Residual C-peptide in type 1 diabetes: What do we really know?

Pediatric Diabetes

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 84-90

  VanBuecken, Dana E ^a   Greenbaum, Carla J ^a  

^a BENAROYA RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

C peptide; Diabetes mellitus type 1; Natural history; cell function

Indexed keywords

C PEPTIDE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INSULIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

CELL FUNCTION; DISEASE DURATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEFICIENCY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RELEASE; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PANCREAS ISLET TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SECRETION; REVIEW; BLOOD; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; C-PEPTIDE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; HUMANS; INSULIN; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS; PROGNOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84896347623     PISSN: 1399543X     EISSN: 13995448     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12135     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Faber OK, Hagen C, Binder C et al. Kinetics of human connecting peptide in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 1978: 62: 197-203.
2. Eisenbarth GS. Type I diabetes mellitus. A chronic autoimmune disease. N Engl J Med 1986: 314: 1360-1368.
3. Steiner DF, Cunningham F, Spigelman L, Aten B. Insulin biosynthesis: evidence for a precursor. Science 1967: 157: 697-700.
4. Wahren J, Kallas A, Sima AA. The clinical potential of C-peptide replacement in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2012: 61: 761-772.
5. DCCT group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993: 329: 977-986.
6. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005: 353: 2643-2653.
7. Palmer JP, Fleming GA, Greenbaum CJ et al. C-peptide is the appropriate outcome measure for type 1 diabetes clinical trials to preserve beta-cell function: report of an ADA workshop, 21-22 October 2001. Diabetes 2004: 53: 250-264.
8. Steffes MW, Sibley S, Jackson M, Thomas W. Beta-cell function and the development of diabetes-related complications in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes Care 2003: 26: 832-836.
9. Lachin JM, McGee P. Palmer JP. Diabetes: Impact of C-peptide preservation on metabolic and clinical outcomes in the diabetes control and complications trial, 2014: 63: 739-748.
10. Wang L, Lovejoy NF, Faustman DL. Persistence of prolonged C-peptide production in type 1 diabetes as measured with an ultrasensitive C-peptide assay. Diabetes Care 2012: 35: 465-470.
11. Barton FB, Rickels MR, Alejandro R et al. Improvement in outcomes of clinical islet transplantation: 1999-2010. Diabetes Care 2012: 35: 1436-1445.
12. Vantyghem MC, Raverdy V, Balavoine A-S et al. Continuous glucose monitoring after islet transplantation in type 1 diabetes: an excellent graft function (B-score greater than 7) is required to abrogate hyperglycemia, whereas a minimal function is necessary to suppress severe hypoglycemia (B-score greater than 3). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012: 97: E2078-E2083.
13. Madsbad S, Lauritzen E, Faber O, Binder C. The effect of residual beta-cell function on the development of diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 1986: 3: 42-45.
14. Nakanishi K, Kobayashi T, Miyashita H et al. Relationships among islet cell antibodies, residual beta-cell function, and metabolic control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of long duration: use of a sensitive C-peptide radioimmunoassay. Metabolism 1990: 39: 925-930.
15. Sherr J, Xing D, Ruedy KJ et al. Lack of association between residual insulin production and glucagon response to hypoglycemia in youth with short duration of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013: 36: 1470-1476.
16. Brown RJ, Sinaii N, Rother KI. Too much glucagon, too little insulin: time course of pancreatic islet dysfunction in new-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008: 31: 1403-1404.
17. Madsbad S, Alberti K, Binder C et al. Role of residual insulin secretion in protecting against ketoacidosis in insulin-dependent diabetes. Br Med J 1979: 2: 1257-1259.
18. Diabetes TrialNet.org. 2013. (available from http://www.diabetestrialnet.org).
19. Greenbaum CJ, Cuthbertson D, Krischer JP. Type I diabetes manifested solely by 2-h oral glucose tolerance test criteria. Diabetes 2001: 50: 470-476.
20. Ferrannini E, Mari A, Nofrate V, Sosenko JM, Skyler JS. Progression to diabetes in relatives of type 1 diabetic patients: mechanisms and mode of onset. Diabetes 2010: 59: 679-685.
21. Sosenko JM, Palmer JP, Greenbaum CJ et al. Patterns of metabolic progression to type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1. Diabetes Care 2006: 29: 643-649.
22. Sosenko JM, Palmer JP, Rafkin-Mervis L et al. Glucose and C-peptide changes in the perionset period of type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1. Diabetes Care 2008: 31: 2188-2192.
23. Elding LH, Vehik K, Bell R et al. Reduced prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in young children participating in longitudinal follow-up. Diabetes Care 2011: 34: 2347-2352.
24. Greenbaum CJ, Anderson AM, Dolan LM et al. Preservation of beta-cell function in autoantibody-positive youth with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009: 32: 1839-1844.
25. Greenbaum CJ, Beam CA, Boulware D et al. Fall in C-peptide during first 2 years from diagnosis: evidence of at least two distinct phases from composite TrialNet data. Diabetes 2012: 61: 2066-2073.
26. Costes S, Langen R, Gurlo T, Matveyenko AV, Butler PC. Beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes: a case of asking too much of too few? Diabetes 2013: 62: 327-335.
27. Ludvigsson J, Carlsson A, Deli A et al. Decline of C-peptide during the first year after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013: 100: 203-209.
28. Madsbad S, Faber O, Binder C, McNair P, Christiansen C, Transbol I. Prevalence of residual beta-cell function in insulin-dependent diabetics in relation to age at onset and duration of diabetes. Diabetes 1978: 27 (Suppl 1): 262-264.
29. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on residual B-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes control and complications trial. Ann Intern Med 1998: 128: 517-523.
30. Shah S, Malone J, Simpson N. A randomized trial of intensive insulin therapy in newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1989: 320: 550-554.
31. Buckingham BA, Beck RW, Ruedy KJ et al. The effects of inpatient hybrid closed-loop therapy initiated within 1 week of type 1 diabetes diagnosis. Diabetes Technol Ther 2013: 15: 401-408.
32. Fourlanos S, Varney MD, Tait BD et al. The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes is accounted for by cases with lower-risk human leukocyte antigen genotypes. Diabetes Care 2008: 31: 1546-1549.
33. Herold KC, Gitelman SE, Ehlers MR et al. Teplizumab (anti-CD3 mAb) treatment preserves C-peptide responses in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial: metabolic and immunologic features at baseline identify a subgroup of responders. Diabetes 2013: 62: 3766-3774.
34. Keymeulen B, Vandemeulebroucke E, Ziegler AG et al. Insulin needs after CD3-antibody therapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2005: 352: 2598-2608.
35. Pescovitz MD, Greenbaum CJ, Krause-Steinrauf H et al. Rituximab, B-lymphocyte depletion, and preservation of beta-cell function. N Engl J Med 2009: 361: 2143-2152.
36. Orban T, Bundy B, Becker DJ et al. Co-stimulation modulation with abatacept in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011: 378: 412-419.
37. Keenan HA, Sun JK, Levine J et al. Residual insulin production and pancreatic beta-cell turnover after 50 years of diabetes: Joslin Medalist Study. Diabetes 2010: 59: 2846-2853.
38. Oram RA, Jones AG, Besser RE et al. The majority of patients with long-duration type 1 diabetes are insulin microsecretors and have functioning beta cells. Diabetologia 2014: 57: 187-191.
39. Davis AK, Haller MJ, Miller KM, DuBose S, Carpenter C, DiMeglio LA, Liljenquist DR, Ahmann AJ, Marcovina S, Greenbaum CJ, Beck RW, T1D Exchange Clinic Network. Residual C-peptide in patients 3-81years from diagnosis of T1D: a T1D Exchange study. American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions. 2013.
40. Gianani R, Campbell-Thompson M, Sarkar SA et al. Dimorphic histopathology of long-standing childhood onset diabetes. Diabetologia 2010: 53: 690-698.
41. Foulis AK, Liddle CN, Farquharson MA, Richmond JA, Weir RS. The histopathology of the pancreas in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: a 25-year review of deaths in patients under 20 years of age in the United Kingdom. Diabetologia 1986: 29: 267-274.
42. Nielsen LR, Rehfeld JF, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Damm P, Mathiesen ER. Pregnancy-induced rise in serum C-peptide concentrations in women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009: 32: 1052-1057.
43. Brunskill NJ. Pancreas: C-peptide reveals possible beta-cell reactivation in pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2009: 5: 364-365.
44. Murphy HR, Elleri D, Allen JM, Simmons D, Nodale M, Hovorka R. Plasma C-peptide concentration in women with type 1 diabetes during early and late pregnancy. Diabet Med 2012: 29: e361-e364.