidoo J, George RC. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1988; 1:57-58.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin-United States, 1997. JAMA 1997; 278:891-892.
6. Chang S, Sievert DM, Hageman JC, et al. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1342-1347.
7. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Vol. 19. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1999.
8. Jones RN, Ballow CH, Biedenbach DJ, Deinhart JA, Schentag JJ. Antimicrobial activity of quinupristin-dalfopristin (RP 59500, Synercid) tested against over 28,000 recent clinical isolates from 200 medical centers in the United States and Canada. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 31:437-451.
9. Nowak R et al. Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in S. pneumoniae. Nature 1999; 399:524-526, 590-593.
10. Reynolds PE. Structure, biochemistry and mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 8:943-950.
11. Reynolds PE, Somner EA. Comparison of the target sites and mechanisms of action of glycopeptide and lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotics. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1990; 16:385-389.
12. Larsson AJ, Walker KJ, Raddatz JK, Rotschafer JC. The concentration-independent effect of monoexponential and biexponential decay in vancomycin concentrations on the killing of Staphylococcus aureus under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 38:589-597.
13. Peetermans WE, Hoogeterp JJ, Hazekamp-van Dokkum A-M, Van Den Broek P, Mattie H. Antistaphylococcal activities of teicoplanin and vancomycin in vitro and in an experimental infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:1869-1874.
14. Lamp KC, Rybak MJ, Bailey EM, Kaatz GW. In vitro pharmacodynamic effects of concentration, pH, and growth phase on serum bactericidal activities of daptomycin and vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:2709-2714.
15. Svensson E, Hanberger H, Nilsson LE. Pharmacodynamic effects of antibiotics and antibiotic combinations on growing and nongrowing Staphylococcus epidermidis cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:107-111.
16. Lundstrom TS, Sobel JD. Vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and rifampin. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995; 9:747-767.
17. Morse GD, Apicella MA, Walshe JJ. Absorption of intraperitoneal antibiotics. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 1988; 22:58-61.
18. Rotschafer JC, Crossley K, Zaske DE, Mead K, Sawchuk RJ, Solem LD. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin: observations in 28 patients and dosage recommendations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982; 22:391-394.
19. Moellering RC Jr. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1984; 14 (suppl D):43-52.
20. Sun H, Maderazo EG, Krusell AR. Serum protein-binding characteristics of vancomycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:1132-1136.
21. Matzke GR, Frye RF. Drug therapy individualization for patients with renal insufficiency. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey LM, eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Physiologic Approach. 3rd ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1997:1083-1103.
22. Woodford N, Johnson AP, Morrison D, Speller DC. Current perspectives on glycopep-tide resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8:585-615.
23. Moellering RC Jr. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1196-1199.
24. Ena J, Dick RW, Jones RN, Wenzel RP. The epidemiology of intravenous vancomycin usage in a university hospital. A 10-year study. JAMA 1993; 269:598-602.
25. Arthur M, Reynolds PE, Depardieu F, et al. Mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci. J Infect 1996; 32:11-16.
26. Gold HS, Moellering RC Jr. Antimicrobial-drug resistance. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1445-1453.
27. Centers for Disease Control. Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin-United States, 2002. JAMA 2002; 288:824-825.
28. Quintiliani R Jr, Evers S, Courvalin P. The vanB gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci. J Infect Dis 1993; 167:1220-1223.
29. Perichon B, Reynolds P, Courvalin P. VanD-type glycopeptide-resistant Enterococcus faecium BM4339. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:2016-2018.
30. Fines M, Perichon B, Reynolds P, Sahm DF, Courvalin P. VanE, a new type of acquired glycopeptide resistance in Enterococcus faecalis BM4405. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2161-2164.
31. Murray BE. Vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:710-721.
32. Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten CB, Gold HS, et al. Characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from the United States and their susceptibility in vitro to dalfopristin-quinupristin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1088-1092.
33. Schwalbe RS, Stapleton JT, Gilligan PH. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in coagulase-negative staphylococci. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:927-931.
34. Veach LA, Pfaller MA, Barrett M, Koontz FP, Wenzel RP. Vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus haemolyticus causing colonization and bloodstream infection. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28:2064-2068.
35. Sanyal D, Johnson AP, George RC, Cookson BD, Williams AJ. Peritonitis due to vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Lancet 1991; 337:54.
36. Schwalbe RS, Ritz WJ, Verma PR, Barranco EA, Gilligan PH. Selection for vanco-mycin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus. J Infect Dis 1990; 161:45-51.
37. Daum RS, Gupta S, Sabbagh R, Milewski WM. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin and teicoplanin: isolation and purification of a constitutively produced protein associated with decreased susceptibility. J Infect Dis 1992; 166:1066-1072.
38. Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance: recommendation of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR 1995; 44:1-13.
39. Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Anti-microb Chemother 1997; 40:135-136.
40. Centers for Disease Control. Reduced susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin-Japan. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 1996; 46:624-628.
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin-United States, 1997. JAMA 1997; 278: 1145-1146.
42. Liu C, Chambers HF. Staphylococcus aureus with heterogeneous resistance to vancomy-cin: epidemiology, clinical significance, and critical assessment of diagnostic methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:3040-3045.
43. Ariza J, Pujol M, Cabo J, et al. Vancomycin in surgical infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin. Lancet 1999; 353:1587-1588.
44. Moore MR, Perdreau-Remington F, Chambers HF. Vancomycin treatment failure associated with heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in a patient with endocarditis and in the rabbit model of endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1262-1266.
45. Howden BP, Ward PB, Charles PG, et al. Treatment outcomes for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:521-528.
46. Woods CW, Cheng AC, Fowler VG Jr, et al. Endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1188-1191.
47. Whitener CJ, Park SY, Browne FA, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of vancomycin exposure. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1049-1055.
48. Centers for Disease Control. Brief report: vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-New York. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 2004; 53:322-323.
49. Craig WA, Vogelman B. The post-antibiotic effect. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:900-902.
50. Cooper MA, Jin YF, Ashby JP, Andrews JM, Wise R. In-vitro comparison of the post-antibiotic effect of vancomycin and teicoplanin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26: 203-207.
51. Lowdin E, Odenholt I, Cars O. In vitro studies of pharmacodynamic properties of vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:2739-2744.
52. Duffull SB, Begg EJ, Chambers HF, Barclay ML. Efficacies of different vancomycin dosing regimens against Staphylococcus aureus determined with a dynamic in vitro model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:2480-2482.
53. Flandrois JP, Fardel G, Carret G. Early stages of in vitro killing curve of LY146032 and vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1988; 32: 454-457.
54. Ackerman BH, Vannier AM, Eudy EB. Analysis of vancomycin time-kill studies with Staphylococcus species by using a curve stripping program to describe the relationship between concentration and pharmacodynamic response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:1766-1769.
55. Aeschlimann JR, Hershberger E, Rybak MJ. Analysis of vancomycin population susceptibility profiles, killing activity, and postantibiotic effect against vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1914-1918.
56. Greenberg RN, Benes CA. Time-kill studies with oxacillin, vancomycin, and teicopla-nin versus Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 1990; 161:1036-1037.
57. Houlihan HH, Mercier RC, Rybak MJ. Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin alone and in combination with gentamicin at various dosing intervals against methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus-infected fibrin-platelet in and in vitro infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:2497-2501.
58. Levett PN. Time-dependent killing of Clostridium difficile by metronidazole and vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 27:55-62.
59. Hermsen ED, Hovde LB, Hotchkiss JR, Rotschafer JC. Increased killing of staphylo-cocci and streptococci by daptomycin compared with cefazolin and vancomycin in an in vitro peritoneal dialysate model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:3764-3767.
60. Odenholt-Tornqvist I, Lowdin E, Cars O. Postantibiotic sub-MIC effects of vancomycin, roxitrhomycin, sparfloxacin, and amikacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 1852-1858.
61. Greenwood D, Bidgood K, Turner M. A comparison of the responses of staphylococci and streptococci to teicoplanin and vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987; 20:155-164.
62. Ebert S, Legett J, Vogelman B. Presented at the 27th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, NY, 1987.
63. Dudley M, Griffith D, Corcoran E, et al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Indices for vancomycin treatment of susceptible and intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in the neutropenic mouse thigh model. Presented at the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, 1999.
64. Cantoni L, Wenger A, Glauser MP, Bille J. Comparative efficacy of amoxicillin-clavulanate, cloxacillin, and vancomycin against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rats. J Infect Dis 1989; 159:989-993.
65. Knudsen JD, Fuursted K, Espersen F, Frimodt-Moller N. Activities of vancomycin and teicoplanin against penicillin-resistant pneumococci in vitro and in vivo and correlation to pharmacokinetic parameters in the mouse peritonitis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:1910-1915.
66. Knudsen JD, Fuursted K, Raber S, Espersen F, Frimodt-Moller N. Pharmacodynamics of glycopeptides in the mouse peritonitis model of Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1247-1254.
67. Louria DB, Kaminski T, Buchman J. Vancomycin in severe staphylococcal infections. Arch Intern Med 1961; 107:225-240.
68. Schadd UB, McCracken GH, Nelson JD. Clinical pharmacology and efficacy of vancomycin in pediatric patients. J Pediatr 1980; 96:119-126.
69. James JK, Palmer SM, Levine DP, Rybak MJ. Comparison of conventional dosing versus continuous-infusion vancomycin therapy for patients with suspected or documented gram-positive infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:696-700.
70. Lacy MK, Tessier PR, Nicolau DP, Nightingale CH, Quintiliani R. Comparison of vancomycin pharmacodynamics (1 g every 12 or 24 h) against methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 15:25-30.
71. Klepser ME, Kang SL, McGrath BJ. Presented at the American College of Clinical Pharmacy Annual Winter Meeting, San Diego, CA, Feb 6-9, 1994.
72. Hyatt JM, McKinnon PS, Zimmer GS, Schentag JJ. The importance of pharmacoki-netic/pharmacodynamic surrogate markers to outcome. Focus on antibacterial agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 1995; 28:143-160.
73. Moise PA, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Area under the inhibitory curve and a pneumonia scoring system for predicting outcomes of vancomy-cin therapy for respiratory infections by Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000; 57:S4-S9.
74. Klepser ME, Patel KB, Nicolau DP. Comparison of bactericidal activities of intermittent and continuous infusion dosing of vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18:1069-1074.
75. Small PM, Chambers HF. Vancomycin for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:1227-1231.
76. Chambers HF, Miller RT, Newman MD. Right-sided Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers: two-week combination therapy. Ann Intern Med 1988; 109:619-624.
77. Levine DP, Fromm BS, Ramesh Reddy B. Slow response to vancomycin or vancomy-cin plus rifampin in methicillin-resistant Staphylcoccus aureus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:674-680.
78. Karchmer AW. Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin: the sequel. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115:739-741.
79. Korzeniowski O, Sande MA. Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts: a prospective study. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:496-503.
80. Glew RH, Keroack MA. Vancomycin and teicoplanin. In: Grobach SL, Bartlett JG, Blacklow NR, eds. Infectious Diseases. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company, 1998:260-269.
81. Norden CW, Shaffer M. Treatment of experimental chronic osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus with vancomycin and rifampin. J Infect Dis 1983; 147:352-357.
82. Martin C, Alaya M, Mallet MN, et al. Penetration of vancomycin into mediastinal and cardiac tissues in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38:396-399.
83. Massias L, Dubois C, de Lentdecker P, Brodaty O, Fischler M, Farinotti R. Penetration of vancomycin in uninfected sternal bone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:2539-2541.
84. Fekety R. Vancomycin and teicoplanin. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 4th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1995:346-353.
85. Gopal V, Bisno AL, Silverblatt FJ. Failure of vancomycin treatment in Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis; in vivo and in vitro observations. JAMA 1976; 236:1604-1606.
86. Bayer AS, Lam K. Efficacy of vancomycin plus rifampin in experimental aortic-valve endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: in vitro-in vivo correlations. J Infect Dis 1985; 151:157-165.
87. Massanari RM, Donta ST. The efficacy of rifampin as adjunctive therapy in selected cases of Staphylococcal endocarditis. Chest 1978; 73:371-375.
88. Faville RJ Jr, Zaske DE, Kaplan EL, Crossley K, Sabath LD, Quie PG. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Combined therapy with vancomycin and rifampin. JAMA 1978; 240:1963-1965.
89. Levine DP, Cushing RD, Jui J, Brown WJ. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in the Detroit Medical Center. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:330-338.
90. Bradley JS, Scheld WM. The challenge of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis: current antibiotic therapy in the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24(suppl 2): S213-S221.
91. Viladrich PF, Gudiol F, Linares J, et al. Evaluation of vancomycin for therapy of adult pneumococcal meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2467-2472.
92. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al. 1997 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with unexplained fever. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:551-573.
93. Donta ST, Lamps GM, Summers RW, Wilkins TD. Cephalosporin-associated colitis and Clostridium difficile. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140:574-576.
94. Cudamore MA, Silva J, Fekety R, Liepman MK, Kim KH. Clostridium difficile colitis associated with cancer chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med 1982; 142:333-335.
95. Miller SD, Koornhof HJ. Clostridium difficile colitis associated with the use of antineo-plastic agents. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1984; 3:10-13.
96. Johnson SV, Hoey LL, Vance-Bryan K. Inappropriate vancomycin prescribing based on criteria from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pharmacotherapy 1995; 15:579-585.
97. Gentry C. Wide overuse of antibiotic cited in study. Wall Street J 1997:B-1.
98. Thomas AR, Cieslak PR, Strausbaugh LJ, Fleming DW. Effectiveness of pharmacy policies designed to limit inappropriate vancomycin use: a population-based assessment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002; 23:683-688.
99. Farber BF, Moellering RC Jr. Retrospective study of the toxicity of preparations of vancomycin from 1974 to 1981. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 23:138-141.
100. Vance-Bryan K, Rotschafer JC, Gilliland SS, Rodvold KA, Fitzgerald CM, Guay DR. A comparative assessment of vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in the young versus the elderly hospitalized patient. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 33:811-821.
101. Geraci JE. Vancomycin. Mayo Clin Proc 1977; 52:631-634.
102. Rao N, Ziran BH, Wagener MM, Santa ER, Yu VL. Similar hematologic effects of long-term linezolid and vancomycin therapy in a prospective observational study of patients with orthopedic infections. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1058-1064.
103. Cantu TG, Yamanaka-Yuen NA, Lietman PS. Serum vancomycin concentrations: reappraisal of their clinical value. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:533-543.
104. Moellering RC Jr, Krogstad DJ, Greenblatt DJ. Vancomycin therapy in patients with impaired renal function: a nomogram for dosage. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94:343-346.
105. Matzke GR, Kovarik JM, Rybak MJ, Boike SC. Evaluation of the vancomycin-clear-ance:creatinine-clearance relationship for predicting vancomycin dosage. Clin Pharm 1985; 4:311-315.
106. Lake KD, Peterson CD. A simplified dosing method for initiating vancomycin therapy. Pharmacotherapy 1985; 5:340-344.
107. Nielsen HE, Hansen HE, Korsager B, Skov PE. Renal excretion of vancomycin in kidney disease. Acta Med Scand 1975; 197:261-264.
108. Zokufa HZ, Rodvold KA, Blum RA, et al. Simulation of vancomycin peak and trough concentrations using five dosing methods in 37 patients. Pharmacotherapy 1989; 9: 10-16.
109. Saunders NJ, Want SV, Adams DJ. Assay of vancomycin by fluorescence polarisation immunoassay and EMIT in patients with renal failure. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36:411-415.
110. Somerville AL, Wright DH, Rotschafer JC. Implications of vancomycin degradation products on therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with end-stage renal disease. Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19:702-707.
111. Darko W, Medicis JJ, Smith A, Guharoy R, Lehmann DE. Mississippi mud no more: cost-effectiveness of pharmacokinetic dosage adjustment of vancomycin to prevent nephrotoxicity. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23:643-650.
112. Shea KW, Cunha BA. Teicoplanin. Med Clin North Am 1995; 79:833-844.
113. Rouveix B, Garnier M, Pinta P, Kreutz M. Residual serum concentrations and safety of teicoplanin administered intravenously to healthy volunteers (HV) at a 15 mg/kg dose on alternate days, compared with a 6 mg/kg daily dose. Presented at the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, 2001.
114. Lagast H, Dodion P, Klastersky J. Comparison of pharmacokinetics and bactericidal activity of teicoplanin and vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18:513-520.
115. MacGowan AP. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic drug monitoring of glycopeptides. Ther Drug Monit 1998; 20:473-477.
116. Harding I, Sorgel F. Comparative pharmacokinetics of teicoplanin and vancomycin. J Chemother 2000; 12(suppl 5):15-20.
117. Leighton A, Gottlieb AB, Dorr MB, et al. Tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and serum bactericidal activity of intravenous dalbavancin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:940-945.
118. Lefort A, Pavie J, Garry L, Chau F, Fantin B. Activities of dalbavancin in vitro and in a rabbit model of experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus with or without reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1061-1064.
119. Boylan CJ, Campanale K, Iversen PW, Phillips DL, Zeckel ML, Parr TR Jr. Pharmacodynamics of oritavancin (LY333328) in a neutropenic-mouse thigh model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1700-1706.
120. Allen NE, LeTourneau DL, Hobbs JN Jr. Molecular interactions of a semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotic with D-alanyl-D-alanine and D-alanyl-D-lactate residues. Anti-microb Agents Chemother 1997; 41:66-71.
121. Loutit JS. Presented at the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA, 2002.
122. Chien J, Allerheiligen S, Phillips DL, Cerimele B, Thomasson HR. Presented at the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA, 1999.
123. Cubicin Prescribing Information. Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, 2003.
124. Sun HK. Daptomycin: a novel lipopeptide antibiotic for the treatment of resistant gram-positive infections. Formulary 2003; 38:634-645.
125. Carpenter CF, Chambers HF. Daptomycin: another novel agent for treating infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:994-1000.
126. Dandekar PK, Tessier PR, Williams P, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Pharmacody-namic profile of daptomycin against Enterococcus species and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a murine thigh infection model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52:405-411.
127. Dandekar PK, Tessier PR, Williams P, Zhang C, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Determination of the pharmacodynamic profile of daptomycin against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with varying susceptibility to penicillin in a murine thigh infection model. Chemotherapy 2004; 50:11-16.
128. Louie A, Kaw P, Liu W, Jumbe N, Miller MH, Drusano GL. Pharmacodynamics of daptomycin in a murine thigh model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:845-851.
129. Murphy TM, Lenoy EB, Young M, Weiss WJ. Presented at the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA, 2002.
130. Petersen PJ, Hartman H, Wang T, Dushin R, Bradford P. Presented at the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, CA, 2002.
131. Preobrazhenskaya M, Printsevskaya SS, Pavlov AY, et al. Presented at the 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, 2003.
132. Hageman JC, Patel JB, Carey RC, et al. Investigation and control of vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphyococcus aureus: a guide for health departments and infection control personnel. Atlanta, GA 2006. Available at www.cdc.gov/ncidod/.