C-reactive protein: Clinical and epidemiological perspectives

Cardiology Research and Practice

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Salazar, Juan ^a   Martínez, María Sofía ^a   Chávez, Mervin ^a   Toledo, Alexandra ^a   Añez, Roberto ^a   Torres, Yaquelín ^a   Apruzzese, Vanessa ^a   Silva, Carlos ^a   Rojas, Joselyn ^a,b   Bermúdez, Valmore ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA   (Venezuela)

^b UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES   (Venezuela)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE MARKER; HUMAN; MORTALITY; PREDICTION; PREDICTOR VARIABLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; QUANTITATIVE STUDY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 84894827545     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20900597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/605810     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Libby P., Ridker P. M., Maseri A., Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002 105 9 1135 1143 2-s2.0-0037022910 10.1161/hc0902.104353
2. Blankenberg S., Yusuf S., The inflammatory hypothesis: any progress in risk stratification and therapeutic targets? Circulation 2006 114 15 1557 1560 2-s2.0-33749623118 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652081
3. Abbasi S. H., Boroumand M. A., Expanded network of inflammatory markers of atherogenesis: where are we now? Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal 2010 4 1 38 44 2-s2.0-78249242112
4. Figueroa P., Hamad I., Pascual García F. J., Carazo Marín A. F., Casado Almeida M. A., García Forcada A., Proteína C reactiva en el pronóstico de la insuficiencia cardiaca. Revista Costarricense de Cardiologia 2007 9 5 10
5. Pepys M. B., Hirschfield G. M., C-reactive protein: a critical update. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2003 111 12 1805 1812 2-s2.0-0042744797 10.1172/JCI200318921
6. Bisoendial R. J., Boekholdt S. M., Vergeer M., Stroes E. S. G., Kastelein J. J. P., C-reactive protein is a mediator of cardiovascular disease. European Heart Journal 2010 31 17 2087 2095 2-s2.0-77956398698 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq238
7. Heres-Álvarez F., Peix-González A., La proteína C reactiva como blanco terapéutico en la prevención cardiovascular: ¿ ficción o realidad? Revista Española de Cardiología 2011 11 5 30 35 10.1016/S1131-3587(11)15006-2
8. Thompson S. G., Kienast J., Pyke S. D. M., Haverkate F., Van de Loo J. C. W., Luscher E. F., Boissel J. P., Brakman P., Julian D. G., Prentice C. R. M., Verstraete M., Haverkate F., Bricaud H., Duckert F., Hugenholtz P. G., Lubsen J., Muller U. S., Breithardt G., Brochier M., Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. The New England Journal of Medicine 1995 332 10 635 641 2-s2.0-0028909230 10.1056/NEJM199503093321003
9. Turu M. M., Slevin M., Matou S., West D., Rodríguez C., Luque A., Grau-Olivares M., Badimon L., Martinez-Gonzalez J., Krupinski J., C-reactive protein exerts angiogenic effects on vascular endothelial cells and modulates associated signalling pathways and gene expression. BMC Cell Biology 2008 9, article 47 2-s2.0-52949112332 10.1186/1471-2121-9-47
10. Ridker P. M., C-reactive protein and the prediction of cardiovascular events among those at intermediate risk. moving an inflammatory hypothesis toward consensus. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007 49 21 2129 2138 2-s2.0-34248641015 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.052
11. Yeh E. T. H., High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a risk assessment tool for cardiovascular disease. Clinical Cardiology 2005 28 9 408 412 2-s2.0-24344482781
12. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, Risk estimation and the prevention of cardiovascular disease, A national clinical guideline, 2007
13. Cupples L. A., D'Agostino R. B., Kannel W. B., Wolf P. A., Garrison R. J., Section 34: some risk factors related to the annual incidence of cardiovascular disease and death in pooled repeated biennial measurements. Framingham Heart Study: 30 Year Follow-Up 1987 Bethesda, Md, USA Department of Health and Human Services
14. D'Agostino R. B. Sr., Vasan R. S., Pencina M. J., Wolf P. A., Cobain M., Massaro J. M., Kannel W. B., General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the framingham heart study. Circulation 2008 117 6 743 753 2-s2.0-39549093148 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579
15. National Vascular Disease Prevention Alliance, Guidelines for the assessment of absolute cardiovascular disease risk, 2009
16. Spitalnic S., Risk Assessment I: Relative Risk and Absolute Risk Reduction 2005 Hospital physician
17. Amouyel P., Deverly A., Andrejak M., Baigts F., Belorgey-Bismut C., Berdeaux A., Bernaud C., Charles M. A., Chauvenet M., Colombet I., Dahan R., Ducimetiere P., Goulemot S., Gueyffier F., Liard F., Maigret P., Moulin P., Poterre M., Poutignat N., Thuillez C., Cardiovascular global risk: definition, evaluation and management strategies. Therapie 2000 55 4 533 539 2-s2.0-0033693294
18. Black H. R., Zaret B. L., Moser M., Cohen L. S., Cardiovascular risk factors. Yale University School of Medicine Heart Book 1992 New York, NY, USA Hearst Books 23 35
19. Zannad F., Cardiovascular high-risk patients-treat to protect, but whom? Medscape General Medicine 2008 10 supplement 2 2-s2.0-42549110164
20. Icaza G., Núñez L., Marrugat J., Mujica V., Escobar M. C., Estimación de riesgo de enfermedad coronaria mediante la función de Framingham adaptada para la población chilena. Revista Médica de Chile 2009 137 1273 1282
21. Liu J., Hong Y., D'Agostino R. B. Sr., Wu Z., Wang W., Sun J., Wilson P. W. F., Kannel W. B., Zhao D., Predictive value for the Chinese population of the Framingham CHD risk assessment tool compared with the Chinese multi-provincial cohort study. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004 291 21 2591 2599 2-s2.0-2542437775 10.1001/jama.291.21.2591
22. Cleeman J. I., Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). Journal of the American Medical Association 2001 285 19 2486 2497 2-s2.0-0035897696
23. Assmann G., Cullen P., Schulte H., Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 2002 105 3 310 315 2-s2.0-0037154285 10.1161/hc0302.102575
24. Ferrario M., Chiodini P., Chambless L. E., Cesana G., Vanuzzo D., Panico S., Sega R., Pilotto L., Palmieri L., Giampaoli S., Sarman S., Fornari C., Corrao G., Bolognesi L., Feresin T., Mauro K., Martini M., Mattiussi F., Picco G., Celentano E., Mattiello A., Galasso R., Del Pezzo M., Santucci de Magistris M., Dima F., Lo Noce C., Santaquilani A., Caiola De Sanctis P., Pannozzo F., Seccareccia F., Prediction of coronary events in a low incidence population: assessing accuracy of the CUORE Cohort Study prediction equation. International Journal of Epidemiology 2005 34 2 413 421 2-s2.0-20844459978 10.1093/ije/dyh405
25. Zhang X.-F., Attia J., D'Este C., Yu X.-H., Wu X.-G., A risk score predicted coronary heart disease and stroke in a Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2005 58 9 951 958 2-s2.0-23644444336 10.1016/j.jclinepi. 2005.01.013
26. Jousilahti P., Vartiainen E., Tuomilehto J., Puska P., Sex, age, cardiovascular risk factors, and coronary heart disease: a prospective follow-up study of 14 786 middle-aged men and women in Finland. Circulation 1999 99 9 1165 1172 2-s2.0-0033537674
27. Ridker P. M., Kastelein J. J. P., Genest J., Koenig W., C-reactive protein and cholesterol are equally strong predictors of cardiovascular risk and both are important for quality clinical care. European Heart Journal 2013 34 1258 1261
28. Šimon J., Rosolová H., Family history-and independent risk factors for coronary heart disease, it is time to be practical. European Heart Journal 2002 23 21 1637 1638 2-s2.0-0036868373 10.1016/S0195-668X(02)93295-1
29. Nordestgaard B. G., Chapman M. J., Ray K., Borén J., Andreotti F., Watts G. F., Ginsberg H., Amarenco P., Catapano A., Descamps O. S., Fisher E., Kovanen P. T., Kuivenhoven J. A., Lesnik P., Masana L., Reiner Z., Taskinen M.-R., Tokgözoglu L., Tybjærg-Hansen A., Lipoprotein(a) as a cardiovascular risk factor: current status. European Heart Journal 2010 31 23 2844 2853 2-s2.0-78649888517 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq386
30. Kurian A. K., Cardarelli K. M., Racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review. Ethnicity and Disease 2007 17 1 143 152 2-s2.0-33846925696
31. Bonacina F., Baragetti A., Catapano A. L., Norata G. D., Long pentraxin 3: experimental and clinical relevance in cardiovascular diseases. Mediators of Inflammation 2013 2013 10 725102 10.1155/2013/725102
32. Kannel W. B., Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association 1996 275 20 1571 1576 2-s2.0-0029886630 10.1001/jama.275.20.1571
33. Ge Y., Cheng S., Larson M. G., Ghorbani A., Circulating CD31+ leukocyte frequency is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 2013 229 228 233
34. Kannel W. B., McGee D. L., Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors: the Framingham study. Circulation 1979 59 1 8 13 2-s2.0-0018341014
35. Lentz S. R., Haynes W. G., Homocysteine: is it a clinically important cardiovascular risk factor? Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2004 71 9 729 734 2-s2.0-4644257043
36. Price J. F., Mowbray P. I., Lee A. J., Rumley A., Lowe G. D. O., Fowkes F. G. R., Relationship between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors in the development of peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease: edinburgh artery study. European Heart Journal 1999 20 5 344 353 2-s2.0-0032961577 10.1053/euhj.1998.1194
37. Stec J. J., Silbershatz H., Tofler G. H., Matheney T. H., Sutherland P., Lipinska I., Massaro J. M., Wilson P. F. W., Muller J. E., D'Agostino R. B. Sr., Association of fibrinogen with cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascluar disease the Framingham offspring population. Circulation 2000 102 14 1634 1638 2-s2.0-0034601747
38. Anderson K. M., Castelli W. P., Levy D., Cholesterol and mortality. 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1987 257 16 2176 2180 2-s2.0-0023121401
39. Barrios V., Gomez-Huelgas R., Rodríguez R., Pablos-Velasco P., Adiponectina, un factor de riesgo cardiovascular emergente. Estudio REFERENCE. Revista Española de Cardiología 2008 61 1159 1167
40. Sowers J. R., Obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor. The American Journal of Medicine 2003 115 supplement 8A 37S 41S
41. Puddey I. B., Rakic V., Dimmitt S. B., Beilin L. J., Influence of pattern of drinking on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors-a review. Addiction 1999 94 5 649 663 2-s2.0-0032893597
42. Bijnen F. C. H., Caspersen C. J., Mosterd W. L., Physical inactivity as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a WHO and International Society and Federation of cardiology position statement. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1994 72 1 1 4 2-s2.0-0028288290
43. Anderson K. M., Castelli W. P., Levy D., Cholesterol and mortality. 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham Study. Journal of the American Medical Association 1987 257 16 2176 2180 2-s2.0-0023121401
44. Kagan A., Harris B. R., Winkelstein W. Jr., Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: demographic, physical, dietary and biochemical characteristics. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1974 27 7-8 345 364 2-s2.0-0016203642
45. Ge Y., Wang T. J., Identifying novel biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk prediction. Journal of Internal Medicine 2012 272 5 430 439
46. Montgomery J. E., Brown J. R., Metabolic biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular disease. Vascular Health and Risk Management 2013 9 37 45
47. Wilson P. W. F., Assessing coronary heart disease risk with traditional and novel risk factors. Clinical Cardiology 2004 27 6 supplement 3 III7 III11 2-s2.0-2642588372
48. Peter K., Nawroth P., Conradt C., Nordt T., Weiss T., Boehme M., Wunsch A., Allenberg J., Kubier W., Bode C., Circulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 correlates with the extent of human atherosclerosis in contrast to circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, and thrombomodulin. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1997 17 3 505 512 2-s2.0-16944363839
49. Su D., Li Z., Li X., Chen Y., Zhang Y., Association between serum interleukin-6 concentration and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Mediators of Inflammation 2013 2013 7 726178 10.1155/2013/726178
50. Forti N., Diament J., Apolipoprotein B and A-I: cardiovascular risk factor? Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira 2007 53 3 276 282 2-s2.0-34547652172
51. Jones A., Triglycerides and cardiovascular risk. Heart 2013 99 1 2
52. Willeit P., Thompson A., Aspelund T., Hemostatic factors and risk of coronary heart disease in general populations: new prospective study and updated meta-analyses. PLoS ONE 2013 8 e55175
53. Manzur F., Alvear Ciro, Alayon A. N., Papel de la proteína c reactiva en las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Revista Colombiana de Cardiología 2011 18 273 278
54. Shih H. H., Zhang S., Cao W., Hahn A., Wang J., Paulsen J. E., Harnish D. C., CRP is a novel ligand for the oxidized LDL receptor LOX-1. American Journal of Physiology 2009 296 5 H1643 H1650 2-s2.0-66149148590 10.1152/ajpheart.00938. 2008
55. Frostegård J., Immunity, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. BMC Medicine 2013 11, article 117
56. Flores M., Barquera S., Carrión C., Concentraciones de proteína C reactiva en adultos mexicanos: alta prevalencia de un factor de riesgo cardiovascular. Salud Pública de México 2007 49 s348 s360
57. Jeemon P., Prabhakaran D., Ramakrishnan L., Gupta R., Ahmed F. F., Thankappan K., Kartha C., Chaturvedi V., Reddy K., Association of high sensitive C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) with established cardiovascular risk factors in the Indian population. Nutrition and Metabolism 2011 8, article 19 2-s2.0-79955446185 10.1186/1743-7075-8-19
58. Razavi A., Baghshani M. R., Rahsepar A. A., Association between C-reactive protein, pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian population. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 2013 50 115 121
59. Acevedo M., Arnáiz P., Barja S., Bambs C., Berríos X., Guzmán B., Carvajal J., Cassis B., Navarrete C., Relationship of C-reactive protein to adiposity, cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy children. Revista Espanola de Cardiologia 2007 60 10 1051 1058 2-s2.0-37349096278 10.1157/13111237
60. Kroop I. G., Shackman N. H., Level of C-reactive protein as a measure of acute myocardial infarction. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1954 86 1 95 97 2-s2.0-2542539889
61. Gurevin I., Kozonis M. C., The value of the C-reactive protein determination in coronary artery disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 1957 46 1 79 85 2-s2.0-70449151616
62. Ridker P. M., Cushman M., Stampfer M. J., Tracy R. P., Hennekens C. H., Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. The New England Journal of Medicine 1997 336 14 973 979 2-s2.0-0030956673 10.1056/NEJM199704033361401
63. Ferrer J. I., Proteína C Reactiva (PCR) y ateroesclerosis. CENIC Ciencias Biológicas 2005 36 79 84
64. Tracy R. P., Lemaitre R. N., Psaty B. M., Ives D. G., Evans R. W., Cushman M., Meilahn E. N., Kuller L. H., Relationship of C-reactive protein to risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: results from the cardiovascular health study and the rural health promotion project. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 1997 17 6 1121 1127 2-s2.0-0030979827
65. Ledue T. B., Weiner D. L., Sipe J. D., Poulin S. E., Collins M. F., Rifai N., Analytical evaluation of particle-enhanced immunonephelometric assays for C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A and mannose-binding protein in human serum. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 1998 35 6 745 753 2-s2.0-0031754706
66. Roberts W. L., Moulton L., Law T. C., Farrow G., Cooper-Anderson M., Savory J., Rifai N., Evaluation of nine automated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein methods: implications for clinical and epidemiological applications. Part 2. Clinical Chemistry 2001 47 3 418 425 2-s2.0-0035050371
67. Yeh E. T. H., Willerson J. T., Coming of age of C-reactive protein: using inflammation markers in cardiology. Circulation 2003 107 3 370 372 2-s2.0-0037469179 10.1161/01.CIR.0000053731.05365.5A
68. Pearson T. A., Mensah G. A., Alexander R. W., Anderson J. L., Cannon R. O. III, Criqui M., Fadl Y. Y., Fortmann S. P., Hong Y., Myers G. L., Rifai N., Smith S. C. Jr., Taubert K., Tracy R. P., Vinicor F., Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003 107 3 499 511 2-s2.0-0037469232 10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45
69. Jellinger P. S., Smith D. A., Mehta A. E., Ganda O., Handelsman Y., Rodbard H. W., Shepherd M. D., Seibel J. A., American association of clinical endocrinologists' guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis. Endocrine Practice 2012 18 1 1 78 2-s2.0-84860144206
70. Myers G. L., Christenson R. H. M., Cushman M., Ballantyne C. M., Cooper G. R., Pfeiffer C. M., Grundy S. M., Labarthe D. R., Levy D., Rifai N., Wilson P. W. F., National academy of clinical biochemistry laboratory medicine practice guidelines: emerging biomarkers for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Clinical Chemistry 2009 55 2 378 384 2-s2.0-59649106810 10.1373/clinchem.2008.115899
71. Ridker P. M., Buring J. E., Shih J., Matias M., Hennekens C. H., Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 1998 98 8 731 733 2-s2.0-0032566401
72. Ridker P. M., Rifai N., Rose L., Buring J. E., Cook N. R., Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. The New England Journal of Medicine 2002 347 20 1557 1565 2-s2.0-0037078969 10.1056/NEJMoa021993
73. Cesari M., Penninx B. W. J. H., Newman A. B., Kritchevsky S. B., Nicklas B. J., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Rubin S. M., Ding J., Simonsick E. M., Harris T. B., Pahor M., Inflammatory markers and onset of cardiovascular events: results from the Health ABC Study. Circulation 2003 108 19 2317 2322 2-s2.0-0242610488 10.1161/01.CIR.0000097109.90783.FC
74. Ridker P. M., Buring J. E., Rifai N., Cook N. R., Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the reynolds risk score. Journal of the American Medical Association 2007 297 6 611 619 2-s2.0-33846996345 10.1001/jama.297.6.611
75. Ridker P. M., Paynter N. P., Rifai N., Gaziano J. M., Cook N. R., C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the reynolds risk score for men. Circulation 2008 118 22 2243 2251 2-s2.0-57749210419 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.814251
76. Kaptoge S., Di Angelantonio E., Lowe G., The emerging risk factors collaboration. C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. The Lancet 2010 375 132 140
77. Maiorana C., Duque J., Pellino M., Más allá de la prevención primaria: utilidad de la Proteína C Reactiva Ultra sensible (PCRus), como herramienta en el diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial coronaria. Síndrome Cardiometabólico 2011 1 40 44
78. Morrow D. A., de Lemos J. A., Sabatine M. S., Wiviott S. D., Blazing M. A., Shui A., Rifai N., Califf R. M., Braunwald E., Clinical relevance of C-reactive protein during follow-up of patients with acute coronary syndromes in the Aggrastat-to-Zocor Trial. Circulation 2006 114 4 281 288 2-s2.0-33748064338 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628909
79. Mueller C., Buettner H. J., Hodgson J. M., Marsch S., Perruchoud A. P., Roskamm H., Neumann F.-J., Inflammation and long-term mortality after non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome treated with a very early invasive strategy in 1042 consecutive patients. Circulation 2002 105 12 1412 1415 2-s2.0-0037177196 10.1161/01.CIR.0000012625.02748.62
80. Caixeta A., Stone G. W., Mehran R., Lee E. A., McLaurin B. T., Cox D. A., Bertrand M. E., Lincoff A. M., Moses J. W., White H. D., Ohman E. M., Palmerini T., Syros G., Kittas C., Fahy M., Hooper W. C., Lansky A. J., Dangas G. D., Predictive value of C-reactive protein on 30-day and 1-year mortality in acute coronary syndromes: an analysis from the ACUITY trial. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2011 31 2 154 164 2-s2.0-79951725644 10.1007/s11239-010-0516-y
81. Arroyo-Espleguiro R., Avanzas P., Kaski J. C., Enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica: la utilidad de la proteína C reactiva en la identificación de la placa "vulnerable" y del paciente 'vulnerable'. Revista Española de Cardiología 2004 57 375 378
82. Bodi V., Sanchís J., La proteína C reactiva en el síndrome coronario agudo. Una mirada atrás para seguir avanzando. Revista Española de Cardiología 2006 59 418 420
83. Kaski J. C., Fernández-Bergés D., Proteína C reactiva en el servicio de urgencias: 'ha encontrado una aplicación clínica? Revista Española de Cardiología 2007 60 797 800
84. Pietila K. O., Harmoinen A. P., Jokiniitty J., Pasternack A. I., Serum C-reactive protein concentration in acute myocardial infarction and its relationship to mortality during 24 months of follow-up in patients under thrombolytic treatment. European Heart Journal 1996 17 9 1345 1349 2-s2.0-0029812266
85. Gussekloo J., Schaap M. C. L., Frölich M., Blauw G. J., Westendorp R. G. J., C-reactive protein is a strong but nonspecific risk factor of fatal stroke in elderly persons. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2000 20 4 1047 1051 2-s2.0-0034075150
86. Schiele F., Meneveau N., Seronde M. F., Chopard R., Descotes-Genon V., Dutheil J., Bassand J.-P., C-reactive protein improves risk prediction in patients with acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal 2010 31 3 290 297 2-s2.0-76349092028 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp273
87. Atkinson A.J. J., Colburn W. A., DeGruttola V. G., DeMets D. L., Downing G. J., Hoth D. F., Oates J. A., Peck C. C., Schooley R. T., Spilker B. A., Woodcock J., Zeger S. L., Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2001 69 3 89 95 2-s2.0-0035100888 10.1067/mcp.2001.113989
88. van der Bom J., Cramer M. J., C-reactive protein as a prognostic tool in cardiovascular practices: should CRP testing be ordered along with lipid profiles? Netherlands Heart Journal 2003 11 265 267
89. Ueda S., Ikeda U., Yamamoto K., Takahashi M., Nishinaga M., Nago N., Shimada K., C-reactive protein as a predictor of cardiac rupture after acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 1996 131 5 857 860 2-s2.0-0029916878 10.1016/S0002-8703(96)90164-7
90. Boekholdt S. M., Hack C. E., Sandhu M. S., Luben R., Bingham S. A., Wareham N. J., Peters R. J. G., Jukema J. W., Day N. E., Kastelein J. J. P., Khaw K.-T., C-reactive protein levels and coronary artery disease incidence and mortality in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study 1993-2003. Atherosclerosis 2006 187 2 415 422 2-s2.0-33645518246 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.09.023
91. Vasan R. S., Sullivan L. M., Roubenoff R., Dinarello C. A., Harris T., Benjamin E. J., Sawyer D. B., Levy D., Wilson P. W. F., D'Agostino R. B., Inflammatory markers and risk of heart failure in elderly subjects without prior myocardial infarction: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003 107 11 1486 1491 2-s2.0-0037465808 10.1161/01.CIR.0000057810.48709.F6
92. Ridker P. M., Stampfer M. J., Rifai N., Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: a comparison of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(a), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001 285 19 2481 2485 2-s2.0-0035897688
93. Ridker P. M., C-Reactive protein: eighty years from discovery to emergence as a major risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Clinical Chemistry 2009 55 2 209 215 2-s2.0-59649120641 10.1373/clinchem.2008.119214
94. Kraus V. B., Jordan J. M., Serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP), target for therapy or trouble? Biomarker Insights 2006 1 77 80
95. Hingorani A. D., Shah T., Casas J. P., Humphries S. E., Talmud P. J., C-Reactive protein and coronary heart disease: predictive test or therapeutic target? Clinical Chemistry 2009 55 2 239 255 2-s2.0-59749092544 10.1373/clinchem.2008.115923
96. Buckley D. I., Fu R., Freeman M., Rogers K., Helfand M., C-reactive protein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses for the U.S. preventive services task force. Annals of Internal Medicine 2009 151 7 483 495 2-s2.0-70349742564
97. Ridker P. M., Rifai N., Clearfield M., Downs J. R., Weis S. E., Miles J. S., Gotto A. M. Jr., Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. The New England Journal of Medicine 2001 344 26 1959 1965 2-s2.0-0035963529 10.1056/NEJM200106283442601
98. Nissen S. E., Tuzcu E. M., Schoenhagen P., Brown B. G., Ganz P., Vogel R. A., Crowe T., Howard G., Cooper C. J., Brodie B., Grines C. L., DeMaria A. N., Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004 291 9 1071 1080 2-s2.0-10744225301 10.1001/jama.291.9.1071
99. Ridker P. M., Danielson E., Fonseca F. A., Genest J., Gotto A. M. Jr., Kastelein J. J., Koenig W., Libby P., Lorenzatti A. J., MacFadyen J. G., Nordestgaard B. G., Shepherd J., Willerson J. T., Glynn R. J., Reduction in C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular event rates after initiation of rosuvastatin: a prospective study of the JUPITER trial. The Lancet 2009 373 9670 1175 1182 2-s2.0-63649095045 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60447-5
100. Oh J., Teoh H., Leiter L. A., Should C-reactive protein be a target of therapy? Diabetes Care 2011 34 2 S155 S160 2-s2.0-79959784945 10.2337/dc11-s211
101. Bermúdez V., Rojas E., Salazar J. J., Coronary risk estimation according to the framingham-wilson score: epidemiologic behavior of innovative cardio metabolic risk factors in the maracaibo city. International Journal of Cardiovascular Research 2013 2, article 4
102. Ong K. L., Allison M. A., Cheung B. M., Trends in C-reactive protein levels in US adults From 1999 to 2010. American Journal of Epidemiology 2013 177 1430 1442
103. Bermúdez V., Cabrera M., Mendoza L., High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein epidemiological behavior in adult individuals from Maracaibo, Venezuela. Revista Latinoamericana de Hipertension 2013 8 1 22 29