Low-cost adsorbents from agri-food wastes

Food Science and Technology: New Research

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 171-210

  Oliveira, Leandro S ^a   Adriana S Franca, ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895339652     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (156)

1. Adachi, A., Ozaki, H., Kasuga, I. and Okano, T. (2006) Use of beer bran as an adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds from wastewater, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 6209-6211.
2. Agarwal, G.S., Bhuptawat, H.K. and Chaudhari, S. (2006) Biosorption of aqueous chromium(VI) by Tamarindus indica seeds, Bioresource Technology, 97, 949-956.
3. Ahmad, A.L., Sumathi, S. and Hameed, B.H. (2005) Adsorption of residue oil from palm oil mill effluent using powder and flake chitosan: Equilibrium and kinetic studies, Water Research, 39, 2483-2494.
4. Ahmedna, M., Marshall, W.E. and Rao, R.M. (2000) Production of granular activated carbons from select agricultural by-products and evaluation of their physical, chemical and adsorption properties. Bioresource Technology, 71, 113-123.
5. Ahuja, M. and Rai, A.K. (1997) Adsorption studies with some chelating ion exchange resins derived from guaran, Carbohydrate Polymers, 33, 57-42.
6. Aksu, Z. (2005) Application of biosorption for the removal of organics pollutants: a review, Process Biochemistry, 40, 997-1026.
7. Aksu, Z. and Isoglu, I.A. (2005) Removal of copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by biosorption onto agricultural waste sugar beet pulp, Process Biochemistry, 40, 3031-3044.
8. Alaya, M.N., Girgis, B.S. and Mourad, W.E. (2000) Activated carbon from some agricultural wastes under action of one-step steam pyrolysis, Journal of Porous Materials, 7, 509-517.
9. álvarez-Merino, M.A., Fontecha-Cámara, M.A., López-Ramón, M.V. and Moreno-Castilla, C. (2008) Temperature dependence of the point of zero charge of oxidized and nonoxidized activated carbons, Carbon, In Press, doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.02.002.
10. Annadurai, G., Juang, R.S. and Lee, D.J. (2002) Use of cellulose-based wastes for adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B92, 263-274.
11. Anirudhan, T.S., Divya, L. and Ramachandran, M. (2008) Mercury(II) removal from aqueous solutions and wastewaters using a novel cation exchanger derived from coconut coir pith and its recovery, Journal of Hazardous Materials, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2008.01.030.
12. Arami, M., Limaee, N.Y., Mahmoodia, N.M. and Tabrizi, N.S. (2006a) Equilibrium and kinetics studies for the adsorption of direct and acid dyes from aqueous solution by soy meal hull, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B135, 171-179.
13. Arami, M., Limaee, N.Y. and Mahmoodia, N.M. (2006b) Investigation on the adsorption capability of egg shell membrane towards model textile dyes, Chemosphere, 65, 1999-2008.
14. Arvanitoyannis, I.S. and Ladas, D. (2008) Meat waste treatment methods and potential uses, International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 43, 543-559.
15. AtKisson, A. (2006) Sustainability is dead-long live sustainability. In: M. Keiner (Ed.), The Future of Sustainability, Netherlands: Springer.
16. Ayres, R.U. (2008) Sustainability economics: Where do we stand?, Ecological Economics, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.009.
17. Bailey, S.E., Olin, T.J., Bricka, R.M. and Adrian, D.D. (1999) A review of potentially lowcost sorbents for heavy metals, Water Research, 33, 2469-2479.
18. Bangash, F.K. and Alam, S. (2006) Kinetic of Patent Blue VF Adsorption from aqueous solution on activated bone charcoal, Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 53, 1091- 1108.
19. Bansal, R.C. and Goyal, M. (2005) Activated Carbon Adsorption, Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
20. Bansode, R.R., Losso, J.N., Marshall, W.E., Rao, R.M. and Portier, R.J. (2003) Adsorption of volatile organic compounds by pecan shell and almond shell-based granular activated carbons, Bioresource Technology, 90, 175-184.
21. Bansode, R.R., Losso, J.N., Marshall, W.E., Rao, R.M. and Portier, R.J. (2004) Pecan shellbased granular activated carbon for treatment of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in municipal wastewater, Bioresource Technology, 94, 129-135.
22. Baquero, M.C., Giraldo, L., Moreno, J.C., Suárez-García, F., Martínez-Alonso, A. and Tascón, J.M.D. (2003) Activated carbons by pyrolysis of coffee bean husks in presence of phosphoric acid, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 70, 779-784.
23. Barrett, E.P., Jonnard, A. and Messmer, J.H. (1951) Some granular carbonaceous adsorbents for sugar refining. A study of bone char replacement based on hydroxyapatite, Industrial Engineering and Chemistry, 43, 639-654.
24. Bathen, D. (2003) Physical waves in adsorption technology-an overview, Separation and Purification Technology, 33, 163-177.
25. Boehm, H.P. (1994) Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons, Carbon, 32, 759-769.
26. Boonamnuayvitaya, V., Sae-ung, S. and Tanthapanichakoon, W. (2005) Preparation of activated carbons from coffee residue for the adsorption of formaldehyde, Separation and Purification Technology, 42, 159-168.
27. Boucher, J., Steiner, L. and Marison, I.W. (2007) Bio-sorption of atrazine in the press-cake from oilseeds, Water Research, 41, 3209-3216.
28. Bourke, J., Manley-Harris, M., Fushimi, C., Dowaki, K., Nunoura, T. and Antal, M.J., Jr. (2007) Do all carbonized charcoals have the same chemical structure? 2. A model of the chemical structure of carbonized charcoal, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46, 5954-5967.
29. Brown, P.A., Gill, S.A. and Allen, S.J. (2000) Metal removal from wastewater using peat, Water Research, 34, 3907-3916.
30. 4 and water vapor activation, Fuel Processing Technology, 87, 899-905.
31. Chang, H., Yuan, X.G., Tian, H. and Zeng, A.W. (2006) Experiment and prediction of breakthrough curves for packed bed adsorption of water vapor on cornmeal, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 45, 747-754.
32. Cheung, C.W., Chan, C.K., Porter, J.F. and McKay, G. (2001a) Combined diffusion model for the sorption of cadmium, copper, and zinc ions onto bone char, Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 1511-1522.
33. Cheung, C.W., Porter, J.F. and McKay, G. (2001b) Sorption kinetic analysis for the removal of cadmium ions from effluents using bone char, Water Research, 35, 605-612.
34. Cheung, C.W., Porter, J.F. and McKay, G. (2002) Removal of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions by sorption onto bone char using batch agitation, Langmuir, 18, 650-656.
35. Cheung, C.W., Ko, D.C.K., Porter, J.F. and McKay, G. (2003) Binary metal sorption on bone char mass transport model using IAST, Langmuir, 19, 4144-4153.
36. Choy, K.K.H., Ko, D.C.K., Cheung, C.W., Porter, J.F. and McKay, G. (2004) Film and intraparticle mass transfer during the adsorption of metal ions onto bone char, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 271, 284-295.
37. Choy, K.K.H., Barford, J.P. and McKay, G. (2005) Production of activated carbon from bamboo scaffolding waste-process design, evaluation and sensitivity analysis, Chemical Engineering Journal, 109, 147-165.
38. Choy, K.K.H. and McKay, G. (2005a) Sorption of cadmium, copper, and zinc ions onto bone char using Crank diffusion model, Chemosphere, 60, 1141-1150.
39. Choy, K.K.H. and McKay, G. (2005b) Sorption of metal ions from aqueous solution using bone char, Environment International, 31, 845-854.
40. Crini, G. (2006) Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review, Bioresource Technology, 97, 1061-1085.
41. Crini, G. and Badot, P.M. (2008) Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: A review of recent literature, Prog. Polym. Sci., In Press, doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci. 2007.11.001.
42. Crittenden, B. and Thomas, W.J. (1998) Adsorption Technology and Design, London: Elsevier Science & Technology Books.
43. Dai, X. and Antal, M.J., Jr. (1999) Synthesis of a High-Yield Activated Carbon by Air Gasification of Macadamia Nut Shell Charcoal, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 38, 3386-3395.
44. Daifullah, A.A.M. and Girgis, B.S. (1998) Removal of some substituted phenols by activated carbon obtained from agricultural waste, Water Research, 32, 1169-1177.
45. Daifullah, A.A.M., Yakout, S.M. and Elreefy, S.A. (2007) Adsorption of fluoride in aqueous solutions using KMnO4-modified activated carbon derived from steam pyrolysis of rice straw, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 147, 633-643.
46. Daud, W.M.A.W. and Ali, W.S.W. (2004) Comparison on pore development of activated carbon produced from palm shell and coconut shell, Bioresource Technology, 93, 63-69.
47. David, E. (2008) Production of eco-materials from organic wastes by pyrolysis process, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 452, 188-193.
48. Davis, T.A., Volesky, B. and Mucci, A. (2003) A review of the biochemistry of heavy metal biosorption by brown algae, Water Research, 37, 4311-4330.
49. Demirbas, A. (2001) Carbonization ranking of selected biomass for charcoal, liquid, and gaseous products, Energy Conversion and Management, 42, 1229-1238.
50. Deydier, E., Guilet, R., Sarda, S. and Sharrock, P. (2005) Physical and chemical characterisation of crude meat and bone meal combustion residue: "waste or raw material?", Journal of Hazardous Materials, B121, 141-148.
51. Dias, J.M., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C.M., Almeida, M.F., Rivera-Utrilla, J. and Sánchez-Polo, M. (2007) Waste materials for activated carbon preparation and its use in aqueous-phase treatment: A review, Journal of Environmental Management, 85, 833-846.
52. Dursun, A.Y. and Kalayci, ç.S. (2005) Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the adsorption of phenol onto chitin, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B123, 151-157.
53. El-Hendawy, A.A., Samra, S.E. and Girgis, B.S. (2001) Adsorption characteristics of activated carbons obtained from corncobs, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 180, 209-221.
54. Elizalde-González, M.P., Mattusch, J., Peláez-Cid, A.A. and Wennrich, R. (2007) Characterization of adsorbent materials prepared from avocado kernel seeds: Natural, activated and carbonized forms, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 78, 185-193.
55. Fu, Y. and Viraraghavan, T. (2001) Fungal decolorization of dye wastewaters: a review, Bioresource Technology, 79, 251-262.
56. Gergova, K., Petrov, N. and Eser, S. (1994) Adsorption properties and microstructure of activated carbons produced from agricultural byproducts by steam pyrolysis, Carbon, 32, 693-702.
57. Gergova, K. and Eser, S. (1996) Effects of activation method on the pore structure of activated carbons from apricot stones, Carbon, 34, 879-888.
58. Girgis, B.S., Yunis, S.S. and Soliman, A.M. (2004) Characteristics of activated carbon from peanut hulls in relation to conditions of preparation, Materials Letters, 57, 164-172.
59. Guerrero, M., Ruiz, M.P., Millera, A., Alzueta, M.U. and Bilbao, R. (2008) Characterization of Biomass Chars Formed under Different Devolatilization Conditions: Differences between Rice Husk and Eucalyptus, Energy & Fuels, In Press, doi:10.1021/ef7005589.
60. Guibal, E. (2004) Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review, Separation and Purification Technology, 38, 43-74.
61. Guo, J. and Lua, A.C. (2000) Preparation of activated carbons from oil-palm-stone chars by microwave-induced carbon dioxide activation, Carbon, 38, 1985-1993.
62. Guo, Y. and Rockstraw, D.A. (2007) Activated carbons prepared from rice hull by one-step phosphoric acid activation, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 100, 12-19.
63. Gupta, V.K., Mittal, A. and Gajbe, V. (2005) Adsorption and desorption studies of a water soluble dye, Quinoline Yellow, using waste materials, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 284, 89-98.
64. Hameed, B.H. and Daud, F.B.M. (2008) Adsorption studies of basic dye on activated carbon derived from agricultural waste: Hevea brasiliensis seed coat, Chemical Engineering Journal, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.cej.2007.07.089.
65. Han, R., Ding, D., Xu, Y., Zou, W., Wang, Y., Li, Y. and Zou, L. (2008) Use of rice husk for the adsorption of congo red from aqueous solution in column mode, Bioresource Technology, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.027.
66. Hassan, S.S.M., Awwad, N.S. and Aboterika, A.H.A. (2008) Removal of mercury(II) from wastewater using camel bone charcoal, Journal of Hazardous Materials, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.003.
67. Hirata, M., Kawasaki, N., Nakamura, T., Matsumoto, K., Kabayama, M., Tamura, T. and Tanada, S. (2002) Adsorption of dyes onto carbonaceous materials produced from coffee grounds by microwave treatment, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 254, 17-22.
68. Ioannidou, O. and Zabaniotou, A. (2007) Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production-A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, 1966- 2005.
69. IUPAC (1972) Manual of Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities and Units, London: Butterworths.
70. Jacobsen, P. and Dahi, E. (1997) Charcoal packed furnace for low-tech charring of bone, Proc. 2nd International workshop on Fluorosis and Defluoridation of Water, Nazreth, Ethiopia, 151-155.
71. Jaguaribe, E.F., Medeiros, L L., Barreto, M.C.S. and Araujo, L.P. (2005) The performance of activated carbons from sugarcane bagasse, babassu, and coconut shells in removing residual chlorine, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 22, 41-47.
72. Kamble, S.P., Jagtap, S., Labhsetwar, N.K., Thakare, D., Godfrey, S., Devotta, S. and Rayalu, S.S. (2007) Defluoridation of drinking water using chitin, chitosan and lanthanummodified chitosan, Chemical Engineering Journal, 129, 173-180.
73. Kannan, N. and Meenakshisundaram, M. (2002) Adsorption of congo red on various activated carbons. A Comparative Study, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 138, 289-305.
74. Karagöz, S., Tay, T., Ucar, S. and Erdem, M. (2008) Activated carbons from waste biomass by sulfuric acid activation and their use on methylene blue adsorption, Bioresource Technology, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.019.
75. Ko, D.C.K., Porter, J.F. and McKay, G. (2003) Mass transport model for the fixed bed sorption of metal ions on bone char, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 3458-3469.
76. Ko, D.C.K., Cheung, C.W., Choy, K.K.H., Porter, J.F. and McKay, G. (2004) Sorption equilibria of metal ions on bone char, Chemosphere, 54, 273-281.
77. Köse, T.E. (2008) Agricultural residue anion exchanger for removal of dyestuff from wastewater using full factorial design, Desalination, 222, 323-330.
78. Kratochvil, D. and Volesky, B. (1998) Advances in the Biosorption of Heavy Metals, TIBTECH, 16, 291-300.
79. Kumar, M.N.V.R. (2000) A review of chitin and chitosan applications, Reactive and Functional Polymers, 46, 1-27.
80. Lal, R. (2005) World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel, Environment International, 31, 575-584.
81. Latini, A.F., Franca, A.S., Oliveira, L.S. (2008) Removal of phenylalanine from aqueous solutions by sorbents prepared from spent coffee grounds activated by phosphoric acid, Proceedings of the International Conference on Chemistry-Chem 05-Green and Sustentable Chemistry for Developing Countries, Cairo.
82. Lee, H.H., Hirano, Y., Murayama, N., Matsumoto, S. and Shibata, J. (2007) Adsorption properties of activated carbon prepared from waste beer lees by KOH activation and CO2 activation, Resources Processing, 54, 19-24.
83. Lillo-Ródenas, M.A., Cazorla-Amorós, D. and Linares-Solano, A. (2003) Understanding chemical reactions between carbons and NaOH and KOH An insight into the chemical activation mechanism, Carbon, 41, 267-275.
84. Lopez-Ramon, M.V., Stoeckli, F., Moreno-Castilla, C. and Carrasco-Marin, F. (1999) On the characterization of acidic and basic surface sites on carbons by various techniques, Carbon, 37, 1215-1221.
85. Lou, H.H., Kulkarni, M.A., Singh, A. and Hopper, J.R. (2004) Sustainability assessment of Industrial Systems, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, 4233-4242.
86. Malik, R., Ramteke, D.S. and Wate, S.R. (2007) Adsorption of malachite green on groundnut shell waste based powdered activated carbon, Waste Management, 27, 1129-1138.
87. 2+) adsorption by dual-functional ion exchange resins made from agricultural by-products, Water Research, 40, 2541-2548.
88. Mackay, D.M. and Roberts, P.V. (1982a) The dependence of char and carbon on lignocellulosic precursor composition, Carbon, 20, 87-94.
89. Mackay, D.M. and Roberts, P.V. (1982b) The influence of pyrolysis conditions on yield and microporosity of lignocellulosic chars, Carbon, 20, 95-104.
90. Medellin-Castillo, N.A., Leyva-Ramos, R., Ocampo-Perez, R., Cruz, R.F.G., Aragon-Pinã, A., Martinez-Rosales, J.M., Guerrero-Coronado, R.M. and Fuentes-Rubio, L. (2007) Adsorption of Fluoride from Water Solution on Bone Char, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46, 9205-9212.
91. Mészáros, E., Jakab, E. Várhegyi, G., Bourke, J., Manley-Harris, M., Nunoura, T. and Antal, M.J., Jr. (2007) Do all carbonized charcoals have the same chemical structure? 1. Implications of thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry measurements, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46, 5943-5953.
92. Minamisawa, M., Minamisawa, H., Yoshida, S. and Takai, N. (2005) Characterization of adsorption gels prepared from plant biomaterials, Green Chemistry, 7, 595-601.
93. Minkova, V., Razvigorova, M., Goranova, M., Ljutzkanov, L. and Angelova, G. (1991) Effect of water vapour on the pyrolysis of solid fuels: 1. Effect of water vapour during the pyrolysis of solid fuels on the yield and composition of the liquid products, Fuel, 70, 713-719.
94. Minkova, V., Razvigorova, M., Gergova, K., Goranova, M., Ljutzkanov, L. and Angelova, G. (1992) Effect of water vapour on the pyrolysis of solid fuels: 2. Effect of water vapour during the pyrolysis of solid fuels on the formation of the porous structure of semicoke, Fuel, 71, 263-265.
95. Minkova, V., Marinov, S.P., Zanzi, R., Björnbom, E., Budinova, T., Stefanova, M. and Lakov, L. (2000) Thermochemical treatment of biomass in a flow of steam or in a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide, Fuel Processing Technology, 62,45-52.
96. Minkova, V., Razvigorova, M., Björnbom, E., Zanzi, R., Budinova, T. and Petrov, N. (2001) Effect of water vapour and biomass nature on the yield and quality of the pyrolysis products from biomass, Fuel Processing Technology, 70, 53-61.
97. Mittal, A., Krishnana, L. and Gupta, V.K. (2005) Removal and recovery of malachite green from wastewater using an agricultural waste material, de-oiled soya, Separation and Purification Technology, 43, 125-133.
98. Mittal, A., Mittal, J. and Kurup, L. (2006) Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and column operations for the removal of hazardous dye, Tartrazine from aqueous solutions using waste materials-Bottom Ash and De-Oiled Soya, as adsorbents, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B136, 567-578.
99. Mjengera, H. and Mkongo, G. (2003) Appropriate deflouridation technology for use in flourotic areas in Tanzania, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 28, 1097-1104.
100. Mohan, D., Singh, K.P., Sinha, S. and Gosh, D. (2005) Removal of pyridine derivatives from aqueous solution by activated carbons developed from agricultural waste materials, Carbon, 43, 1680-1693.
101. Mohanty, K., Jha, M., Meikap, B.C., and Biswas, M.N. (2005) Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from Terminalia arjuna nut with zinc chloride activation for the removal of phenol from wastewater, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 4128- 4138.
102. Molina-Sabio, M. and Rodríguez-Reinoso, F. (2005) Role of chemical activation in the development of carbon porosity, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 241, 15-25.
103. Nabais, J.M.V., Carrott, P.J.M., Carrott, M.M.L.R., Luz, V. and Ortiz, A.L. (2008) Influence of preparation conditions in the textural and chemical properties of activated carbons from a novel biomass precursor: The coffee endocarp, Bioresource Technology, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.068.
104. 2, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 103, 29-34.
105. 2, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B119, 189-194.
106. Namasivayam, C., Muniasamy, N., Gayatri, K., Rani, M. and Ranganathan, K. (1996) Removal of dyes from aqueous solutions by cellulosic waste orange peel, Bioresource Technology, 57, 37-43.
107. Namasivayam, C., Prabha, D. and Kumutha, M. (1998) Removal of direct red and acid brilliant blue by adsorption on to banana pith, Bioresource Technology, 64, 77-79.
108. 2 activated coir pith carbon, Bioresource Technology, 97, 1194-1200.
109. Ng, C., Marshall, W.E., Rao, R.M., Bansode, R.R. and Losso, J.N. (2003) Activated carbon from pecan shell: process description and economic analysis, Industrial Crops and Products, 17, 209-217.
110. Oliveira, W.E., Franca, A.S., Oliveira, LS. and Rocha, S.D. (2008a) Untreated coffee husks as biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions, Journal of Hazardous Materials, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.085.
111. Oliveira, L.S., Franca, A.S., Alves, T.M. and Rocha, S.D. (2008b) Evaluation of untreated coffee husks as potential biosorbents for treatment of dye contaminated waters, Journal of Hazardous Materials, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat. 2007.11.093.
112. Orlando, U.S., Baes, A.U., Nishijima, W. and Okada, M. (2002a) A new procedure to produce lignocellulosic anion exchangers from agricultural waste materials, Bioresource Technology, 83, 195-198.
113. Orlando, U.S., Baes, A.U., Nishijima, W. and Okada, M. (2002b) Preparation of agricultural anion exchangers and its nitrate maximum adsorption capacity, Chemosphere, 48, 1041- 1046.
114. Park, D., Lim, S.R., Yun, Y.S. and Park, J.M. (2007) Reliable evidences that the removal mechanism of hexavalent chromium by natural biomaterials is adsorption-coupled reduction, Chemosphere, 70, 298-305.
115. Park, D., Yun, Y.S. and Park, J.M. (2008) XAS and XPS studies on chromium-binding groups of biomaterial during Cr(VI) biosorption, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 317, 54-61.
116. Parris, K. (2004) Agriculture, biomass, sustainability and policy: an overview, In K. Parris and T. Poincet (Eds.), Biomass and Agriculture: Sustainability, Markets and Policies, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (pp. 27-36) Paris, OECD Publications.
117. Pollard, S.J.T., Fowler, G.D., Sollars, C.J. and Perry, R. (1992) Low-cost adsorbents for waste and wastewater treatment: a review, The Science of the Total Environment, 116, 31-52.
118. 4 chemical activation: Pore structure and surface chemistry characterization, Chemical Engineering Journal, In Press, doi:10.1016/ j.cej.2007.08.032.
119. Purevsuren, B., Avid, B., Narangerel, J., Gerelmaa, T. and Davaajav, YA. (2004) Investigation on the pyrolysis products from animal bone, Journal of Materials Science, 39, 737-740.
120. Qi, L., Xu, Z., Jiang, X., Hu, C. and Zou, X. (2004) Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles, Carbohydrate Research, 339, 2693-2700.
121. Radhika, M. and Palanivelu, K. (2006) Adsorptive removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution by low cost adsorbent-Kinetics and isotherm analysis, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B138, 116-124.
122. Rao, M.M., Rao, G.P.C., Seshaiah, K., Choudary, N.V. and Wang, M.C. (2008) Activated carbon from Ceiba pentandra hulls, an agricultural waste, as an adsorbent in the removal of lead and zinc from aqueous solutions, Waste Management, In Press, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.017.
123. Rengaraj, S., Moon, S.H., Sivabalan, R., Arabindoo, B. and Murugesan, V. (2002) Agricultural solid waste for the removal of organics: adsorption of phenol from water and wastewater by palm seed coat activated carbon, Waste Management, 22, 543-548.
124. Rodriguez-Reinoso, F. and Molina-Sabio, M. (1998) Textural and chemical characterization of microporous carbons, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 76-77, 271-294.
125. Ruth, M. A (2006) Quest for the economics of sustainability and the sustainability of economics, Ecological Economics, 56, 332-342.
126. Sathishkumar, M., Binupriya, A.R., Kavitha, D. and Yun, S.E. (2007) Kinetic and isothermal studies on liquid-phase adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol by palm pith carbon, Bioresource Technology, 98, 866-873.
127. Savova, D., Apak, E., Ekinci, E., Yardim, F., Petrova, N., Budinova, T., Razvigorova, M. and Minkova, V. (2001) Biomass conversion to carbon adsorbents and gas, Biomass and Bioenergy, 21, 133-142.
128. Sentorun-Shalaby, ç., Uçak-Astarlioglu, M.G., Artok, L. and Sarici, ç. (2006) Preparation and characterization of activated carbons by one-step steam pyrolysis/activation from apricot stones, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 88, 126-134.]
129. Sharma, P., Kumari, P., Srivastava, M.M. and Srivastava, S. (2006) Removal of cadmium from aqueous system by shelled Moringa oleifera Lam. seed powder, Bioresource Technology, 97, 299-305.
130. Singh, K.K., Singh, A.K. and Hasan, S.H. (2006) Low cost bio-sorbent 'wheat bran' for the removal of cadmium from wastewater: Kinetic and equilibrium studies, Bioresource Technology, 97, 994-1001.
131. Singh, K.P., Malik, A., Sinha, S. and Ojha, P. (2008) Liquid-phase adsorption of phenols using activated carbons derived from agricultural waste material, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150, 626-641.
132. Sismanoglu, T. (2007) Removal of some fungicides from aqueous solution by the biopolymer chitin, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 297, 38-45.
133. Stout, B.A. (1984) Energy Use and Management in Agriculture, North Scituate, MA: Breton Publishers.
134. Suhas, Carrot, P.J.M. and Carrot, M.M.L. (2007) Lignin-from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: A review, Bioresource Technology, 98, 2301-2312.
135. Tan, I.A.W., Hameed, B.H. and Ahmad, A.L. (2007) Equilibrium and kinetic studies on basic dye adsorption by oil palm fibre activated carbon, Chemical Engineering Journal, 127, 111-119.
136. Tamai, H., Katsu, N., Ono, K. and Yasuda, H. (2001) Antibacterial activated carbons prepared from pitch containing organometallics, Carbon, 39, 1963-1969.
137. Tokimoto, T., Kawasaki, N., Nakamura, T., Akutagawa, J. and Tanada, S. (2005) Removal of lead ions in drinking water by coffee grounds as vegetable biomass, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 281, 56-61.
138. Tsai, W.T., Yang, J.M., Lai, C.W., Cheng, Y.H., Lin, C.C. and Yeh, C.W. (2006) Characterization and adsorption properties of eggshells and eggshell membrane, Bioresource Technology, 97, 488-493.
139. Unnithan, M.R., Vinod, V.P. and Anirudhan, T. S. (2004) Synthesis, characterization, and application as a chromium(VI) adsorbent of amine-modified polyacrylamide-grafted coconut coir pith, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 43, 2247-2255.
140. Valix, M., Cheung, W.H. and Zhang, K. (2006) Role of heteroatoms in activated carbon for removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewaters, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B135, 395-405.
141. Vernersson, T., Bonelli, P.R., Cerrella, E.G. and Cukierman, A.L. (2002) Arundo donax cane as a precursor for activated carbons preparation by phosphoric acid activation, Bioresource Technology, 83, 95-104.
142. Vijayaraghavan, K., Palanivelu, K. and Velan, M. (2006) Biosorption of copper(II) and cobalt(II) from aqueous solutions by crab shell particles, Bioresource Technology, 97, 1411-1419.
143. Volesky, B. (1990) Biosorption and biosorbents. In: B. Volesky (Ed.), Biosorption of Heavy Metals, New York: CRC Press.
144. Volesky, B. (2001) Detoxification of metal-bearing effluents: biosorption for the next century, Hydrometallurgy, 59, 203-216.
145. Xie, W., Wang, Q., Yao, J., Ma, H., Ohsumi, Y. and Ogawa, H.I. (2004) Study on advanced treatment of secondary effluent using fixed-bed filled with bone char, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 159, 313-324.
146. Walker, G.M. and Weatherley, L.R. (2001) Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution-the effect of adsorbent pore size distribution and dye aggregation, Chemical Engineering Journal, 83, 201-206.
147. Warhurst, A.M., Fowler, G.D., McConnachie, G.L. and Pollard, S.J.T. (1997a) Pore structure and adsorption characteristics of steam pyrolysis carbons from moringa oleifera, Carbon, 35, 1039-1045.
148. Warhurst, A.M., McConnachie, G.L. and Pollard, S.J.T. (1997b) Characterisation and applications of activated carbon produced from moringa oleifera seed husks by singlestep steam pyrolysis, Water Research, 31, 759-766.
149. Wartelle, L.H. and Marshall, W.E. (2005) Chromate ion adsorption by agricultural byproducts modified with dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea and choline chloride, Water Research, 39, 2869-2876.
150. Wartelle, L.H. and Marshall, W.E. (2006) Quaternized agricultural by-products as anion exchange resins, Journal of Environmental Management, 78, 157-162.
151. Wilson, J.A., Pulford, I.D. and Thomas, S. (2003) Sorption of Cu and Zn by bone charcoal, Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 25, 51-56.
152. Wilson, K., Yang, H., Seo, C.W. and Marshall, W.E. (2006) Select metal adsorption by activated carbon made from peanut shells, Bioresource Technology, 97, 2266-2270.
153. Zabaniotou, A., Stavropoulos, G. and Skoulou, V. (2008) Activated carbon from olive kernels in a two-stage process: Industrial improvement, Bioresource Technology, 99, 320-326.
154. Zdravkov, B.D., Cermák, J.J., Šefara, M. and Janku, J. (2007) Pore classification in the characterization of porous materials: A perspective, Central European Journal of Chemistry, 5, 385-395.
155. Zhang,Y., Cui, H., Ozao, R., Cao, Y., Chen, B.I.-T., Wang, C.-W. and Pan, W.-P. (2007) Characterization of Activated Carbon Prepared from Chicken Waste and Coal, Energy & Fuels, 21, 3735-3739.
156. Zulkali, M.M.D., Ahmad, A.L. and Norulakmal, N.H. (2006) Oryza sativa L. husk as heavy metal adsorbent: Optimization with lead as model solution, Bioresource Technology, 97, 21-25.