The risks and benefits of glucocorticoid treatment for tendinopathy: A systematic review of the effects of local glucocorticoid on tendon

Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism

Volumn 43, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 570-576

  Dean, Benjamin John Floyd ^a   Lostis, Emilie ^a   Oakley, Thomas ^a   Rombach, Ines ^a   Morrey, Mark E ^a   Carr, Andrew J ^a  

^a NUFFIELD ORTHOPAEDIC CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Fibroblast; Glucocorticoid; Steroid; Tendon; Tenocyte

Indexed keywords

FIBROBLAST; GLUCOCORTICOID; STEROID; TENDON; TENOCYTE;

CELL PROLIFERATION; FIBROBLASTS; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; RISK; TENDINOPATHY; TENDONS;

EID: 84894900005     PISSN: 00490172     EISSN: 1532866X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.08.006     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Glyn J. The discovery and early use of cortisone. J R Soc Med 1998, 91:513-517. [Epub 1999/03/10].
2. Authority NBS. Electronic Prescribing & Financial Information for Practices (ePFIP), ; 2009. http://wwwnhsbsanhsuk/PrescriptionServices/963aspx.
3. Arroll B., Goodyear-Smith F. Corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis of the knee: meta-analysis. Br Med J 2004, 328:869.
4. Arroll B., Goodyear-Smith F. Corticosteroid injections for painful shoulder: a meta-analysis. Br J Gen Prac 2005, 55:224-228. [Epub 2005/04/06].
5. Staal J.B., de Bie R., de Vet H.C., Hildebrandt J., Nelemans P. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, [CD001824, Epub 2008/07/23].
6. Coombes B.K., Bisset L., Vicenzino B. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2010, 376:1751-1767. [Epub 2010/10/26].
7. Buchbinder R., Green S., Youd J.M. Corticosteroid injections for shoulder pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003, [CD004016, Epub 2003/01/22].
8. Scott A., Docking S., Vicenzino B., Alfredson H., Zwerver J., Lundgreen K., et al. Sports and exercise-related tendinopathies: a review of selected topical issues by participants of the second International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium (ISTS) Vancouver 2012. Br J Sports Med 2013, 47:536-544. [Epub 2013/04/16].
9. Coombes B.K., Bisset L., Brooks P., Khan A., Vicenzino B. Effect of corticosteroid injection, physiotherapy, or both on clinical outcomes in patients with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2013, 309:461-469. [Epub 2013/02/07].
10. Mahler F., Fritschy D. Partial and complete ruptures of the Achilles tendon and local corticosteroid injections. Br J Sports Med 1992, 26:7-14. [Epub 1992/03/01].
11. Shrier I., Matheson G.O., Kohl H.W. Achilles tendonitis: are corticosteroid injections useful or harmful?. Clin J Sport Med 1996, 6:245-250. [Epub 1996/10/01].
12. Maffulli N., Wong J. Rupture of the Achilles and patellar tendons. Clin Sports Med 2003, 22:761-776. [Epub 2003/10/17].
13. van der Linden P.D., Sturkenboom M.C., Herings R.M., Leufkens H.M., Rowlands S., Stricker B.H. Increased risk of achilles tendon rupture with quinolone antibacterial use, especially in elderly patients taking oral corticosteroids. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:1801-1807. [Epub 2003/08/13].
14. Mandel S., Schilling J., Peterson E., Rao D.S., Sanders W. A retrospective analysis of vertebral body fractures following epidural steroid injections. J Bone Joint Surg 2013, 95:961-964.
15. Barnes P.J. Corticosteroid effects on cell signalling. Eur Respir J 2006, 27:413-426. [Epub 2006/02/03].
16. Payne D.N., Adcock I.M. Molecular mechanisms of corticosteroid actions. Paediatr Respir Rev 2001, 2:145-150. [Epub 2003/01/18].
17. Lannan E.A., Galliher-Beckley A.J., Scoltock A.B., Cidlowski J.A. Proinflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: glucocorticoids and TNFalpha coregulate gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Endocrinology 2012, 153:3701-3712. [Epub 2012/06/08].
18. Dean B.J., Franklin S.L., Carr A.J. The peripheral neuronal phenotype is important in the pathogenesis of painful human tendinopathy: a systematic review. Bone Joint Res 2012, 1:158-166. [Epub 2013/04/24].
19. Dean B.J.F., Franklin S.L., Carr A.J. A systematic review of the histological and molecular changes in rotator cuff disease. BoneJoint Res 2012, 1:158-166.
20. Sharma P., Maffulli N. Biology of tendon injury: healing, modeling and remodeling. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2006, 6:181-190. [Epub 2006/07/20].
21. Ackermann P.W., Li J., Lundeberg T., Kreicbergs A. Neuronal plasticity in relation to nociception and healing of rat achilles tendon. J Orthop Res 2003, 21:432-441. [Epub 2003/04/23].
22. Sharma P., Maffulli N. Tendon injury and tendinopathy: healing and repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005, 87:187-202. [Epub 2005/01/07].
23. Rees J.D., Stride M., Scott A. Tendons-time to revisit inflammation. Br J Sports Med 2013, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23476034 [Epub 2013/03/12].
24. Alfredson H., Lorentzon R. Chronic tendon pain: no signs of chemical inflammation but high concentrations of the neurotransmitter glutamate. Implications for treatment?. Current Drug Targets 2002, 3:43-54. [Epub 2002/03/20].
25. Liberati A., Altman D.G., Tetzlaff J., Mulrow C., Gotzsche P.C., Ioannidis J.P., et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. Br Med J 2009, 339:b2700. [Epub 2009/07/23].
26. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2012. http://www.cochraneorg/training/cochrane-handbook.
27. Hegedus E.J., Cook C., Brennan M., Wyland D., Garrison J.C., Driesner D. Vascularity and tendon pathology in the rotator cuff: a review of literature and implications for rehabilitation and surgery. Br J Sports Med 2010, 44:838-847. [Epub 2009/03/19].
28. Neyeloff J.L., Fuchs S.C., Moreira L.B. Meta-analyses and Forest plots using a microsoft excel spreadsheet: step-by-step guide focusing on descriptive data analysis. BMC Res Notes 2012, 5:52. [Epub 2012/01/24].
29. Mikolyzk D.K., Wei A.S., Tonino P., Marra G., Williams D.A., Himes R.D., et al. Effect of corticosteroids on the biomechanical strength of rat rotator cuff tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009, 91:1172-1180.
30. Oxlund H. The influence of a local injection of cortisol on the mechanical properties of tendons and ligaments and the indirect effect on skin. Acta Orthop Scand 1980, 51:231-238.
31. Plotkin M.B., Foss M.L., Goldin B., Ellis D.G. Dose-response effects of anti-inflammatory steroid injections on mechanical properties of rat tail tendons. Med Sci Sports 1976, 8:230-234.
32. Lewis J.S. Rotator cuff tendinopathy. Br J Sports Med 2009, 43:236-241. [Epub 2008/09/20].
33. Neer C.S. Impingement lesions. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983, 70-77. [Epub 1983/03/01].
34. Fredberg U., Stengaard-Pedersen K. Chronic tendinopathy tissue pathology, pain mechanisms, and etiology with a special focus on inflammation. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008, 18:3-15. [Epub 2008/02/26].
35. Seitz A.L., McClure P.W., Finucane S., Boardman N.D., Michener L.A. Mechanisms of rotator cuff tendinopathy: intrinsic, extrinsic, or both?. Clin Biomech 2011, 26:1-12.
36. Xu Y., Murrell G.A. The basic science of tendinopathy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008, 466:1528-1538. [Epub 2008/05/15].
37. Riley G. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy. A molecular perspective. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004, 43:131-142. [Epub 2003/07/18].
38. Millar N.L., Hueber A.J., Reilly J.H., Xu Y., Fazzi U.G., Murrell G.A., et al. Inflammation is present in early human tendinopathy. Am J Sports Med 2010, 38:2085-2091. [Epub 2010/07/03].
39. Abate M., Silbernagel K.G., Siljeholm C., Di Iorio A., De Amicis D., Salini V., et al. Pathogenesis of tendinopathies: inflammation or degeneration?. Arthritis Res Ther 2009, 11:235. [Epub 2009/07/14].
40. Kennedy J.C., Willis R.B. The effects of local steroid injections on tendons: a biomechanical and microscopic correlative study. Am J Sports Med 1976, 4:11-21.
41. Peters-Veluthamaningal C., van der Windt D.A., Winters J.C., Meyboom-de Jong B. Corticosteroid injection for trigger finger in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, [CD005617, Epub 2009/01/23].
42. Peters-Veluthamaningal C., Winters J.C., Groenier K.H., Meyboom-DeJong B. Randomised controlled trial of local corticosteroid injections for de Quervain's tenosynovitis in general practice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009, 10:131. [Epub 2009/10/29].
43. Lee D.H., Han S.B., Park J.W., Lee S.H., Kim K.W., Jeong W.K. Sonographically guided tendon sheath injections are more accurate than blind injections: implications for trigger finger treatment. J Ultrasound Med 2011, 30:197-203. [Epub 2011/01/27].
44. Wong M.W., Lui W.T., Fu S.C., Lee K.M. The effect of glucocorticoids on tendon cell viability in human tendon explants. Acta Orthop 2009, 80:363-367. [Epub 2009/05/08].
45. Wong M.W., Tang Y.Y., Lee S.K., Fu B.S., Chan B.P., Chan C.K. Effect of dexamethasone on cultured human tenocytes and its reversibility by platelet-derived growth factor. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003, 85-A:1914-1920. [Epub 2003/10/18].
46. Zargar Baboldashti N., Poulsen R.C., Franklin S.L., Thompson M.S., Hulley P.A. Platelet-rich plasma protects tenocytes from adverse side effects of dexamethasone and ciprofloxacin. Am J Sports Med 2011, 39:1929-1935.
47. Sendzik J., Shakibaei M., Schafer-Korting M., Lode H., Stahlmann R. Synergistic effects of dexamethasone and quinolones on human-derived tendon cells. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010, 35:366-374.
48. Poulsen R.C., Carr A.J., Hulley P.A. Protection against glucocorticoid-induced damage in human tenocytes by modulation of ERK, Akt, and forkhead signaling. Endocrinology 2011, 152:503-514. [Epub 2011/01/07].
49. Kempka G., Ahr H.J., Ruther W., Schluter G. Effects of fluoroquinolones and glucocorticoids on cultivated tendon cells in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 1996, 10:743-754.
50. Wong M.W., Tang Y.N., Fu S.C., Lee K.M., Chan K.M. Triamcinolone suppresses human tenocyte cellular activity and collagen synthesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004, 421:277-281. [Epub 2004/05/05].
51. Moosmayer S., Tariq R., Stiris M., Smith H.J. The natural history of asymptomatic rotator cuff tears: a three-year follow-up of fifty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013, 95:1249-1255. [Epub 2013/07/19].
52. Tempfer H., Gehwolf R., Lehner C., Wagner A., Mtsariashvili M., Bauer H.C., et al. Effects of crystalline glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide on cultered human supraspinatus tendon cells. Acta Orthop 2009, 80:357-362.
53. Zhang J., Keenan C., Wang J.H. The effects of dexamethasone on human patellar tendon stem cells: implications for dexamethasone treatment of tendon injury. J Orthop Res 2013, 31:105-110.
54. Tsai W.-C., Tang F.-T., Wong M.-K., Yen H.-C., Pang J.-H.S. Decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen is associated with dexamethasone inhibition of the proliferation of rat tendon fibroblasts. J Rheumatol 2002, 29(11):2397-2402.
55. Scutt N., Rolf C.G., Scutt A. Glucocorticoids inhibit tenocyte proliferation and tendon progenitor cell recruitment. J Orthop Res 2006, 24:173-182.
56. Lee S.K., Ling C.M. The response of human tendon to hydrocortisone injection. Singapore Med J 1975, 16:259-262. [Epub 1975/12/01].
57. Tillander B., Franzen L.E., Karlsson M.H., Norlin R. Effect of steroid injections on the rotator cuff: an experimental study in rats. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1999, 8:271-274.
58. Balasubramaniam P., Prathap K. The effect of injection of hydrocortisone into rabbit calcaneal tendons. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1972, 54:729-734. [Epub 1972/11/01].
59. Akpinar S., Hersekli M.A., Demirors H., Tandogan R.N., Kayaselcuk F. Effects of methylprednisolone and betamethasone injections on the rotator cuff: an experimental study in rats. Adv Ther 2002, 19:194-201.
60. Unverferth LJ, Olix ML. The effect of local steroid injections on tendon. J Sports Med 1973;1:31-7.
61. Tsai W.C., Tang F.T., Wong M.K., Pang J.H. Inhibition of tendon cell migration by dexamethasone is correlated with reduced alpha-smooth muscle actin gene expression: a potential mechanism of delayed tendon healing. J Orthop Res 2003, 21:265-271.
62. Shapiro P.S., Rohde R.S., Froimson M.I., Lash R.H., Postak P., Greenwald A.S. The effect of local corticosteroid or ketorolac exposure on histologic and biomechanical properties of rabbit tendon and cartilage. Hand (New York, NY) 2007, 2:165-172.
63. Tatari H., Kosay C., Baran O., Ozcan O., Ozer E. Deleterious effects of local corticosteroid injections on the Achilles tendon of rats. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2001, 121:333-337.
64. Kapetanos G. The effect of the local corticosteroids on the healing and biomechanical properties of the partially injured tendon. Clinical Orthop Relat Res 1982, 163:170-179. [Epub 1982/03/01].
65. Kim Y.S., Bigliani L.U., Fujisawa M., Murakami K., Chang S.S., Lee H.J., et al. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1, CXCL12) is increased in subacromial bursitis and downregulated by steroid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. J Orthop Res 2006, 24:1756-1764.
66. Oxlund H. Long term local cortisol treatment of tendons and the indirect effect on skin. An experimental study in rats. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1982, 16:61-66.
67. Oikarinen A., Mäkelä J., Vuorio T., Vuorio E. Comparison on collagen gene expression in the developing chick embryo tendon and heart. Tissue and development time-dependent action of dexamethasone. Biochim Biophys Acta 1991, 1089:40-46.
68. Dombi G.W., Halsall H.B. Collagen fibril formation in the presence of dexamethasone disodium phosphate. Connect Tissue Res 1986, 15:257-268.
69. Oikarinen A. Effect of betamethasone-17-valerate on synthesis of collagen and prolyl hydroxylase activity in chick embryo tendon cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1977, 26:875-879.
70. Oikarinen A. Effect of cortisol acetate on collagen biosynthesis and on the activities of prolyl hydroxylase, lysyl hydroxylase, collagen galactosyltransferase and collagen glucosyltransferase in chick-embryo tendon cells. Biochem J 1977, 164:533-539.
71. Oikarinen A.I., Vuorio E.I., Zaragoza E.J., Palotie A., Chu M.L., Uitto J. Modulation of collagen metabolism by glucocorticoids. Receptor-mediated effects of dexamethasone on collagen biosynthesis in chick embryo fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1988, 37:1451-1462.
72. Oikarinen J. Cortisol induces (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase in cultured chick embryo tendon fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1982, 105:876-881. [Epub 1982/04/14].
73. Buck R.C., Wilhelm D.L. The influence of cortisone on the regeneration of tendon and tracheal epithelium in the rat. Br J Exp Pathol 1952, 33:562-566. [Epub 1952/12/01].
74. Wei A.S., Callaci J.J., Juknelis D., Marra G., Tonino P., Freedman K.B., et al. The effect of corticosteroid on collagen expression in injured rotator cuff tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006, 88:1331-1338.
75. Lee H-J, Kim Y-S, Ok J-H, Lee Y-K, Ha MY. Effect of a single subacromial prednisolone injection in acute rotator cuff tears in a rat model. 2013 [Epub 2013/01/31].
76. Wong M.W., Tang Y.Y., Lee S.K., Fu B.S. Glucocorticoids suppress proteoglycan production by human tenocytes. Acta Orthop 2005, 76:927-931. [Epub 2006/02/14].
77. Poulsen R.C., Watts A.C., Murphy R.J., Snelling S.J., Carr A.J., Hulley P.A. Glucocorticoids induce senescence in primary human tenocytes by inhibition of sirtuin 1 and activation of the p53/p21 pathway: in vivo and in vitro evidence. Ann Rheum Dis 2013, [Epub 2013/06/04].
78. Martins C.A., Bertuzzi R.T., Tisot R.A., Michelin A.F., do Prado J.M., Stroher A., et al. Dextrose prolotherapy and corticosteroid injection into rat Achilles tendon. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012, 20:1895-1900.
79. Haraldsson B.T., Aagaard P., Crafoord-Larsen D., Kjaer M., Magnusson S.P. Corticosteroid administration alters the mechanical properties of isolated collagen fascicles in rat-tail tendon. Scand J MedSci Sports 2009, 19:621-626.
80. Hugate R., Pennypacker J., Saunders M., Juliano P. The effects of intratendinous and retrocalcaneal intrabursal injections of corticosteroid on the biomechanical properties of rabbit Achilles tendons. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004, 86-A:794-801.
81. Martin D.F., Carlson C.S., Berry J., Reboussin B.A., Gordon E.S., Smith B.P. Effect of injected versus iontophoretic corticosteroid on the rabbit tendon. South Med J 1999, 92:600-608.
82. McWhorter J.W., Francis R.S., Heckmann R.A. Influence of local steroid injections on traumatized tendon properties. A biomechanical and histological study. Am J Sports Med 1991, 19:435-439.
83. Mackie J.W., Goldin B., Foss M.L., Cockrell J.L. Mechanical properties of rabbit tendons after repeated anti-inflammatory steroid injections 1974, 6:198-202.
84. Matthews L.S., Sonstegard D.A., Phelps D.B. A biomechanical study of rabbit patellar tendon: effects of steroid injection. J Sports Med 1974, 2:349-357.
85. Ketchum L.D. Effects of triamcinolone on tendon healing and function. A laboratory study. Plast Reconstr Surg 1971, 47:471-482.
86. Gonzalez R.I. Experimental tendon repair within the flexor tunnels; the use of hydrocortisone without improvement of function in the dog. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1953, 35-A:991-993.
87. Haraldsson B.T., Langberg H., Aagaard P., Zuurmond A.M., van El B., Degroot J., et al. Corticosteroids reduce the tensile strength of isolated collagen fascicles. The American journal of sports medicine 2006, 34(12):1992-1997.
88. Piper S.L., Laron D., Manzano G., Pattnaik T., Liu X., Kim H.T., et al. A comparison of lidocaine, ropivacaine and dexamethasone toxicity on bovine tenocytes in culture. The Journal of bone and joint surgery British volume 2012, 94(6):856-862. Epub 2012/05/26.
89. Koeke P.U., Parizotto N.A., Carrinho P.M., Salate A.C. Comparative study of the efficacy of the topical application of hydrocortisone, therapeutic ultrasound and phonophoresis on the tissue repair process in rat tendons. Ultrasound in medicine & biology 2005, 31(3):345-350.
90. Muto T., Kokubu T., Mifune Y., Sakata R., Nagura I., Nishimoto H., Harada Y., Nishida K., Kuroda R., Kurosaka M. Platelet-rich plasma protects rotator cuff-derived cells from the deleterious effects of triamcinolone acetonide. Orthop Res 2013 Jun, 31(6):976-982.