How to minimize infection and thereby maximize patient outcomes in total joint arthroplasty: A multicenter approach

Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery

Volumn 95, Issue 8, 2013, Pages

  Illingworth, Kenneth David ^a   Mihalko, William M ^b   Parvizi, Javad ^c   Sculco, Thomas ^d   McArthur, Benjamin ^d   El Bitar, Youssef ^a   Saleh, Khaled J ^a  

^a SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Campbell Clinic Memphis   (United States)

^c THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC BONE CEMENT;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTHROPLASTY; ARTICLE; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; COMORBIDITY; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; LAMINAR FLOW; LENGTH OF STAY; OPERATING ROOM; PERIPROSTHETIC JOINT INFECTION; POSTOPERATIVE INFECTION; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; SURGICAL INFECTION; SURGICAL WARD; TOTAL JOINT ARTHROPLASTY; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; WOUND DRAINAGE;

EID: 84896292731     PISSN: 00219355     EISSN: 15351386     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2106/JBJS.L.00596     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Lentino Jr. Prosthetic joint infections: bane of orthopedists, challenge for infectious disease specialists. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 May 1;36(9): 1157-61. Epub 2003 Apr 14.
2. Best JT. Revision total hip and total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Nurs. 2005 May-Jun;24(3): 174-9; quiz 180-1.
3. Blom AW, Brown J, Taylor AH, Pattison G, Whitehouse S, Bannister GC. Infection after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004 Jul;86(5): 688-91.
4. Bozic KJ, Kurtz SM, Lau E, Ong K, Vail TP, Berry DJ. The epidemiology of revision total hip arthroplasty in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Jan;91(1): 128-33.
5. Jafari SM,Coyle C, Mortazavi SM, Sharkey PF, Parvizi J.Revision hip arthroplasty: infection is the most common cause of failure. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010 Aug;468(8): 2046-51.
6. Kurtz S, Ong K, Lau E, Mowat F, HalpernM. Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Apr;89(4): 780-5.
7. Berbari EF, Hanssen AD, Duffy MC, Steckelberg JM, Ilstrup DM, Harmsen WS, Osmon DR. Risk factors for prosthetic joint infection: case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 Nov;27(5): 1247-54.
8. Kuehnert MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Hill HA, McQuillan G, McAllister SK, Fosheim G, McDougal LK, Chaitram J, Jensen B, Fridkin SK, Killgore G, Tenover FC. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in the United States, 2001-2002. J Infect Dis. 2006 Jan 15;193(2): 172-9. Epub 2005 Dec 15.
9. Gorwitz RJ, Kruszon-Moran D, McAllister SK,McQuillan G,McDougal LK, Fosheim GE, Jensen BJ, Killgore G, Tenover FC, Kuehnert MJ. Changes in the prevalence of nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus in the United States, 2001-2004. J Infect Dis. 2008 May 1;197(9): 1226-34.
10. Yano K, Minoda Y, Sakawa A, Kuwano Y, Kondo K, Fukushima W, Tada K. Positive nasal culture of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a risk factor for surgical site infection in orthopedics. Acta Orthop. 2009 Aug;80(4): 486-90.
11. Kalmeijer MD, van Nieuwland-Bollen E, Bogaers-Hofman D, de Baere GA. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is a major risk factor for surgical-site infections in orthopedic surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000 May;21(5): 319-23.
12. Berthelot P, Grattard F, Cazorla C, Passot JP, Fayard JP, Meley R, Bejuy J, Farizon F, Pozzetto B, Lucht F. Is nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus the main acquisition pathway for surgical-site infection in orthopaedic surgery? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010 Apr;29(4): 373-82. Epub 2010 Jan 28.
13. Rao N, Cannella BA, Crossett LS, Yates AJ Jr, McGough RL 3rd, Hamilton CW. Preoperative screening/decolonization for Staphylococcus aureus to prevent orthopedic surgical site infection: prospective cohort study with 2-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 2011 Dec;26(8): 1501-7. Epub 2011 Apr 19.
14. Kim DH, Spencer M, Davidson SM, Li L, Shaw JD, Gulczynski D, Hunter DJ, Martha JF, Miley GB, Parazin SJ, Dejoie P, Richmond JC. Institutional prescreening for detection and eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Aug 4;92(9): 1820-6. Epub 2010 Jul 7.
15. Buehlmann M, Frei R, Fenner L, Dangel M, Fluckiger U, Widmer AF. Highly effective regimen for decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008 Jun;29(6): 510-6.
16. Wendt C, Schinke S,WürttembergerM, Oberdorfer K,Bock-Hensley O, von Baum H. Value of whole-body washing with chlorhexidine for the eradication of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007 Sep;28(9): 1036-43. Epub 2007 Jul 3.
17. Courville XF, Tomek IM, Kirkland KB, Birhle M, Kantor SR, Finlayson SR. Costeffectiveness of preoperative nasal mupirocin treatment in preventing surgical site infection in patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012 Feb;33(2): 152-9.
18. Hidron AI, Kourbatova EV, Halvosa JS, Terrell BJ, McDougal LK, Tenover FC, Blumberg HM, King MD. Risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in patients admitted to an urban hospital: emergence of community-Associated MRSA nasal carriage. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 15;41(2): 159-66. Epub 2005 Jun 8.
19. Graham PL 3rd, Lin SX, Larson EL. A U.S. population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Mar 7;144(5): 318-25.
20. Zorrilla P, Salido JA, Ĺopez-Alonso A, Silva A. Serum zinc as a prognostic tool for wound healing in hip hemiarthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Mar;(420): 304-8.
21. Greene KA, Wilde AH, Stulberg BN. Preoperative nutritional status of total joint patients. Relationship to postoperative wound complications. J Arthroplasty. 1991 Dec;6(4): 321-5.
22. Jensen JE, Jensen TG, Smith TK, Johnston DA, Dudrick SJ. Nutrition in orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982 Dec;64(9): 1263-72.
23. Peersman G, Laskin R, Davis J, PetersonM. Infection in total knee replacement: a retrospective review of 6489 total knee replacements. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001 Nov;(392): 15-23.
24. Marín LA, Salido JA, Ĺopez A, Silva A. Preoperative nutritional evaluation as a prognostic tool for wound healing. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002 Jan;73(1): 2-5.
25. Pulido L, Ghanem E, Joshi A, Purtill JJ, Parvizi J. Periprosthetic joint infection: the incidence, timing, and predisposing factors. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008 Jul;466(7): 1710-5. Epub 2008 Apr 18.
26. Bozic KJ, Lau E, Kurtz S, Ong K, Berry DJ. Patient-related risk factors for postoperative mortality and periprosthetic joint infection inmedicare patients undergoing TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012 Jan;470(1): 130-7.
27. Malinzak RA, Ritter MA, Berend ME, Meding JB, Olberding EM, Davis KE. Morbidly obese, diabetic, younger, and unilateral joint arthroplasty patients have elevated total joint arthroplasty infection rates. J Arthroplasty. 2009 Sep;24(6 Suppl): 84-8. Epub 2009 Jul 15.
28. Namba RS, Paxton L, Fithian DC, Stone ML. Obesity and perioperative morbidity in total hip and total knee arthroplasty patients. J Arthroplasty. 2005 Oct; 20(7 Suppl 3): 46-50.
29. Winiarsky R, Barth P, Lotke P. Total knee arthroplasty in morbidly obese patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 Dec;80(12): 1770-4.
30. Dowsey MM, Choong PF. Obese diabetic patients are at substantial risk for deep infection after primary TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Jun;467(6): 1577-81. Epub 2008 Oct 8.
31. Tannenbaum DA, Matthews LS, Grady-Benson JC. Infection around joint replacements in patients who have a renal or liver transplantation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997 Jan;79(1): 36-43.
32. Murzic WJ, McCollum DE. Hip arthroplasty for osteonecrosis after renal transplantation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994 Feb;(299): 212-9.
33. Lo NN, Tan JS, Tan SK, Vathsala A. Results of total hip replacement in renal transplant recipients. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1992 Sep;21(5): 694-8.
34. Stromboni M, Menguy F, Hardy P, Leparc JM, Lortat-Jacob A, Benoit J. [Total hip arthroplasty and femoral head osteonecrosis in renal transplant recipients]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2002 Sep;88(5): 467-74. French.
35. Sharma S, Nicol F, Hullin MG, McCreath SW. Long-Term results of the uncemented low contact stress total knee replacement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005 Aug;87(8): 1077-80.
36. Ameńabar PP, Carríon M, Apablaza D, Paulos J. [Total knee arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. Rev Med Chil. 2004 Mar;132(3): 337-45. Spanish.
37. Liu HT, Chiu FY, Chen CM, Chen TH. The combination of systemic antibiotics and antibiotics impregnated cement in primary total knee arthroplasty in patients of rheumatoid arthritis -evaluation of 60 knees. J Chin Med Assoc. 2003 Sep;66(9): 533-6.
38. Meding JB, Keating EM, Ritter MA, Faris PM, Berend ME. Long-Term followup of posterior-cruciate-retaining TKR in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Nov;(428): 146-52.
39. Creighton MG, Callaghan JJ, Olejniczak JP, Johnston RC. Total hip arthroplasty with cement in patients who have rheumatoid arthritis. A minimum ten-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 Oct;80(10): 1439-46.
40. Powell DL, Whitener CJ, Dye CE, Ballard JO, ShafferML, Eyster ME. Knee and hip arthroplasty infection rates in persons with haemophilia: a 27 year single center experience during the HIV epidemic. Haemophilia. 2005 May;11(3): 233-9.
41. Silva M, Luck JV Jr. Long-Term results of primary total knee replacement in patients with hemophilia. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Jan;87(1): 85-91.
42. Chiu FY, Chen CM, Lin CF, Lo WH. Cefuroxime-impregnated cement in primary total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized study of three hundred and forty knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002 May;84-A(5): 759-62.
43. Chiu FY, Lin CF, Chen CM, Lo WH, Chaung TY. Cefuroxime-impregnated cement at primary total knee arthroplasty in diabetes mellitus. A prospective, randomised study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001 Jul;83(5): 691-5.
44. Yang K, Yeo SJ, Lee BP, Lo NN. Total knee arthroplasty in diabetic patients: a study of 109 consecutive cases. J Arthroplasty. 2001 Jan;16(1): 102-6.
45. England SP, Stern SH, Insall JN,Windsor RE. Total knee arthroplasty in diabetes mellitus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990 Nov;(260): 130-4.
46. Meding JB, Reddleman K, Keating ME, Klay A, Ritter MA, Faris PM, Berend ME. Total knee replacement in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003 Nov;(416): 208-16.
47. Iorio R, Williams KM, Marcantonio AJ, Specht LM, Tilzey JF, Healy WL. Diabetes mellitus, hemoglobin A1C, and the incidence of total joint arthroplasty infection. J Arthroplasty. 2012 May;27(5): 726-9.e1. Epub 2011 Nov 4.
48. Mraovic B, Suh D, Jacovides C, Parvizi J. Perioperative hyperglycemia and postoperative infection after lower limb arthroplasty. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011 Mar 1;5(2): 412-8.
49. Marchant MH Jr, Viens NA, Cook C, Vail TP, Bolognesi MP. The impact of glycemic control and diabetes mellitus on perioperative outcomes after total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Jul;91(7): 1621-9.
50. Fehring TK, Odum SM, Griffin WL, Mason JB, McCoy TH. The obesity epidemic: its effect on total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2007 Sep;22(6 Suppl 2): 71-6. Epub 2007 Jul 26.
51. Zywiel MG, Daley JA, Delanois RE, Naziri Q, Johnson AJ, Mont MA. Advance preoperative chlorhexidine reduces the incidence of surgical site infections in knee arthroplasty. Int Orthop. 2011 Jul;35(7): 1001-6. Epub 2010 Jun 20.
52. Galat DD, McGovern SC, Hanssen AD, Larson DR, Harrington JR, Clarke HD. Early return to surgery for evacuation of a postoperative hematoma after primary total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Nov;90(11): 2331-6.
53. Gilliam DL, Nelson CL. Comparison of a one-step iodophor skin preparation versus traditional preparation in total joint surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990 Jan;(250): 258-60.
54. Mishriki SF, Law DJ, Jeffery PJ. Factors affecting the incidence of postoperative wound infection. J Hosp Infect. 1990 Oct;16(3): 223-30.
55. Stinner DJ, Krueger CA, Masini BD, Wenke JC. Time-dependent effect of chlorhexidine surgical prep. J Hosp Infect. 2011 Dec;79(4): 313-6. Epub 2011 Oct 15.
56. Lepor NE, Madyoon H. Antiseptic skin agents for percutaneous procedures. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2009 Fall;10(4): 187-93.
57. Noorani A, Rabey N, Walsh SR, Davies RJ. Systematic review and metaanalysis of preoperative antisepsis with chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine in clean-contaminated surgery. Br J Surg. 2010 Nov;97(11): 1614-20.
58. Benjamin RJ, Dy B, Warren R, LischkaM, Eder AF. Skin disinfection with a singlestep 2%chlorhexidine swab is more effective than a two-step povidone-iodine method in preventing bacterial contamination of apheresis platelets. Transfusion. 2011 Mar;51(3): 531-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010. 02868.x. Epub 2010 Sep 22.
59. Johnston DH, Fairclough JA, Brown EM, Morris R. Rate of bacterial recolonization of the skin after preparation: four methods compared. Br J Surg. 1987 Jan;74(1): 64.
60. Mihalko WM, Manaswi A, Brown TE, Parvizi J, Schmalzried TP, Saleh KJ. Infection in primary total knee arthroplasty: contributing factors. Instr Course Lect. 2008; 57: 317-25.
61. Hibbard JS, Mulberry GK, Brady AR. A clinical study comparing the skin antisepsis and safety of ChloraPrep, 70%isopropyl alcohol, and 2%aqueous chlorhexidine. J Infus Nurs. 2002 Jul-Aug;25(4): 244-9.
62. Darouiche RO, Wall MJ Jr, Itani KM, Otterson MF, Webb AL, Carrick MM, Miller HJ, Awad SS, Crosby CT, Mosier MC, Alsharif A, Berger DH. Chlorhexidine-Alcohol versus povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jan 7;362(1): 18-26.
63. Karpanen TJ, Worthington T, Conway BR, Hilton AC, Elliott TS, Lambert PA. Permeation of chlorhexidine from alcoholic and aqueous solutions within excised human skin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009 Apr;53(4): 1717-9. Epub 2009 Jan 21.
64. Spigelman AD, Swan Jr. Skin antiseptics and the risk of operating theatre fires. ANZ J Surg. 2005 Jul;75(7): 556-8.
65. Rinder CS. Fire safety in the operating room. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008 Dec;21(6): 790-5.
66. Yardley IE, Donaldson LJ. Surgical fires, a clear and present danger. Surgeon. 2010 Apr;8(2): 87-92. Epub 2010 Feb 18.
67. Doyon F, Evrard J, Mazas F. [Evaluation of therapeutic trials published apropos of antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1989;75(2): 72-6. French.
68. Dellinger EP, Gross PA, Barrett TL, Krause PJ, Martone WJ, McGowan JE Jr, Sweet RL, Wenzel RP. Quality standard for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical procedures. The Infectious Diseases Society of America. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1994 Mar;15(3): 182-8.
69. Heath AF. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for arthroplasty and total joint replacement: discussion and review of published clinical trials. Pharmacotherapy. 1991;11(2): 157-63.
70. Hill C, Flamant R, Mazas F, Evrard J. Prophylactic cefazolin versus placebo in total hip replacement. Report of a multicentre double-blind randomised trial. Lancet. 1981 Apr 11;1(8224): 795-6.
71. Nelson CL. The prevention of infection in total joint replacement surgery. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 May-Jun;9(3): 613-8.
72. Bannister GC, Auchincloss JM, Johnson DP, Newman JH. The timing of tourniquet application in relation to prophylactic antibiotic administration. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1988 Mar;70(2): 322-4.
73. Burke JF. The effective period of preventive antibiotic action in experimental incisions and dermal lesions. Surgery. 1961 Jul;50: 161-8.
74. Heydemann JS, Nelson CL. Short-Term preventive antibiotics. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1986 Apr;(205): 184-7.
75. Maderazo EG, Judson S, Pasternak H. Late infections of total joint prostheses. A review and recommendations for prevention. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988 Apr; (229): 131-42.
76. Ritter MA. Operating room environment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1999 Dec;(369): 103-9.
77. Ritter MA, Eitzen H, French ML, Hart JB. The operating room environment as affected by people and the surgical face mask. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975 Sep;(111): 147-50.
78. Davies RR, Noble WC. Dispersal of bacteria on desquamated skin. Lancet. 1962 Dec 22;2(7269): 1295-7.
79. Charnley J. Postoperative infection after total hip replacement with special reference to air contamination in the operating room. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972 Sep;87: 167-87.
80. Lidwell OM, Lowbury EJ, Whyte W, Blowers R, Stanley SJ, Lowe D. Effect of ultraclean air in operating rooms on deep sepsis in the joint after total hip or knee replacement: a randomised study. BrMed J (Clin Res Ed). 1982 Jul 3;285(6334): 10-4.
81. Lidwell OM. Air, antibiotics and sepsis in replacement joints. J Hosp Infect. 1988 May;11 Suppl C: 18-40.
82. Ritter MA, Eitzen HE, Hart JB, French ML. The surgeon's garb. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1980 Nov-Dec;(153): 204-9.
83. Hooper GJ, Rothwell AG, Frampton C, Wyatt MC. Does the use of laminar flow and space suits reduce early deep infection after total hip and knee replacement?: the ten-year results of the New Zealand Joint Registry. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 Jan;93(1): 85-90.
84. Laurence M. Ultra-clean air. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983 Aug;65(4): 375-7.
85. Howorth FH. Prevention of airborne infection during surgery. Lancet. 1985 Feb 16;1(8425): 386-8.
86. Salvati EA, Robinson RP, Zeno SM, Koslin BL, Brause BD, Wilson PD Jr. Infection rates after 3175 total hip and total knee replacements performed with and without a horizontal unidirectional filtered air-flow system. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982 Apr;64(4): 525-35.
87. Der Tavitian J, Ong SM, Taub NA, Taylor GJ. Body-exhaust suit versus occlusive clothing. A randomised, prospective trial using air and wound bacterial counts. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003 May;85(4): 490-4.
88. Chapter II ultraviolet radiation in the operating room: a historical review. Ann Surg. 1964 Aug;160(Suppl 2): 11-8.
89. Berg M, Bergman BR, Hoborn J. Ultraviolet radiation compared to an ultra-clean air enclosure. Comparison of air bacteria counts in operating rooms. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991 Sep;73(5): 811-5.
90. Lowell JD, Kundsin RB, Schwartz CM, Pozin D. Ultraviolet radiation and reduction of deep wound infection following hip and knee arthroplasty. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980;353: 285-93.
91. Ritter MA, Olberding EM, Malinzak RA. Ultraviolet lighting during orthopaedic surgery and the rate of infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Sep;89(9): 1935-40.
92. Scaltriti S, Cencetti S, Rovesti S, Marchesi I, Bargellini A, Borella P. Risk factors for particulate and microbial contamination of air in operating theatres. J Hosp Infect. 2007 Aug;66(4): 320-6. Epub 2007 Jul 25.
93. MatarWY, Jafari SM, Restrepo C, AustinM, Purtill JJ, Parvizi J. Preventing infection in total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Dec;92 Suppl 2: 36-46.
94. Howard JL, Hanssen AD. Principles of a clean operating room environment. J Arthroplasty. 2007 Oct;22(7 Suppl 3): 6-11.
95. Ritter MA. Surgical wound environment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984 Nov;(190): 11-3.
96. Nelson CL. Prevention of sepsis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987 Sep;(222): 66-72.
97. Småbrekke A, Espehaug B, Havelin LI, Furnes O. Operating time and survival of primary total hip replacements: an analysis of 31,745 primary cemented and uncemented total hip replacements from local hospitals reported to the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register 1987-2001. Acta Orthop Scand. 2004 Oct;75(5): 524-32.
98. Lee GC, Pagnano MW, Hanssen AD. Total knee arthroplasty after prior bone or joint sepsis about the knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002 Nov;(404): 226-31.
99. Bolognesi MP, Marchant MH Jr, Viens NA, Cook C, Pietrobon R, Vail TP. The impact of diabetes on perioperative patient outcomes after total hip and total knee arthroplasty in the United States. J Arthroplasty. 2008 Sep;23(6 Suppl 1): 92-8.
100. Robertshaw HJ, Hall GM. Diabetes mellitus: anaesthetic management. Anaesthesia. 2006 Dec;61(12): 1187-90.
101. Sessler DI. Non-pharmacologic prevention of surgical wound infection. Anesthesiol Clin. 2006 Jun;24(2): 279-97.
102. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of Wound Infection and Temperature Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 9;334(19): 1209-15.
103. Mauermann WJ, Nemergut EC. The anesthesiologist's role in the prevention of surgical site infections. Anesthesiology. 2006 Aug;105(2): 413-21; quiz 439-40.
104. Davies JP, O'Connor DO, Burke DW, Harris WH. Influence of antibiotic impregnation on the fatigue life of Simplex P and Palacos R acrylic bone cements, with and without centrifugation. J Biomed Mater Res. 1989 Apr;23(4): 379-97.
105. Buchholz HW, Elson RA, Engelbrecht E, Lodenkämper H, Röttger J, Siegel A. Management of deep infection of total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1981;63-B(3): 342-53.
106. Carlsson AS, Josefsson G, Lindberg L. Revision with gentamicin- impregnated cement for deep infections in total hip arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978 Dec;60(8): 1059-64.
107. Masri BA, Duncan CP, Beauchamp CP. Long-Term elution of antibiotics from bone-cement: an in vivo study using the prosthesis of antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement (PROSTALAC) system. J Arthroplasty. 1998 Apr;13(3): 331-8.
108. Trippel SB. Antibiotic-impregnated cement in total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986 Oct;68(8): 1297-302.
109. Jiranek WA, Hanssen AD, Greenwald AS. Antibiotic-loaded bone cement for infection prophylaxis in total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006 Nov;88(11): 2487-500.
110. Davies JP, Harris WH. Effect of hand mixing tobramycin on the fatigue strength of Simplex P. J Biomed Mater Res. 1991 Nov;25(11): 1409-14.
111. Adalberth G, Nilsson KG, Kärrholm J, Hassander H. Fixation of the tibial component using CMW-1 or Palacos bone cement with gentamicin: similar outcome in a randomized radiostereometric study of 51 total knee arthroplasties. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002 Oct;73(5): 531-8.
112. Josefsson G, Gudmundsson G, Kolmert L, Wijkström S. Prophylaxis with systemic antibiotics versus gentamicin bone cement in total hip arthroplasty. A five-year survey of 1688 hips. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1990 Apr;(253): 173-8.
113. Klekamp J, Dawson JM, Haas DW, DeBoer D, Christie M. The use of vancomycin and tobramycin in acrylic bone cement: biomechanical effects and elution kinetics for use in joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1999 Apr;14(3): 339-46.
114. Aebi B, Gerber C, Ganz R. [Prevention of infection in elective orthopedic interventions with special reference to alloplastic joint replacement]. Helv Chir Acta. 1989 Aug;56(3): 387-97. German.
115. Espehaug B, Engesaeter LB, Vollset SE, Havelin LI, Langeland N. Antibiotic prophylaxis in total hip arthroplasty. Review of 10,905 primary cemented total hip replacements reported to the Norwegian arthroplasty register, 1987 to 1995. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997 Jul;79(4): 590-5.
116. Wilson NI. A survey, in Scotland, of measures to prevent infection following orthopaedic surgery. J Hosp Infect. 1987 May;9(3): 235-42.
117. Bourne RB. Prophylactic use of antibiotic bone cement: an emerging standard -in the affirmative. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19[4 Suppl 1]: 69-72.
118. Malchau H, Herberts P, Ahnfelt L. Prognosis of total hip replacement in Sweden. Follow-up of 92,675 operations performed 1978-1990. Acta Orthop Scand. 1993 Oct;64(5): 497-506.
119. Lautenschlager EP, Jacobs JJ, Marshall GW, Meyer PR Jr. Mechanical properties of bone cements containing large doses of antibiotic powders. J Biomed Mater Res. 1976 Nov;10(6): 929-38.
120. Moran JM, Greenwald AS, Matejczyk MB. Effect of gentamicin on shear and interface strengths of bone cement. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979 Jun;(141): 96-101.
121. DeLuise M, Scott CP. Addition of hand-blended generic tobramycin in bone cement: effect on mechanical strength. Orthopedics. 2004 Dec;27(12): 1289-91.
122. Kendall RW, Duncan CP, Beauchamp CP. Bacterial growth on antibiotic-loaded acrylic cement. A prospective in vivo retrieval study. J Arthroplasty. 1995 Dec;10(6): 817-22.
123. Dunne N, Hill J, McAfee P, Todd K, Kirkpatrick R, Tunney M, Patrick S. In vitro study of the efficacy of acrylic bone cement loaded with supplementary amounts of gentamicin: effect on mechanical properties, antibiotic release, and biofilm formation. Acta Orthop. 2007 Dec;78(6): 774-85.
124. van de Belt H, Neut D, Schenk W, van Horn JR, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Gentamicin release from polymethylmethacrylate bone cements and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Acta Orthop Scand. 2000 Dec;71(6): 625-9.
125. Hope PG, Kristinsson KG, Norman P, Elson RA. Deep infection of cemented total hip arthroplasties caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989 Nov;71(5): 851-5.
126. Chohfi M, Langlais F, Fourastier J, Minet J, Thomazeau H, Cormier M. Pharmacokinetics, uses, and limitations of vancomycin-loaded bone cement. Int Orthop. 1998;22(3): 171-7.
127. Sterling GJ, Crawford S, Potter JH, Koerbin G, Crawford R. The pharmacokinetics of Simplex-Tobramycin bone cement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003 Jul;85(5): 646-9.
128. Namba RS, Chen Y, Paxton EW, Slipchenko T, Fithian DC. Outcomes of routine use of antibiotic-loaded cement in primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2009 Sep;24(6 Suppl): 44-7. Epub 2009 Jul 4.
129. AlBuhairan B, Hind D, Hutchinson A. Antibiotic prophylaxis for wound infections in total joint arthroplasty: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2008 Jul;90(7): 915-9.
130. Prokuski L. Prophylactic antibiotics in orthopaedic surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008 May;16(5): 283-93.
131. Bratzler DW, Houck PM; Surgical Infection Prevention Guideline Writers Workgroup. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Am J Surg. 2005 Apr;189(4): 395-404.
132. Bratzler DW, Houck PM; Surgical Infection Prevention Guidelines Writers Workgroup; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; American Association of Critical Care Nurses; American Association of Nurse Anesthetists; American College of Surgeons; American College of Osteopathic Surgeons; American Geriatrics Society; American Society of Anesthesiologists; American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons; American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses; Ascension Health; Association of periOperative Registered Nurses; Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Medical Letter; Premier; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Society of Thoracic Surgeons; Surgical Infection Society. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery: an advisory statement from the National Surgical Infection Prevention Project. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Jun 15;38(12): 1706-15. Epub 2004 May 26.
133. Mauerhan DR, Nelson CL, Smith DL, Fitzgerald RH Jr, Slama TG, Petty RW, Jones RE, Evans RP. Prophylaxis against infection in total joint arthroplasty. One day of cefuroxime compared with three days of cefazolin. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994 Jan;76(1): 39-45.
134. Jackson BR, Busch MP, Stramer SL, AuBuchon JP. The cost-effectiveness of NAT for HIV, HCV, and HBV in whole-blood donations. Transfusion. 2003 Jun;43(6): 721-9.
135. Garvin KL, Konigsberg BS. Infection following total knee arthroplasty: prevention and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Jun 15;93(12): 1167-75.
136. Raghavan M, Marik PE. Anemia, allogenic blood transfusion, and immunomodulation in the critically ill. Chest. 2005 Jan;127(1): 295-307.
137. Parvizi J, Ghanem E, Joshi A, Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH. Does ''excessive'' anticoagulation predispose to periprosthetic infection? J Arthroplasty. 2007 Sep;22(6 Suppl 2): 24-8. Epub 2007 Jul 26.
138. Ong KL, Kurtz SM, Lau E, Bozic KJ, Berry DJ, Parvizi J. Prosthetic joint infection risk after total hip arthroplasty in the Medicare population. J Arthroplasty. 2009 Sep;24(6 Suppl): 105-9. Epub 2009 Jun 2.
139. Jaberi FM, Parvizi J, Haytmanek CT, Joshi A, Purtill J. Procrastination of wound drainage and malnutrition affect the outcome of joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008 Jun;466(6): 1368-71. Epub 2008 Apr 11.
140. Burnett RS, Clohisy JC, Wright RW, McDonald DJ, Shively RA, Givens SA, Barrack RL. Failure of the American College of Chest Physicians-1A protocol for lovenox in clinical outcomes for thromboembolic prophylaxis. J Arthroplasty. 2007 Apr;22(3): 317-24.
141. Galat DD, McGovern SC, Larson DR, Harrington JR, Hanssen AD, Clarke HD. Surgical treatment of early wound complications following primary total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Jan;91(1): 48-54.
142. Jämsen E, Huhtala H, Puolakka T, Moilanen T. Risk factors for infection after knee arthroplasty. A register-based analysis of 43,149 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Jan;91(1): 38-47.
143. Surin VV, Sundholm K, Bäckman L. Infection after total hip replacement. With special reference to a discharge from the wound. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1983 Aug;65(4): 412-8.
144. Masterson EL, Masri BA, Duncan CP. Treatment of infection at the site of total hip replacement. Instr Course Lect. 1998;47: 297-306.
145. Weiss AP, Krackow KA. Persistent wound drainage after primary total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1993 Jun;8(3): 285-9.
146. Patel VP, Walsh M, Sehgal B, Preston C, DeWal H, Di Cesare PE. Factors associated with prolonged wound drainage after primary total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jan;89(1): 33-8.
147. Vince KG, Abdeen A. Wound problems in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Nov;452: 88-90.
148. Lonner JH, Lotke PA. Aseptic complications after total knee arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999 Sep-Oct;7(5): 311-24.
149. Saleh K, Olson M, Resig S, Bershadsky B, Kuskowski M, Gioe T, Robinson H, Schmidt R, McElfresh E. Predictors of wound infection in hip and knee joint replacement: results from a 20 year surveillance program. J Orthop Res. 2002 May;20(3): 506-15.
150. Dennis DA. Wound complications in total knee arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect. 1997;46: 165-9.
151. Urquhart DM, Hanna FS, Brennan SL, Wluka AE, Leder K, Cameron PA, Graves SE, Cicuttini FM. Incidence and risk factors for deep surgical site infection after primary total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review. J Arthroplasty. 2010 Dec;25(8): 1216-22.e1-3. Epub 2009 Oct 30.
152. Cram P, Lu X, Kaboli PJ, Vaughan-Sarrazin MS, Cai X, Wolf BR, Li Y. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Medicare patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty, 1991-2008. JAMA. 2011 Apr 20;305(15): 1560-7.
153. Rana AJ, Iorio R, Healy WL. Hospital economics of primary THA decreasing reimbursement and increasing cost, 1990 to 2008. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011 Feb;469(2): 355-61.
154. Waldman BJ, Mont MA, Hungerford DS. Total knee arthroplasty infections associated with dental procedures. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997 Oct;(343): 164-72.
155. LaPorte DM, Waldman BJ, Mont MA, Hungerford DS. Infections associated with dental procedures in total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999 Jan;81(1): 56-9.
156. Berbari EF, Osmon DR, Carr A, Hanssen AD, Baddour LM, Greene D, Kupp LI, Baughan LW, Harmsen WS, Mandrekar JN, Therneau TM, Steckelberg JM, Virk A, Wilson WR. Dental procedures as risk factors for prosthetic hip or knee infection: a hospital-based prospective case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 1;50(1): 8-16.
157. American Dental Association; American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental patients with total joint replacements. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003 Jul;134(7): 895-9.
158. Jerry GJ Jr, Rand JA, Ilstrup D. Old sepsis prior to total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988 Nov;(236): 135-40.
159. Hofmann AA, Goldberg T, Tanner AM, Kurtin SM. Treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty using an articulating spacer: 2-To 12-year experience. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 Jan;(430): 125-31.
160. Haleem AA, Berry DJ, Hanssen AD. Mid-Term to long-Term followup of two-stage reimplantation for infected total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Nov;(428): 35-9.
161. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Information statement: antibiotic prophylaxis for bacteremia in patients with joint replacements. http://www. aaos.org/about/papers/advistmt/1033.asp. Accessed 2012 Apr 18.