Wrong Medicine doctors, patients, futile treatment: Second edition

Wrong Medicine: Doctors, Patients, and Futile Treatment: Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-230

  Schneiderman, Lawrence J ^a   Jecker, Nancy S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895194187     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

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189. R. F. Weir and L. Gostin, "Decisions to Abate Life-Sustaining Treatment for Nonautonomous Patients", JAMA 264(1990):1846-53.
190. L. J. Nelson and R. E. Cranford, "Legal Advice, Moral Paralysis, and the Death of Samuel Linares", Law, Medicine, and Health Care 17(1989):316-24.
191. "America's Parasite Economy", Economist, October 10, 1992, p. 21.
192. J. H. Birnbaum, "The Road to Riches Is Called K Street", Washington Post, June 22, 2005.
193. Quoted in D. D. Kirkpatrick, "Intended to Rein In Lobbyists, Law Sends Them Underground", New York Times, January 18, 2010, p. A1.
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195. B. McCormick, "Study: Defensive Medicine Costs Nearly $10, 000, 000, 000", American Medical News, February 15, 1993, p. 4.
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198. A. M. Vintzileos, D. J. Nochimson, E. R. Guzman, R. A. Knuppel, M. Lake, and S. Schifrin, "Intrapartum Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring versus Intermittent Auscultation: A Meta-Analysis", Obstetrics and Gynecology 85(1995):149-55;
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200. S. B. Thacker, D. Stroup, and M. Chang, "Continuous Electronic Heart Rate Monitoring for Fetal Assessment during Labor", Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2(2001):CD000063.
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203. J. H. Ferguson, M. Dubinsky, and P. J. Kirsch, "Court-Ordered Reimbursement for Unproven Medical Technology", JAMA 269(1993):2116-21.
204. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993);
205. G. J. Annas, "Scientific Evidence in the Courtroom: The Death of the Frye Rule", New England Journal of Medicine 330(1994):1018-21;
206. J. E. Bertin and M. S. Henifin, "Science, Law, and the Search for Truth in the Courtroom: Lesson from Daubert v. Merrell Dow", Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 22(1994):6-20.
207. Canavan v. Brigham and Women's Hospital, 48 Mass. App. Ct. 297 (1999).
208. A. R. Localio, A. G. Lothers, J. M. Bengtson, et al., "Relationship between Malpractice Claims and Caesarean Delivery", JAMA 269(1993):366-73.
209. Huber, Galileo's Revenge, 179.
210. L. Esserman, Y. Shieh, and I. Thompson, "Rethinking Screening for Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer", JAMA 302(2009):1685-92.
211. G. Kolata, "Patients' Lawyers Lead Insurers to Pay for Unproven Treatments", New York Times, March 28, 1994, p. A1;
212. G. Harris, "Where Cancer Progress Is Rare, One Man Says No", New York Times, September 16, 2009, p. A28.
213. H. Meyer, "Breast Study Woes Preview Reform Barriers", American Medical News, March 8, 1993, p. 1.
214. Kolata, "Patients' Lawyers Lead Insurers to Pay for Unproven Treatments";
215. Harris, "Where Cancer Progress Is Rare, One Man Says No. "
216. E. A. Stadtmauer, A. O'Neill, L. J. Goldstein, et al., "Conventional-Dose Chemotherapy Compared with High-Dose Chemotherapy plus Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Metastatic Breast Cancer", New England Journal of Medicine 342(2000):1069-76;
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221. Nelson and Cranford, "Legal Advice", p. 321.
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233. For another excellent discussion of the legal aspects of medical futility, see F. H. Marsh and A. Staver, "Physician Authority for Unilateral DNR Orders", Journal of Legal Medicine 12(1993):115-65.
234. G. Kolata, "Court Ruling Limits Rights of Patients: Care Deemed Futile May Be Withheld", New York Times, April 22, 1995, p. 6;
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291. M. Angell, "The Quality of Mercy", New England Journal of Medicine 306(1982):98-99;
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295. R. M. Dworkin, Life's Dominion (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993).
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378. Task Force of the American College of Critical Care Medicine, "Guidelines for Intensive Care Unit Admission, Discharge, and Triage", Critical Care Medicine 27(1999):633-38.
379. C. Sasson, A. L. Kellermann, and B. F. McNally, "Prehospital Termination of Resuscitation in Cases of Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest", JAMA 300(2008):1432-38.
380. L. J. Schneiderman, N. S. Jecker, and A. R. Jonsen, "Medical Futility: Its Meaning and Ethical Implications", Annals of Internal Medicine 112(1990):949-54.
381. Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees, American Heart Association, "Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care, VII: Ethical Considerations in Resuscitation", JAMA 268(1992):2282-88;
382. N. S. Jecker and L. J. Schneiderman, "Ceasing Futile Resuscitation in the Field: Ethical Considerations", Archives of Internal Medicine 152(1992):2392-97;
383. N. S. Jecker and L. J. Schneiderman, "An Ethical Analysis of the Use of 'Futility' in the 1992 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care", Archives of Internal Medicine 153(1993):2195-98;
384. K. M. Mclntyre, "Loosening Criteria for Withholding Prehospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation", Archives of Internal Medicine 153(1993):2189-92.
385. Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees, "Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. "
386. Sasson, Kellermann, and McNally, "Prehospital Termination of Resuscitation. "
387. J. H. King, The Law of Medical Malpractice in a Nutshell (St. Paul: West Publishing, 1977), pp. 42-49;
388. J. H. King, "In Search of a Standard of Care for the Medical Profession: The 'Accepted Practice' Formula", Vanderbilt Law Review 28(1975):1213-76.
389. M. B. Kapp", 'Cookbook' Medicine: A Legal Perspective", Archives of Internal Medicine 150(1990):496-500.
390. L. K. Stell, "Stopping Treatment on Grounds of Futility: A Role for Institutional Policy", St. Louis University Public Law Review 11(1992):481-97.
391. Schneiderman, Jecker, and Jonsen, "Medical Futility."
392. A. L. Kellermann D. R. Staves, and B. B. Hackman, "In-Hospital Resuscitation Following Unsuccessful Prehospital Advanced Cardiac Life Support: 'Heroic Efforts' or an Exercise in Futility?" Annals of Emergency Medicine 17(1988):589-94;
393. J. D. Lantos, S. H. Miles, M. D. Silverstein, and C. B. Stocking, "Survival after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Babies of Very Low Birthweight: Is CPR Futile?" New England Journal of Medicine 318(1988):91-95;
394. G. E. Taffet, T. A. Teasdale, and R. J. Luchi, "In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation", JAMA 260(1988):2069-72;
395. D. J. Murphy, A. M. Murray, B. E. Robinson, and E. W. Campion, "Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Elderly", Annals of Internal Medicine 111(1989):199-205;
396. M. J. Bonnin and R. A. Swor, "Outcomes in Unsuccessful Field Resuscitation Attempts", Annals of Emergency Medicine 18(1989):507-12;
397. K. Faber-Langendoen, "Resuscitation of Patients with Metastatic Cancer: Is Transient Benefit Still Futile?" Archives of Internal Medicine 151(1991):235-39;
398. W. A. Gray, R. J. Capone, and A. S. Most, "Unsuccessful Emergency Medical Resuscitation: Are Continued Efforts in the Emergency Department Justified?" New England Journal of Medicine 329(1991):1393-98.
399. M. Rosenberg, C. Wang, S. Hoffman-Wilde, and D. Hickham, "Results of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Failure to Predict Survival in Two Community Hospitals", Archives of Internal Medicine 153(1993):1370-75.
400. AMA-YPS Handbook Review: HOD Reference Committee on Amendments to Constitution and Bylaws.
401. "Uniform Health-Care Decisions Act", Drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, Approved and Recommended for Enactment in All the States, Charleston, SC, July 30-August 6, 1993, Prefatory Note 5. Available from National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, 676 North St. Clair Street, Suite 1700, Chicago, IL 60611.
402. Obligations of Health-Care Provider, subsection f.
403. L. J. Schneiderman and N. S. Jecker, "Futility in Practice", Archives of Internal Medicine 153(1993):437-41.
404. "At Odds with Family, Hospital Seeks to End Life", Chicago Tribune, January 10, 1991;
405. "Atlanta Court Bars Efforts to End Life Support for Stricken Girl, 13", New York Times, October 18, 1991;
406. D. Gianelli, "Hospital Seeks to Override Family's Objections, Stop Respirator", American Medical News, Jan. 28, 1992, sec. 2;
407. L. Belkin, "As Family Protests, Hospital Seeks an End to Woman's Life Support", New York Times, January 10, 1991, p. A1.
408. L. J. Schneiderman and A. M. Capron, "How Can Hospital Futility Policies Contribute to Establishing Standards of Practice?" Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 9(2000):524-31.
409. Americans with Disabilities Act, Public Law No. 101-336 (July 26, 1990).
410. L. J. Schneiderman and S. Manning, "The Baby K Case: A Search for the Elusive Standard of Medical Care", Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 6(1997):9-18.
411. L. J. Schneiderman, N. S. Jecker, and A. R. Jonsen, "Medical Futility: Its Meaning and Ethical Implications", Annals of Internal Medicine 112(1990):949-54.
412. J. D. Lantos, P. A. Singer, R. M. Walter, et al., "The Illusion of Futility in Clinical Practice", American Journal of Medicine 87(1989):81-84;
413. S. J. Youngner, "Who Defines Futility?" JAMA 260(1988):2094-95.
414. J. J. Paris, M. D. Schreiber, M. Statter, R. Arensman, and M. Siegler, "Beyond Autonomy: Physicians' Refusal to Use Life-Prolonging Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation", New England Journal of Medicine 329(1993):356.
415. D. W. Amundsen, "The Physician's Obligation to Prolong Life: A Medical Duty without Classical Roots", Hastings Center Report 8, no. 4(1978):23-30.
416. B. Jennett and F. Plum, "Persistent Vegetative State after Brain Damage: A Syndrome in Search of a Name", Lancet 1(1972):734-37.
417. R. D. Truog, A. S. Brett, and J. Frader, "The Problem with Futility", New England Journal of Medicine 326(1992):1560-64.
418. President's Commission for the Study for Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Deciding to Forgo Life-Sustaining Treatment: Ethical, Medical, and Legal Issues in Treatment Decisions (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1983);
419. Guidelines on the Termination of Life-Sustaining Treatment and the Care of the Dying (Briarcliff Manor, NY: Hastings Center, 1987);
420. Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, Current Opinions (Chicago: Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association, 1989);
421. Task Force on Ethics of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, "Consensus Report on the Ethics of Forgoing Life-Sustaining Treatments in the Critically Ill", Critical Care Medicine 18(1990):1435-39;
422. American Thoracic Society, "Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Therapy", Annals of Internal Medicine 115(1991):478-85.
423. Truog, Brett, and Frader, "The Problem with Futility."
424. Hippocratic Corpus, "The Art", in Ethics in Medicine: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Concerns, ed. S. J. Reiser, A. J. Dyck, and W. J. Curran (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977), pp. 6-7.
425. Plato, Republic, trans. G. M. A. Grube (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1981), pp. 76-77.
426. Schneiderman, Jecker, and Jonsen, "Medical Futility: Its Meaning."
427. A. L. Kellermann, D. R. Staves, and B. B. Hackman, "In-Hospital Resuscitation Following Unsuccessful Prehospital Advanced Cardiac Life-Support: 'Heroic Efforts' or an Exercise in Futility?" Annals of Emergency Medicine 17(1988):589-94;
428. J. D. Lantos, S. H. Miles, M. D. Silverstein, and C. B. Stocking, "Survival after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Babies of Very Low Birth Weight: Is CPR Futile?" New England Journal of Medicine 318(1988):91-95;
429. G. E. Taffet, T. A. Teasdale, and R. J. Luchi, "In-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation", JAMA 260(1988):2069-72;
430. D. J. Murphy, A. M. Murray, B. E. Robinson, et al., "Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Elderly", Annals of Internal Medicine (1989): 199-205;
431. M. J. Bonnin and R. A. Swor, "Outcomes in Unsuccessful Field Resuscitation Attempts", Annals of Emergency Medicine 18(1989):507-12;
432. K. Faber-Langendoen, "Resuscitation of Patients with Metastatic Cancer: Is Transient Benefit Still Futile?" Archives of Internal Medicine 151(1991):235-39;
433. W. A. Gray, R. J. Capone, and A. S. Most, "Unsuccessful Emergency Medical Resuscitation: Are Continued Efforts in the Emergency Department Justified?" New England Journal of Medicine 329(1991):1393-98.
434. N. S. Jecker and L. J. Schneiderman, "Medical Futility: The Duty Not to Treat", Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2(1993):151-57.
435. L. J. Schneiderman and A. M. Capron, "How Can Hospital Futility Policies Contribute to Establishing Standards of Practice?" Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 9(2000):524-31.
436. T. Tomlinson and H. Brody, "Futility and the Ethics of Resuscitation", JAMA 264(1990):1276-80.
437. Truog, Brett, and Frader, "The Problem with Futility."
438. L. J. Schneiderman and N. S. Jecker, "Futility in Practice", Archives of Internal Medicine 153(1993):437-41.
439. N. S. Jecker and L. J. Schneiderman, "Futility and Rationing", American Journal of Medicine 92(1992):189-96.
440. L. J. Schneiderman, K. Faber-Langendoen, and N. S. Jecker, "Beyond Futility to an Ethic of Care", American Journal of Medicine 96(1994):110-14.
441. H. Brody, M. L. Campbell, K. Faber-Langendoen, and K. S. Ogle, "Withdrawing Intensive Life-Sustaining Treatment: Recommendations for Compassionate Clinical Management", New England Journal of Medicine 336(1997):652-57;
442. D. E. Weissman, "Decision Making at a Time of Crisis near the End of Life", JAMA 292(2004):1738-43;
443. R. A. Mularski, J. R. Curtis, J. A. Billings, et al., "Proposed Quality Measures for Palliative Care in the Critically Ill: A Consensus from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Critical Care Workgroup", Critical Care Medicine 34, no. 11, Suppl. (2006): S404-11.
444. M. K. Tamura, K. E. Covinsky, G. M. Chertow, K. Yaffe, S. Landefeld, and C. E. McCulloch, "Functional Status of Elderly Adults before and after Initiation of Dialysis", New England Journal of Medicine 361(2009):1539-47.
445. S. L. Mitchell, J. M. Teno, D. K. Kiely, et al., "The Clinical Course of Advanced Dementia", New England Journal of Medicine 361(2009):1529-38.
446. L. J. Schneiderman, N. S. Jecker, and A. R. Jonsen, "Medical Futility: Its Meaning and Ethical Implications", Annals of Internal Medicine 112(1990):949-54.
447. L. J. Schneiderman, N. S. Jecker, and A. R. Jonsen, "Medical Futility: Response to Critiques", Annals of Internal Medicine 125(1996):669-774.
448. S. M. Wolf, "Conflict between Doctor and Patient", Law, Medicine and Health Care 16(1988):197-203.
449. G. R. Scofield, "Medical Futility: Can We Talk?" Generations 18, no. 4(1994):66-70;
450. R. M. Veatch and C. M. Spicer, "Medically Futile Care: The Role of the Physician in Setting Limits", American Journal of Law and Medicine 18(1992):15-36;
451. T. A. Brennan, "Silent Decisions: Limits of Consent and the Terminally Ill Patient", Law Medicine and Health Care 16(1988):204-9;
452. G. R. Scofield, "Is Consent Useful When Resuscitation Isn't?" Hastings Center Report 21, no. 6(1991):28-36.
453. T. J. Prendergast, "Futility and the Common Cold: How Requests for Antibiotics Can Illuminate Care at the End of Life", Chest 107(1995):836-44;
454. Scofield, "Medical Futility."
455. D. J. Murphy, "Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: Time for Reappraisal in Long-Term-Care Institutions", JAMA 260(1988):2098-2101;
456. H. Brody, "Medical Futility: A Useful Concept?" in Medical Futility, ed. M. Zucker and H. Zucker (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
457. J. J. Paris, R. K. Crone, and F. Reardon, "Physician's Refusal of Requested Treatment: The Case of Baby L", New England Journal of Medicine 322(1990):1012-15;
458. H. Brody, "The Power to Determine Futility, "
459. chap. 11 in The Healer's Power (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).
460. Brody, "The Power to Determine Futility";
461. N. S. Jecker, "Medical Futility and Care of the Dying Patient", Western Journal of Medicine 163(1995):287-91;
462. N. S. Jecker and R. A. Pearlman, "Medical Futility: Who Decides?" Archives of Internal Medicine 152(1992):1140-44;
463. N. S. Jecker, "Is Refusal of Futile Treatment Unjustified Paternalism?" Journal of Clinical Ethics 6(1995):130-44.
464. Veatch and Spicer, "Medically Futile Care."
465. N. S. Jecker and L. J. Schneiderman, "When Families Request That Everything Possible Be Done", Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 20(1995):145-63;
466. L. J. Schneiderman, K. Faber-Langendoen, and N. S. Jecker, "Beyond Futility to an Ethic of Care", American Journal of Medicine 96(1994):110-14.
467. R. D. Truog, A. S. Brett, and J. Frader, "The Problem with Futility", New England Journal of Medicine 326(1992):1560-64;
468. E. H. Morreim, "Profoundly Diminished Life: The Casualties of Coercion", Hastings Center Report 24, no. 1(1994):33-42;
469. S. J. Youngner, "Medical Futility and the social contract (Who Are the Real Doctors on Howard Brody's Island?)", Seton Hall Law Review 25(1995):1015-26;
470. R. A. Gatter and J. C. Moskop, "From Futility to Triage", Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 20(1995):191-205.
471. J. R. Curtis, D. R. Park, M. R. Krone, and R. A. Pearlman, "The Use of the Medical Futility Rationale in Do Not Attempt Resuscitation Orders", JAMA 273(1995):124-28;
472. S. V. Van McCrary, J. W. Swanson, S. J. Youngner, H. S. Perkins, and W. J. Winslade, "Physicians' Quantitative Assessments of Medical Futility", Journal of Clinical Ethics 5(1994):100-105.
473. D. Yankelovich, Coming to Public Judgment: Making Democracy Work in a Complex World (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1991).
474. Wolf, "Conflict between Doctor and Patient";
475. Brennan, "Silent Decisions";
476. Truog, Brett, and Frader, "The Problem with Futility";
477. F. Ackerman, "The Significance of a Wish", Hastings Center Report 21, no. 4(1991):27-29;
478. A. M. Capron, "In re Helga Wanglie, ". 21, no. 5(1991):26-28.
479. G. Kolata, "Court Ruling Limits Rights of Patients: Care Deemed Futile May Be Withheld", New York Times, April 22, 1995, p. 6;
480. N. S. Jecker, "Calling It Quits: Stopping Futile Treatment and Caring for Patients", Journal of Clinical Ethics 5(1994):138-42;
481. L. J. Schneiderman and N. S. Jecker, "Futility in Practice", Archives of Internal Medicine 153(1993):437-41.
482. Texas Health and Safety Code, Annotated, sec. 166.046.
483. "Uniform Health-Care Decisions Act", Drafted by the National
484. Obligations of Health-Care Provider, subsection f.
485. Truog, Brett, and Frader, "The Problem with Futility."
486. Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees, American Heart Association, "Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care, VII: Ethical Consideration in Resuscitation", JAMA 268(1992):2283;
487. N. S. Jecker and L. J. Schneiderman, "An Ethical Analysis of the Use of Futility in the 1992 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and EC", Archives of Internal Medicine 153(1993):2195-98;
488. N. S. Jecker and L. J. Schneiderman, "Ceasing Futile Resuscitation in the Field: Ethical Considerations", Archives of Internal Medicine 152(1992):2392-97.
489. L. J. Schneiderman, "The Futility Debate: Effective versus Beneficial Intervention", Journal of the American Geriatric Society 42(1994):883-86.
490. Scofield, "Is Consent Useful When Resuscitation Isn't?"
491. K. R. Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery (New York: Basic Books, 1961), p. 280.
492. T. Tomlinson and D. Czlonka, "Futility and Hospital Policy", Hastings Center Report 25, no. 3(1995):28-35.
493. Schneiderman, Jecker, and Jonsen, "Medical Futility."
494. L. J. Schneiderman and N. S. Jecker, "Is the Treatment Beneficial, Experimental or Futile?" Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 5(1996):248-56.
495. Prendergast, "Futility and the Common Cold."
496. Schneiderman, Jecker, and Jonsen, "Medical Futility."
497. Prendergast, "Futility and the Common Cold."
498. Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees, American Heart Association, "Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care."
499. Jecker and Schneiderman, "The Use of Futility in the 1992 American Heart Association Guidelines for CPR and EC."
500. Prendergast, "Futility and the Common Cold."
501. J. D. Lantos, S. H. Miles, M. D. Silverstein, and C. B. Stocking, "Survival after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Babies of Very Low Birth Weight: Is CPR Futile?" New England Journal of Medicine 318(1988):91-95;
502. A. L. Kellermann, D. R. Staves, and B. B. Hackman, "In-Hospital Resuscitation Following Unsuccessful Prehospital Advanced Cardiac Life Support: 'Heroic Efforts' or an Exercise in Futility?" Annals of Emergency Medicine 17(1988):589-94;
503. M. J. Bonnin and R. A. Swor, "Outcomes in Unsuccessful Field Resuscitation Attempts", Annals of Emergency Medicine 18(1989):507-12;
504. D. J. Murphy, A. M. Murray, B. E. Robinson, and E. W. Campion, "Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Elderly", Annals of Internal Medicine 111(1989):199-105;
505. K. Faber-Langendoen, "Resuscitation of Patients with Metastatic Cancer: Is Transient Benefit Still Futile?" Archives of Internal Medicine 151(1991):235-39;
506. W. A. Gray, R. J. Capone, and A. S. Most, "Unsuccessful Emergency Medical Resuscitation: Are Continued Efforts in the Emergency Department Justified?" New England Journal of Medicine 325(1991):1393-98.
507. C. Sasson, A. L. Kellermann, and B. F. McNally, "Prehospital Termination of Resuscitation in Cases of Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest", JAMA 300(2008):1432-38.
508. D. A. Grimes, "Technology Follies", JAMA 269(1993):3030-32.
509. For example, F. L. Ferreira, D. P. Bota, A. Bross, C. Mélot, and J. L. Vincent, "Serial Evaluation of the SOFA Score to Predict Outcome in Critically Ill Patients", JAMA 286(2001):1754-58;
510. J. E. Zimmerman, A. A. Kramer, D. S. McNair, and F. M. Malila, "Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV: Hospital Mortality Assessment for Today's Critically Ill Patient", Critical Care Medicine 34(2006):1297-1310.
511. B. A. Brody and A. Halevy, "Is Futility a Futile Concept?" Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 20(1995):123-44.
512. S. G. Post, "Baby K: Medical Futility and the Free Exercise of Religion", Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 23(1995):20-26.
513. N. S. Jecker, J. A. Carrese, and R. A. Pearlman, "Caring for Patients in Cross-Cultural Settings", Hastings Center Report 25, no. 1(1995):6-14.
514. E. H. Morreim, Balancing Act: The New Medical Ethics of Medicine's New Economics (Boston: Kulwer Academic Publishers, 1991).
515. N. S. Jecker and L. J. Schneiderman, "Futility and Rationing", American Journal of Medicine 92(1992):189-96;
516. L. J. Schneiderman and N. S. Jecker, "Should a Criminal Receive a Heart Transplant? Medical Justice vs. Societal Justice", Theoretical Medicine, June 1995.
517. H. Brody, "The Physician's Role in Determining Futility", Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 42(1994):875-78.
518. Truog, Brett, and Frader, "The Problem with Futility."
519. Hippocratic Corpus, "The Art", in Ethics in Medicine: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Concerns, ed. S. J. Reiser, A. J. Dyck, and W. J. Curran (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977), p. 6.
520. N. S. Jecker, "Knowing When to Stop: The Limits of Medicine", Hastings Center Report May-June (1991): 5-8.
521. Schneiderman, Jecker, and Jonsen, "Medical Futility."
522. Texas Health and Safety Code, Annotated, sec. 166.046.
523. L. J. Schneiderman, Embracing Our Mortality: Hard Choices in an Age of Medical Miracles (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).