In Search of "Aryan blood": Serology in interwar and National Socialist Germany

In Search of "Aryan Blood": Serology in Interwar and National Socialist Germany

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-245

  Boaz, Rachel E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895660782     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (320)

1. Benno Müller-Hill, Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others, Germany, 1933-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 40
2. George Garratty, Immunobiology of Transfusion Medicine (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1993), 201
3. Marius Turda and Paul J. Weindling, "Eugenics, Race and Nation in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900- 1940: A Historiographic Overview," in Marius Turda and Paul J. Weindling, eds., Blood and Homeland: Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900-1940 (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007), 11.
4. Christopher M. Hutton, Race and the Third Reich (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2005), 23.
5. Mino Gabriele, "Magia Sanguinis: Blood and Magic in Classical Antiquity," in James M. Bradburne, ed., Blood: Art, Power, Politics, and Pathology (New York: Prestel, 2002), 36.
6. Circe Sturm, Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 34
7. Douglas A. Starr, Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce (New York: Knopf, 1998), xiv.
8. Edward Ross Dickinson, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About Modernity," Central European History 37 (2004): 4
9. Allyson D. Polsky, "Blood, Race, and National Identity: Scientific and Popular Discourses," Journal of Medical Humanities 23, nos. 3-4 (December 2002): 171-186.
10. Pauline M.H. Mazumdar, "Blood and Soil: The Serology of the Aryan Racial State," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64 (1990): 187-219.
11. Myriam Spörri, "'Reines Blut,' 'gemischtes Blut': Blutgruppen und 'Rassen' zwischen 1900 und 1933," in Anja Lauper, ed., Transfusionen: Blutbilder und Biopolitik in der Neuzeit (Zurich: Diaphanes, 2005), 211-226
12. Myriam Spörri, "'Jüdisches Blut': Zirkulationen zwischen Literatur, Medizin und politischer Presse, 1918- 1933," Österreichische Zeitung für Geschichtswissenschaften 3 (2005): 37-38
13. Peter Fritzsche, "Did Weimar Fail?" Journal of Modern History 68 (1996): 632 and 649
14. Detlev Peukert, "The Genesis of the 'Final Solution' From the Spirit of Science," in David Crew, ed., Nazism and German Society, 1933-1945 (London: Routledge, 1994), 275.
15. Dickinson, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy," 25
16. William H. Schneider, "The History of Research on Blood Group Genetics: Initial Discovery and Diffusion," History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 18, no. 3 (1996): 287 and 280.
17. Robert Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 1
18. John M. Efron, Defenders of the Race: Jewish Doctors and Race Science in Fin-de-siècle Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004).
19. Schneider, "The History of Research on Blood Group Genetics," 295
20. Jack Zipes, trans., The Operated Jew: Two Tales of Anti-Semitism (London: Taylor and Francis, 1992), 59.
21. Annette Weber, "'Blood Is a Most Particular Fluid': Blood As the Object of Scientific Discovery and Romantic Mystification," in James M. Bradburne, ed., Blood: Art, Power, Politics, and Pathology (New York: Prestel, 2002), 164.
22. Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 81
23. George Victor, Hitler: The Pathology of Evil (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 1999), 136
24. Louis K. Diamond, "A History of Blood Transfusion," in Maxwell M. Wintrobe, ed., Blood, Pure and Eloquent (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1980), 660.
25. Paul J. Schmidt and Paul M. Ness, "Hemotherapy: From Bloodletting Magic to Transfusion Medicine," Transfusion 46 (2006): 167.
26. Raymond Hurt, The History of Cardiothoracic Surgery from Early Times (New York: Parthenon Publishing Group, 1996), 97
27. Ernest Flagg Henderson, Symbol and Satire in the French Revolution (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1912), 276.
28. D. Wiebecke et al., "Zur Geschichte der Transfusionmedizin in der ersten Hälfte des 20 Jahrhunderts (unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Entwicklung in Deutschland)," Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 31 (2004): 12.
29. J.A. Buchanan and E.T. Higley, "The Relationship of Blood Groups to Disease," British Journal of Experimental Pathology (1921): 247.
30. A. D. Farr, "Blood Group Serology-The First Four Decades (1900-1939)," Medical History 23 (1979): 215.
31. A. Furukawa, "A Study of Temperament and Blood Groups," The Journal of Social Psychology 1 (1930): 494-508.
32. A. Matthew Gottlieb, "Karl Landsteiner, the Melancholy Genius: His Time and His Colleagues, 1868-1943," Transfusion Medicine Reviews 12, no. 1 (1998): 18-27.
33. In Karl Landsteiner, "Über Agglutinationserscheinungen normalen menschlichen Blutes," Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 14 (1901): 1132-1134
34. Leo J. McCarthy and Mathias Okroi, "The Original Blood Group Pioneers...The Hirszfelds," Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine 2, no. 1 (2004): 25.
35. Paul Steffan, ed., Handbuch der Blutgruppenkunde (Munich: J.F. Lehmann, 1932), 5.
36. Frank Heynick, Jews and Medicine: An Epic Saga (Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Publishing House, 2002), 434
37. William H. Schneider, "Chance and Social Setting in the Application of the Discovery of Blood Groups," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 57 (1983): 556.
38. Stefanie Wickstrom, "The Politics of Forbidden Liaisons: Civilization, Miscegenation, and Other Perversions," Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 26, no. 3 (2005): 168-198.
39. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 157
40. Artur Sünder, Die Dinte Wider das Blut, ein Zeitroman (Hanover: Paul Steggemann, 1921). Artur Sünder was one of the numerous pen names used by Hans Reimann.
41. Alan Levenson, "The Problematics of Philosemitic Fiction," German Quarterly 75, no. 4 (2002): 379-393.
42. Ludwik and Hanna Hirszfeld, "Serological Differences between the Blood of Different Races: The Results of Researches on the Macedonian Front," Lancet 2 (1919): 675-679
43. Siegmund Wellisch, "Blutsverwandtschaft der Völker und Rassen," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 1, 1928: 21-34
44. Franz Boas, "Changes in the Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants," American Anthropologist 14, no. 3 (July-September, 1912): 530-562.
45. John S. Allen, "Franz Boas's Physical Anthropology: The Critique of Racial Formalism Revisited," Current Anthropology 30 (1989): 79-84.
46. Maria A. Balińska, and William H. Schneider, Ludwik Hirszfeld: The Story of One Life (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2010), 6.
47. Steven M. Lowenstein, Michael A. Meyer, Michael Brenner, and Paul R. Mendes-Flohr, German-Jewish History in Modern Times: Integration in Dispute, 1871-1918 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 20-21.
48. Steven Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 1867-1938: A Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 38
49. Stephen M. Lowenstein, "Jewish Intermarriage and Conversion in Germany and Austria," Modern Judaism 25, no. 1 (2005): 23-61.
50. Hans Peter Schwarz and Friedrich Dorner, "Karl Landsteiner and his Major Contributions to Haematology," British Journal of Haematology 121, no. 4 (2003): 556-565.
51. D.V. Glass, Population Policies and Movements in Europe (Oxford University Press, 1940), 269-270.
52. Katja Geisenhainer, "Rasse ist Schicksal": Otto Reche (1879-1966), ein Leben als Anthropologe und Völkerkunder (Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2002), 120
53. Nikolaus Wachsmann, "Between Reform and Repression: Imprisonment in Weimar Germany," Historical Journal 45, no. 2 (2002): 415.
54. Dorothy Porter, Health, Civilization, and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times (London: Routledge, 1999), 200
55. F. Verzár and O. Weszeczky, "Rassenbiologische Untersuchungen mittels Isohämagglutininen," Biochemisches Zeitschrift 126, nos. 1-4 (1921): 33-39.
56. Charles W. Ingrao and Franz A.J. Szabo, eds. The Germans and the East (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2008), 5.
57. E. von Dungern and L. Hirszfeld, "Über Nachweis und Vererbung biochemischer Strukturen," Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung 4 (1910), 531-546.
58. Paul Steffan, "Weitere Ergebnisse der Rassenforschung mittels serologischer Methoden," Archiv für Schiffsund Tropenhygiene 29 (1925): 370
59. Steffan, "Weitere Ergebnisse der Rassenforschung mittels serologischer Methoden," 370
60. Wilhelm Sucker, "Die Isohämagglutinine des menschlichen Blutes und ihre rassenbiologische Bedeutung," Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infectionskrankheiten 102, 3/4(1924): 482-492
61. Ludwik Hirszfeld, "Die Konstitutionslehre im Lichte serologischer Forschung," Klinische Wochenschrift 3, no.4 (1924): 1180.
62. F. Schiff and H. Ziegler, "Blutgruppenformel in der Berliner Bevölkerung," Klinische Wochenschrift 3, no.4 24 (1924): 1078.
63. Wanda Halber and Jan Mydlarski, "Untersuchungen über die Blutgruppen in Polen," Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung und experimentelle Therapie 43 (1925): 470-484
64. Steffan, "Weitere Ergebnisse der Rassenforschung mittels serologischer Methoden," 370
65. Hirszfeld, "Über die Konstitutionsserologie im Zusammenhang mit der Blutgruppenforschung," 451
66. Steffan, "Weitere Ergebnisse der Rassenforschung mittels serologischer Methoden," 375
67. W. Klein and H. Osthoff, "Hämagglutinine, Rasse und anthropologische Merkmale," Archiv für Rassen- und Gesellschaftsbiologie 17, no. 4 (1926): 371.
68. Magnus Hirschfeld, "Über die Verwendung serologischer Methoden zur Rassenforschung," Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie 8, no. 1 (1926): 135-136.
69. Hirszfeld, "Über die Konstitutionsserologie im Zusammenhang mit der Blutgruppenforschung," 438-439
70. E.F. Grove and A.F. Coca, "On the Value of the Blood Group 'Feature' in the Study of Race Relationships," Eugenical News 11, no. 6 (1926): 89-91.
71. E.F. Grove, "On the Value of the Blood-Group Feature As a Means of Determining Racial Relationship," Journal of Immunology 12, no. 4 (1926): 260.
72. Grove and Coca, "On the Value of the Blood Group 'Feature' in the Study of Race Relationships," 91
73. Richard T. Gray, About Face: German Physiognomic Thought from Lavater to Auschwitz (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004), 243.
74. L.H. Snyder, "Human Blood Groups: Their Inheritance and Racial Significance," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 9, no. 2 (1926): 250.
75. Max Gundel, "Einige Beobachtungen bei der Rassenbiologischen Durchforschung Schleswig-Holsteins," Klinische Wochenschrift 5 (1926): 1186
76. Nikolaus Wachsmann, "Between Reform and Repression: Imprisonment in Weimar Germany," Historical Journal 45, no. 2 (2002): 423.
77. See B. Chominskij and L. Schustowa, "Zur Frage des Zusammenhanges zwischen Blutgruppe und psychischer Erkrangung," Zeitschrift für Neurologie 115 (1928): 304.
78. J.A. Buchanan and E.T. Higley, "The Relationship of Blood Groups to Disease," British Journal of Experimental Pathology 2 (1921): 247.
79. L. and H. Hirszfeld, "Étude sur l'hérédité en rapport avec la sensibilité à la diphtheria," Comptes Rendus des séances de la société de Biologie 90, no. 15 (1924): 1198-1200.
80. Snyder, "Human Blood Groups: Their Inheritance and Racial Significance," 251
81. Snyder, "Human Blood Groups: Their Inheritance and Racial Significance," 245-247
82. William H. Schneider, "The History of Research on Blood Group Genetics: Initial Discovery and Diffusion," History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 18, no. 3 (1996): 287-288.
83. Hirszfeld, "Über die Konstitutionsserologie im Zusammenhang mit der Blutgruppenforschung," 437-438
84. See Marius Turda, "From Craniology to Serology: Racial Anthropology in Interwar Hungary and Romania," Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences 43, no. 3 (2007): 361-377
85. Steffan, "Weitere Ergebnisse der Rassenforschung mittels serologischer Methoden," 384-385
86. Snyder, "Human Blood Groups: Their Inheritance and Racial Significance," 256
87. E. von Dungern and L. Hirszfeld, "Über Nachweis und Vererbung biochemischer Strukturen," Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung 4 (1910), 531-546.
88. Sucker, "Die Isohämagglutinine des menschlichen Blutes und ihre rassenbiologische Bedeutung," 487
89. A. Mendes-Corrèa, "Sur les prétendues 'races' sérologiques," L' Anthropologie 36 (1926): 440.
90. Steffan, "Weitere Ergebnisse der Rassenforschung mittels serologischer Methoden," 390
91. Hirszfeld, "Über die Konstitutionsserologie im Zusammenhang mit der Blutgruppenforschung," 428
92. Grove and Coca, "On the Value of the Blood Group 'Feature' in the Study of Race Relationships," 91
93. Snyder, "Human Blood Groups: Their Inheritance and Racial Significance," 257
94. Hirszfeld, "Über die Konstitutionsserologie im Zusammenhang mit der Blutgruppenforschung," 434
95. Robert J. Richards, The Tragic Sense of Life: Ernst Haeckel and the Struggle over Evolutionary Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 269.
96. Richards, The Tragic Sense of Life, 252
97. Geisenhainer, Rasse ist Schicksal, 46
98. James Braund, "The Case of Heinrich Wilhelm Poll (1877-1939): A German-Jewish Geneticist, Eugenicist, Twin Researcher, and Victim of the Nazis," Journal of the History of Biology 41, no. 1 (2008): 10.
99. Geisenhainer, Rasse ist Schicksal, 58
100. Geisenhainer, Rasse ist Schicksal, 58
101. Glen Penny and Matti Bunzl, eds., Worldly Provincialism: German Anthropology in the Age of Empire (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2003), 214.
102. Geisenhainer, Rasse ist Schicksal, 67
103. Georg Thilenius, ed., Ergebnisse der Südsee-expedition 1908-1910 (Hamburg: Friederichsen, De Gruyter & Co.m.b.H., 1936).
104. Otto Reche, "Untersuchungen über das Wachstum und die Geschlechtsreife bei Melanesischen Kindern," Korrespondenzblatt Deutsch Gesellschaft für Anthropologie 41, no. 7 (1913): 49.
105. Margit Berner, "From 'Prisoner of War Studies' to Proof of Paternity: Racial Anthropologists and the Measuring of 'Others' in Austria," in Turda and Weindling, eds., Blood and Homeland, 44.
106. Schmuhl, The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 69
107. Schmuhl, The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, 85
108. Steffan, "Weitere Ergebnisse der Rassenforschung," 376-377
109. William H. Schneider, "The History of Research on Blood Group Genetics: Initial Discovery and Diffusion," History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 18, no. 3 (1996): 295-296.
110. Hans Schlossberger et al., "Blutgruppenuntersuchungen an Schulkindern in der Umbegung von Frankfurt a.M.," Medizinische Klinik 24, no. 22 (1928): 851.
111. Helfriede Meyer and Paul Steffan, "Die Beziehungen zwischen Blutgruppe, Pigment und Kopfform," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 2, no. 2 (1929): 46-60.
112. P. Schridde, "Über die Blutgruppenzusammensetzung in einigen Odenwalddörfern mit altangesessener Bevölkerung," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 2 (1929/1930): 62-72.
113. Schridde, "Über die Blutgruppenzusammensetzung in einigen Odenwalddörfern mit altangesessener Bevölkerung," 62
114. M. Reich, "Soldatenuntersuchungen nach Blutgruppen und Konstitutionstypen," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 1 (1928-1929): 147-150.
115. Efron, Defenders of the Race, 102
116. George Victor, Hitler: The Pathology of Evil, 136
117. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, The Occult Roots of Nazism: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 4
118. Geisenhainer, Rasse ist Schicksal, 136
119. Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 425
120. Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (New York: Penguin, 2006), 421.
121. J. Warnowsky, "Über Beziehung der Blutgruppen zu Krankheiten: Heterohaemagglutination," Münchner medizinischer Wochenschrift 74 (1927): 1758-1760.
122. Geisenhainer, Rasse ist Schicksal, 137
123. Sören Hansen, "Methodologisches über Blutgruppenforschung durch Massenuntersuchung," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 2 (1929/1930): 74
124. Fr. Meyer, "Die Blutgruppenverteilung in der schlesischen Bevölkerung sowie die Beziehung der Blutgruppen zu Geisteskrankheiten," Deutscher Medizinischer Wochenschrift 54, no. 35 (1928): 1461
125. A. Foerster, "Blutgruppen und Verbrecher," Deutsche Zeitschrift Gerichtliche Medizin 11, no. 6 (1928): 488.
126. Reich, "Soldatenuntersuchungen nach Blutgruppen und Konstitutionstypen," 149
127. Klein, "Ergebnis der Blutgruppenbestimmung in Oberlahnstein und St. Goarshausen," 12.
128. T. Wohlfeil and F. Isbruch, "IV. Mitteilung Über die Blutgruppenverteilung im Rheinland. V. Mitteilung Zur Frage der Korrelation Zwischen Blutgruppe und Anthropologie," Klinische Wochenschrift 8, no. 47 (1929): 2186.
129. H. Kliewe and R. Nagel, "Über die Blutgruppenzusammensatzung der Bevölkerung Oberhessens," Klinischer Wochenschrift 6, no. 49 (1927): 2332-2335.
130. Wohlfeil and Isbruch, "Zur Frage der Korrelation zwischen Blutgruppe und Anthropologie ," 852
131. Mendes-Corrèa, "Sur les prétendues 'races' sérologiques," 439
132. M. Young, "The Problem of the Racial Significance of the Blood Groups," Man 28, no. 9 (1928): 171.
133. Mendes-Corrèa, "Sur les prétendues 'races' sérologiques," 332
134. Young, "The Problem of the Racial Significance of the Blood Groups," 172
135. A.A. Mendes-Corrèa, "Sur la valeur anthropologique des groupes sanguins," Sang 1, no. 4 (1927): 323.
136. Grove and Coca, "On the Value of the Blood Group 'Feature' in the Study of Race Relationships," 91
137. U.U. Melkich, "Der neue biochemische Rassenindex," Verhandlungen der Ständigen Kommission für Blutgruppenforschung 1, no. 2 (1927): 26-39.
138. Young, "The Problem of the Racial Significance of the Blood Groups," 172
139. Geisenhainer, Rasse ist Schicksal, 130
140. Otto Reche, "Blutgruppenforschung und Anthropologie," Volk und Rasse 3 (1928): 8
141. Otto Reche, "Rasse und Sprache," Archiv für Anthropologie 46 (1921): 208
142. Geisenhainer, Rasse ist Schicksal, 139-140
143. M. Okroi and P. Voswinckel, "'Obviously Impossible'-The Application of the Inheritance of Blood Groups as a Forensic Method. The Beginning of Paternity Tests in Germany, Europe and the USA," International Congress Series 1239 (2003): 711-714.
144. Norbert Schappacher, "Felix Bernstein," International Statistical Review 73 (2007): 3-7
145. Stephen G. Rich, "The Jews: Race or Conglomerate," Journal of Educational Sociology 2, no. 8 (1929): 474
146. Maurice Fishberg, The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment (Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Walter Scott Publishing Co., 1911), 508.
147. Edgar Schultz, "Judentum und Degeneration," Ziel und Weg 16 (1935): 354
148. Siegmund Wellisch, "Serologische Untersuchungen über das Rassentum der Juden," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 1 (1928/1929): 204
149. Rubaschkin and Derman, "Die Hämoisoagglutination als Grundlage der Methode zur Erforschung der Konstitution," Vrač. Delo, nos. 20-23 (1924): 1153-1162.
150. W. Halber and J. Mydlarski, "Recherches séroanthropologiques en Pologne," Comptes Rendus de Société Biologique 89 (1923): 1373-1375
151. Rachowsky and Suetin, "Über eine Untersuchung von weissrussischen Juden," Sapiski Bolr. San.-Bakt. Ist., no. 2138 (1926)
152. Ukrainisches Zentralblatt für Blutgruppenforschung 2 (1928): 55-61
153. Ukrainisches Zentralblatt für Blutgruppenforschung 2, no. 3 (1928): 30-44.
154. M.A. van Herwerden, "Les groupes sanguins en Hollande," Actes du congrés l'Institut International d'Anthropologie. IIIme Session, Amsterdam (1928): 456-461.
155. A. Eisenberg, "Zur Frage nach den Isoagglutinationsgruppen des Blutes bei Menschen," Folia Haematologica 36 (1928): 316-336.
156. Robert E. Conot, Justice at Nuremberg (New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 1984), 382.
157. Franz Weidenreich, "Das probleme der jüdischen Rasse," Morgen 7 (1931): 78-96
158. Hans Friedenthalin, "Ober den Grad der Blutverwandtschaft in der Familie oder Sippenschaft," Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 40, no. 8 (1916): 25.
159. Fritz Schiff, "Die sogennanten Blutgruppen des Menschen und ihr Vorkommen bei den Juden," Jüdische Familienforschung 2, no. 4 (1926): 178-180.
160. E.O. Manoiloff, "Discernment of Human Races by Blood: Particularly of Russians from Jews," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 10, no. 1 (1927): 12.
161. Anna T. Poliakowa, "Manoiloff 's 'Race' Reaction and Its Application to the Determination of Paternity," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 10, no. 1 (April 1927): 24.
162. Manoiloff, "Discernment of Human Races by Blood: Particularly of Russians from Jews," 16
163. Manoiloff, "Discernment of Human Races by Blood: Particularly of Russians from Jews," 17
164. Wellisch, "Serologische Untersuchungen über das Rassentum der Juden," 205
165. Hans F.K. Günther, "Der rasseeigene Geruch der Hautausdünstung," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 2 (1929/1930): 94-99.
166. S.P. Grigorjewa, "Die Manoilowsche Reaktion als Mittel zur Rassenbestimmung beim Menschen." Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 2 (1929/1930): 92-93.
167. Otto Reche, "Blutgruppenforschung und Anthropologie," Volk und Rasse 3, no. 1 (1928): 2.
168. Oswald Streng, "Die Bluteigenschaften (Blutgruppen) der Völker, besonderers die der Germanen" Festschrift für Hermann Hirt 1 (1936): 412
169. Gottlieb, "Karl Landsteiner, the Melancholy Genius: His Time and His Colleagues, 1868-1943," 18
170. Karl Landsteiner, "Individual Differences in Human Blood," Science 73, no. 1894 (1931): 406.
171. Karl Landsteiner and Charles Philip Miller, Jr., "Serological Studies on the Blood of the Primates: The Blood Groups in Anthropoid Apes," Journal of Experimental Medicine 42 (1925): 853-862.
172. Siegmund Wellisch, "'Blutsverwandschaft' der Völker und Rassen," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 1 (1928/1929): 21
173. Siegmund Wellisch, "Die Analyse der Dreirassentheorie," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 1 (1928/1929): 66- 71
174. Fritz Schiff, "Zur Serologie der Berliner Bevölkerung," Klinische Wochenschrift 8, no. 10 (1929): 448-450.
175. V. Myslivec, A Contribution to the Study of Human Blood Groups (London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1941): 70.
176. Otto Reche, "Mitteilungen des Vorstandes der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Blutgruppenforschung," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 1 (1928/1929): 5
177. Theodor Fritsch, Antisemiten-Katechismus (Leipzig: Hermann Beyer Verlag, 1887)
178. Arthur Rosenberg, The Myth of the Twentieth Century: An Evaluation of the Spiritual-Intellectual Confrontations of Our Age (Torrance, CA: Noontide Press, 1982) (first English edition)
179. G. Lindeman, "Über Blutüberpflanzung in der Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie," Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift, no. 11 (1919): 285-286.
180. Willibald Hentschel, "Rassenverschlechterung durch Juden," Der Hammer, no. 725/726 (September 1932): 246.
181. W. Kruse, "Über Blutzusammensetzung und Rasse," Archiv für Rassenbiologie 19, no. 1 (1927): 20-33.
182. Philip Levine, "Menschliche Blutgruppen und individuelle Blutdifferenzen," Ergebnisse der Inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde 34 (1928): 146
183. Leo J. McCarthy and Mathias Okroi, "The Original Blood Group Pioneers...the Hirszfelds," Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine 2, no. 1 (2004): 25.
184. H. Hirszfeld, "Des méthodes sérologiques au problème des races," L'Anthropologie 29 (1918-1919): 508.
185. Larry May et al., eds., Applied Ethics: A Multicultural Approach (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2001), 472-473.
186. A.F. Coca and O. Deibert, "A Study of the Occurrence of the Blood Groups among American Indians," Journal of Immunology 8 (1923): 487.
187. Schneider, "The History of Research on Blood Group Genetics: Initial Discovery and Diffusion," 286
188. N. Kossovitch, "Les groupes sanguins chez les Tschéques," Comptes Rendus de Société Biologique 93, no. 35 (1925): 1343-1344
189. N. Kossovitch, "Récherches sur la race arménienne par l'isohémagglutination," Comptes Rendus de Société Biologique 97, no. 19 (1927): 69-71.
190. William H. Schneider, Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-Century France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 225.
191. R. Dujarric de la Riviere and N. Kossovitch, "Les groupes sanguins en anthropologie," Annales de Médecine Legale, Criminologie, Police Scientifique et Toxicologie. (1934): 285.
192. J. Mydlarski, "Vorläufiger Bericht über die militäranthropologische Aufnahme Polens," Kosmos 50 (1925): 530-583.
193. J. Mydlarski, "Probleme der Konstitution in Lichte der Anthropologie," Polska Gazeta Lek, no. 5 (1926).
194. J. Mydlarski, "La différenciation du sang corrélative aux races humaines," Institut Internationale D'Anthropologie, 2. sess. Prague (1926): 189-199.
195. Walter Scheidt, Rassenunterschiede des Blutes (Leipzig: Georg Thieme, 1927), 25-26
196. Paul Moureau, "Contribution a l'étude des facteurs d'individualisation du sang humain et leurs applications en medicine légale," Revue Belge des Sciences Medicales 7, no. 3 (March 1935): 178.
197. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
198. M.H. Jacobs, "What Blood Tells," Scientific Monthly 36, no. 4 (1933): 367.
199. Leland Wyman and William Boyd, "Human Blood Groups and Anthropology," American Anthropologist 37, no. 2 (1935): 189.
200. Dujarric de la Riviere and Kossovitch, "Les groupes sanguins en anthropologie," 286
201. Charles E. Abromavich, Jr., and W. Gardner Lynn, "Sex, Species, and Race Discrimination by Manoiloff 's Methods," Quarterly Review of Biology 5, no. 1 (March 1930): 71.
202. Paul Moureau, "Contribution a l'étude des facteurs d'individualisation du sang humain et leurs applications en medicine légale," Revue Belge des Sciences Medicales 7, no. 3 (1935): 178.
203. Gerhard Baader, "Blutgruppenforschung im Nationalsozialismus," in Mariacarla Gadebusch Bondio, ed., Blood in History and Blood Histories (Florence: Sismelm, 2005), 342.
204. Dujarric de la Riviere and Kossovitch, "Les groupes sanguins en anthropologie," 287
205. Hermann Gauch, "Beitrag zum Zusammenhang zwischen Blutgruppe und Rasse," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 6 (1933): 116-117
206. Richard Lawrence Miller, Nazi Justiz: Law of the Holocaust (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1995), 15
207. Wallace R. Deuel, People under Hitler (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1942), 199.
208. Saul K. Padover, "Who Are the Germans?" Foreign Affairs 13 (April 1935): 509-518.
209. Falk Ruttke, "Erb- und Rassenpflege in Gesetzgebung und Rechtssprechung des Dritten Reiches," Juristisches Wochenschrift (May 11, 1935): 25-27
210. Joseph Tenenbaum, Race and Reich: The Story of an Epoch (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976), 3
211. Karl A. Schleunes, ed., Legislating the Holocaust: The Bernhard Loesener Memoirs and Supporting Documents (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001), 9.
212. Michael C. Thomsett, The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938-1945 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007), 83.
213. Alfred Böttcher, "Die Losung der Judenfrage," Ziel und Weg 5 (1935): 226
214. Charlotte Köhn-Behrens, Was ist Rasse? Gespräche mit den grössten deutschen Forschern der Gegenwart (Munich: Eher Verlag, 1934), 51-52
215. Otto Reche, "Zur Geschichte des biologischen Abstammungsnachweises in Deutschland," Volk und Rasse 13 (1938): 374
216. K. Albrecht and D. Schultheiss, "Proof of Paternity: Historical Reflections on an Andrological-forensic Challenge," Andrologia 36 (2004): 33.
217. Otto Rabes, Vererbung und Rassenpflege. Versuche und Stoff für den Unterricht und Rassenpflege (Leipzig: Quelle und Meyer, 1934), 44.
218. Ernst Brandis, Die Ehegesetze von 1935 (Berlin: Verlag für Standesamtswesen, 1936), 33
219. Karl A. Schleunes, The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy toward German Jews, 1933-1939 (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1990): 115.
220. A. Margaliot, "The Reaction of the Jewish Public in Germany to the Nuremberg Laws," Yad Vashem Studies 12 (1977), 75-107
221. Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 122
222. David Cesarani and Sarah Kavanaugh, eds., Holocaust: Critical Concepts in Historical Studies (London: Routledge, 2004).
223. Wilhelm Stuckart and Hans Globke, Kommentare zur deutschen Rassengesetzgebung (Munich and Berlin: C.H.B. Verlag, 1936), 1.
224. Patricia Szobar, "Telling Sexual Stories in the Nazi Courts of Law: Race Defilement in Germany, 1933 to 1945," Journal of the History of Sexuality 11, nos. 1-2 (2002): 131-163.
225. Schneider, "Chance and Social Setting in the Application of the Discovery of Blood Groups," 546
226. Oswald Streng, "Die Bluteigenschaften (Blutgruppen) der Völker," 407
227. Albert Harrasser and Theodor Mollison, "Fragen: Frage 27," Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift (February 2, 1937): 265
228. C. Bruck, "Die biologische Differenzierung von Affenarten und menschlichen Rassen durch spezifische Blutreaktion," Berlin Klinischer Wochenschrift 44, no. 26 (1907): 793-797.
229. Streng, "Die Bluteigenschaften (Blutgruppen) der Völker," 411
230. Siegmund Wellisch, "Serologische Rassenanalyse," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 9 (1937): 38
231. Siegmund Wellisch, "Rassendiagnose der Juden," Anthropos 32 (1937): 783-794
232. Benjamin H. Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 32, note 86.
233. Oswald Streng, "Blutgruppenforschung und Anthropologie," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 9 (1937): 97
234. Gerhard Rooks, "Über die Verteilung der Blutgruppen bei den Esten," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 9 (1937): 34
235. Diemut Majer, "Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 49-50
236. Anthony M. Platt, Bloodlines: Recovering Hitler's Nuremberg Laws, from Patton's Trophy to Public Memorial (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2005), 80.
237. Ludwik and Hanna Hirszfeld, Les Groupes sanguins: Leur application à la biologie, à la médecine et au droit (Paris: Masson, 1938), 130-131
238. Hermann Gauch, "Beitrag zum Zusammenhang zwischen Blutgruppe und Rasse," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 6 (1933): 116-117
239. Hirszfeld and Hirszfeld, Les Groupes sanguins, 147
240. Hirszfeld and Hirszfeld, Les Groupes sanguins, 152
241. Myriam Spörri, "'Jüdisches Blut,'" 37-38
242. Hirszfeld and Hirszfeld, Les Groupes sanguins, 132 and 138
243. Frank Heynick, Jews and Medicine, 438
244. Fritz Schiff and William C. Boyd, Blood Grouping Technic: A Manual for Clinicians, Serologists, Anthropologists, and Students of Legal and Military Medicine (New York: Interscience Publishers, 1942), 198.
245. Hans Weinert, "Die anthropologische Bedeutung der Blutgruppen und das Problem ihrer Entstehung bei den Menschenrassen," Der Erbarzt, no. 10 (1938): 132.
246. Peter Dahr, "Blutgruppenforschung und Rassenhygiene," Ziel und Weg 9 (1939): 106
247. Peter Dahr, "Neuere Ergebnisse und Probleme der Blutgruppenforschung," Klinische Wochenschrift 18, no. 35 (1939): 1173-1179.
248. Robert J. Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986), 32.
249. Weinert, "Die anthropologische Bedeutung der Blutgruppen und das Problem ihrer Entstehung bei den Menschenrassen," 132
250. Hans Weinert, "Blutgruppenforschung an Menschenaffen und ihre stammesgeschtichtliche Bewertung," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 4 (1931): 8-23
251. Robert Proctor, "From Anthropologie to Rassenkunde in the German Anthropological Tradition," in George W. Stocking, ed., Bones, Bodies, and Behavior: Essays in Behavioral Anthropology (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 152.
252. Joachim Richter, "Die Blutgruppen- und Blutfaktorenverteilung in Nordhannover," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 11 (1939): 16
253. Raymond Dujarric de la Riviere and Kossovitch, "Les groupes sanguins en Anthropologie," 277
254. Streng, "Die Bluteigenschaften (Blutgruppen) der Völker," 424
255. Hans Sachs, "Blutgruppen, Bluttransfusion und Abstammung," Practica oto-rhino-laryngologica (1939): 39
256. Hirszfeld and Hirszfeld, Les Groupes Sanguins, 149
257. R.R. Gates, "Recent Progress in Blood Group Investigation," Genetica 18 (1935): 52-53.
258. Roger Uhle, "Neues Volk und reine Rasse. Walter Gross und das Rassenpolitische Amt der NSDAP (RPA)," dissertation (Technische Hochschule Aachen, 1999; 47.
259. Carol Poore, Disability in Twentieth-Century German Culture (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 102
260. Richter, "Die Blutgruppen- und Blutfaktorenverteilung in Nordhannover," 15-21
261. Paul Schmidt, "Die relative Haüfigkeit der Blutfaktoren M und N und der 'Untergruppen' A1 and A2 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Schleswig-Holsteins," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 11 (1940): 49
262. Kerkhoff, "Blutgruppenuntersuchungen in einem Eifeldorf: ein Beitrag zur Frage der Vererbung der Bluteigenschaften ABO und MN und zu ihrer Verteilung in der Bevölkerung," 33
263. A.S. Wiener, Blood Groups and Transfusion (Waukesha, WI: Thomas, 1943), 295.
264. Hans Kerkhoff, "Blutgruppenuntersuchungen in einem Eifeldorf: ein Beitrag zur Frage der Vererbung der Bluteigenschaften ABO und MN und zu ihrer Verteilung in der Bevölkerung," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 12 (1941): 32
265. Peter Dahr, "Blutgruppenforschung und Rassenhygiene." Ziel und Weg 9 (1939): 104-105.
266. V. Friedenreich, "Einige Bemerkungen zur Frage der Vererbungsweise der A1, A2 Eigenschaften," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 11 (1940): 22-24
267. Paul Schmidt. "Die relative Haüfigkeit der Blutfaktoren M und N und der 'Untergruppen' A1 and A2 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Schleswig-Holsteins." Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 11 (1940): 49-77
268. P. Dahr, H. Offe, and H. Weber, "Weitere Erblichkeitsuntersuchungen über den Blutfaktor P bei Familien und Zwillingen," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 11 (1940): 78-92
269. Gerhard Rooks, "Über die Verteilung der Blutgruppen bei den Esten," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 9 (1937): 33
270. Karl G. Horneck, "Über den Nachweis serologischer Verschiedenheiten der menschlichen Rasse," Zeitschrift für menschliche Vererbungs- und Konstruktionslehre 26, no. 3 (1942): 309.
271. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, "Rassenbiologie der Juden?" Forschungen zur Judenfrage 3 (1938): 137-151
272. Jeffrey A. Norton, Surgery: Basic Science and Clinical Evidence (New York: Springer, 2001), 177.
273. Robert Stigler et al., "Rassenphysiologische Untersuchungen an farbigen Kriegsgefangenen in einem Kriegsgefangenenlager," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 13 (1943): 26-2
274. Gregory P. Wegner, "Schooling for a New Mythos: Race, Anti-Semitism and the Curriculum Materials of a Nazism Race Educator," Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education 27 (1991): 189-213.
275. Fritz Brennecke, The Nazi Primer: Official Handbook for Schooling the Hitler Youth (New York: Harper and Bros. Publishers, 1938)
276. Gregory Paul Wegner, Anti-Semitism and Schooling under the Third Reich (London: Routledge Falmer, 2002), 76
277. Wegner, Anti-Semitism and Schooling under the Third Reich, 55
278. Childs, Harwood L., trans. The Nazi Primer: Official Handbook for Schooling the Hitler Youth (New York and London: Harper and Bros. Publishers, 1938), 62.
279. Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002), 121.
280. Hans F.K. Günther, Adel und Rasse (Munich: J.F. Lehmann, 1926), 72-74.
281. Günther, Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes, 56
282. Richard T. Gray, About Face: German Physiognomic Thought from Lavater to Auschwitz (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004), 237-238.
283. Maria Teschler-Nicola, "Volksdeutsche and Racial Anthropology in Interwar Vienna: The 'Marienfeld Project,'" in Turda and Weindling, eds., Blood and Homeland, 70.
284. Otto Reche, "Zur Geschichte des biologischen Abstammungsnachweises in Deutschland," Volk und Rasse 13 (1938): 369-375, 370
285. Karl A. Seggel and Herbert Reiher, "Blutspenderorganisation und Bluttransfusion," Medizinisches Welt 13, No. 185 (1939): 262-266, 266.
286. D. Wiebecke et al., "Zur Geschichte der Transfusionmedizin in der ersten Hälfte des 20 Jahrhunderts: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Entwicklung in Deutschland," Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy 31 (2004): 22.
287. E. von Rosztóczy, "Untersuchungen über Isohämagglutination in der Umgebung von Szegedin," Zeitschrift für Rassenphysiologie 4 (1931): 145.
288. Douglas B. Kendrick, Blood Program in World War II (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), 22.
289. A. Mahlo, "Über Bluttransfusion," Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, no. 49 (December 8, 1939): 1762.
290. J.R. Hess and M.J.G. Thomas, "Blood Use in War and Disaster: Lessons from the Last Century," Transfusion 43 (2003): 1630.
291. Natalia Berger, ed. Jews and Medicine: Religion, Culture, Science (Philadelphia and Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society, 1995), 158.
292. Matthias Okroi, "Der Blutgruppenforscher Fritz Schiff (1889-1940). Leben, Werk und Wirkung eines jüdischen Deutschen," Ph.D. diss., Institut für Medizin- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Universität zu Lübeck, 2004.
293. Natalia Berger, ed. Jews and Medicine: Religion, Culture, Science (Philadelphia and Jerusalem: The Jewish Publication Society, 1995), 158.
294. "Vienna's Main Health Office and 'Genetic and Racial Hygiene'"; available from http://www.gedenkenstaettessteinhof. at.en.article (accessed August 20, 2010).
295. Sigfrid Gauch, Traces of My Father, trans. William Radice (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2002), 126.
296. H.H. Meier, "Das Ende des jüdischen Arzttums," Ziel und Weg 9, no. 4 (1939): 110-112.
297. Peukert, "The Genesis of the 'Final Solution,'" in Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan, Reevaluating the Third Reich (Teaneck, NJ: Holmes and Meier, 1993), 277
298. Dickinson, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About 'Modernity,'" 22
299. Weiss, "The Race Hygiene Movement in Germany," 194
300. Robert Proctor, "From Anthropology to Rassenkunde in the German Anthropological Tradition," in Stocking, ed., Bones, Bodies, and Behavior, 140.
301. Karl Saller, Die Rassenlehre des Nationalsozialismus in Wissenschaft und Propaganda (Darmstadt: Progress Verlag, 1961), 101
302. Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1997), 39.
303. Dickinson, "Biopolitics, Fascism, Democracy: Some Reflections on Our Discourse About 'Modernity,'" 2
304. Anne Cottebrune, "The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Fund) and the 'Backwardness' of German Human Genetics after World War II," in Wolfgang Uwe Eckart, ed., Man, Medicine, and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government-sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006), 99.
305. Eric Zilmer, The Quest for the Nazi Personality: A Psychological Investigation of Nazi War Criminals (London: Routledge, 1995), 152
306. Schleunes, ed., Legislating the Holocaust, 153.
307. Allan Thompson and Kofi Annan, The Media and the Rwanda Genocide (London: Pluto Press, 2007), 337
308. Schneider, "Initial Discovery," 288
309. Marius Turda, "Entangled Traditions of Race: Physical Anthropology in Hungary and Romania, 1900- 1940," Focaal 58, 3 (2010): 32-46
310. Marius Turda, "The First Debates on Eugenics in Hungary, 1910-1918," in Turda and Weindling, eds., Blood and Homeland, 204.
311. Peggy Pascoe, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America," Journal of American History 83, no. 1 (1996): 44-69, 59.
312. Peggy Pascoe, What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 144 and 347
313. William M. Krogman, "What We Do Not Know about Race," Scientific Monthly 57, no. 2 (1943): 101.
314. Spencie Love, One Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 321.
315. "Use of Negro Blood for Blood Banks," Journal of the American Medical Association 119, no. 3 (May 16, 1942).
316. Jean-Francois Picard and William H. Schneider, "L'histoire de la transfusion sanguine dans sa relation a la récherché médicale," Vingtième Siècle 49 (1996): 4.
317. Picard and Schneider, "L'histoire de la transfusion sanguine dans sa relation a la récherché médicale," 10
318. Leon Poliakov, The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume I: From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 283
319. Joachim Pietzsch, "The World's Legacy Is in Our Blood: A Look at the First Century of Genetic Research," in James M. Bradburne, ed., Blood: Art, Power, Politics, and Pathology (New York: Prestel, 2002), 235.
320. Barbara A. Koenig, Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, and Sarah S. Richardson, Revisiting Race in a Genomic Age (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2008), 1.