The middle stone age point assemblage from Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter: A morphometric study

Southern African Humanities

Volumn 25, Issue , 2013, Pages 25-51

  Mohapi, Moleboheng ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Lithic points; Middle Stone Age sequence; Morphometric analysis; Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894819106     PISSN: 16815564     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Brown, K.S., Marean, C.W., Herries, A.I.R., Jacobs, Z., Tribolo, C., Braun, D., Roberts, D.L., Meyer, M.C. & Bernatchez, J. 2009. Fire as an engineering tool of early modern humans. Science 325: 859-62.
2. Clark, J.D. 1959. The prehistory of southern Africa. Harmondsworth (Middlesex): Penguin Books.
3. Clark, J.L. 2011. The evolution of human culture during the later Pleistocene: using fauna to test models on the emergence and nature of 'modern' human behaviour. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30: 273-91.
4. Cochrane, G.W.G. 2006. An analysis of lithic artefacts from the ~60 ka layers of Sibudu Cave. Southern African Humanities 18 (1): 69-88.
5. Delagnes, A., Wadley, L., Villa, P. & Lombard, M. 2006. Crystal quartz backed tools from the Howiesons Poort at Sibudu Cave. Southern African Humanities 18 (1): 43-56.
6. d'Errico, F., Vanhaeren, M. & Wadley, L. 2008. Possible shell beads from Middle Stone Age layers of Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2675-85.
7. Dibble, H.L. & Bernard, M.C. 1980. A comparative study of basic edge angle measurement techniques. American Antiquity 45: 857-65.
8. Fisher, L.E. 2006. Blades and microlithics: changing contexts of tool production from Magdalenian to Early Mesolithic in southern Germany. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25: 226-38.
9. Grün, R.J. & Beaumont, P. 2001. Border Cave revisited: a revised ESR chronology. Journal of Human Evolution 40: 467-82.
10. Harper, P.T. 1997. The Middle Stone Age sequences at Rose Cottage Cave: a search for continuity and discontinuity. South African Journal of Science 93: 470-5.
11. Henshilwood, C.S. 2005. Stratigraphic integrity of the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave. In: F. d' Errico & L. Backwell, eds., From tools to symbols: from early hominids to modern humans. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, pp. 441-58.
12. Henshilwood, C.S. 2008. Winds of change: palaeoenvironments, material culture and human behaviour in the Late Pleistocene (c. 77-48 ka) in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 10: 35-51.
13. Henshilwood, C.S., Sealy, J.C., Yates, R., Cruz-Uribe, K., Goldberg, P., Grine, F.E., Klein, R.G., Poggenpoel, C., Van Niekerk, K. & Watts, I. 2001. Blombos Cave, Southern Cape, South Africa: preliminary report of the 1992-1999 excavations of the Middle Stone Age levels. Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 421-48.
14. Henshilwood, C.S., d'Errico, F. & Watts, I. 2009. Engraved ochres from Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 57: 22-47.
15. Henshilwood, C., d'Errico, F., Van Niekerk, K., Coquinot, Y., Jacobs, Z., Lauritzen, S-E., Menu, M. & Garcia-Moreno, R. 2011. 100, 000-year old ochre-processing workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 334: 219-22.
16. Henshilwood, C.S. & Dubreuil, B. 2011. The Still Bay and Howiesons Poort, 77-59 ka symbolic material culture and the evolution of the mind during the African Middle Stone Age. Current Anthropology 52 (3): 361-400.
17. Hodgskiss, T. 2006. In the mix: replication studies to test the effectiveness of ochre in adhesives for tool hafting. MSc dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand.
18. Högberg, A. & Larsson, L. 2011. Lithic technological and behavioural modernity: new results from the Still Bay site, Hollow Rock Shelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 61: 133-55.
19. Hughes, S.S. 1998. Getting to the point: evolutionary change in prehistoric weaponry. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5 (4): 345-403.
20. Jacobs, Z., Wintle, A.G., Duller, G.A.T., Roberts, R.G. & Wadley, L. 2008a. New Ages for the post-Howiesons Poort, late and final Middle Stone Age at Sibudu, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1790-1807.
21. Jacobs, Z., Roberts, R.G., Galbraith, R.F., Deacon, H.J., Grün, R., Mackay, A., Mitchell, P., Vogelsang, R. & Wadley, L. 2008b. Ages for the Middle Stone Age of southern Africa: implications for the human behaviour and dispersal. Science 31: 733-5.
22. Kaplan, J. 1990. The Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter sequence: 100 000 years of Stone Age history. Natal Museum Journal of Humanities 2: 1-94.
23. Kuman, K.A. 1989. Florisbad and ≠Gi: the contribution of open-air sites to study of the Middle Stone Age in southern Africa. PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
24. Lombard, M. 2004. Distribution patterns of organic residues on Middle Stone Age points from Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 59: 37-44.
25. Lombard, M. 2005. Evidence of hunting and hafting during the Middle Stone Age at Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a multi-analytical approach. Journal of Human Evolution 48: 279-300.
26. Lombard, M. 2006. First impressions of the functions and hafting technology of Still Bay pointed artefacts from Sibudu Cave. Southern African Humanities 18 (1): 27-41.
27. Lombard, M. 2007a. The gripping nature of ochre: the association of ochre with Howiesons Poort adhesives and Later Stone Age mastics from South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 406-19.
28. Lombard, M. 2007b. Archaeological use-trace analyses of stone tools from South Africa. PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.
29. Lombard, M. 2011. Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 1918-30.
30. Lombard, M. 2012. Thinking through the Middle Stone Age of Sub-Saharan Africa. Quaternary International 270: 140-55.
31. Lombard, M., Parsons, I. & van der Ryst, M.M. 2004. Middle Stone Age lithic point experimentation for macro-fracture and residue analyses: the process and preliminary results with reference to Sibudu Cave points. South African Journal of Science 100: 159-66.
32. Lombard, M. & Clark, J.L. 2008. Variability and change in Middle Stone Age hunting behaviour: aspects from the lithic and faunal records. In: S. Badenhorst, P. Mitchell & J.C. Driver, eds., People, places and animals of Africa: essays in honour of Ina Plug (British Archeological Reports International Series 1849). Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 46-56.
33. Lombard, M. & Parsons, I. 2010. Fact or fiction? Behavioural and technological reversal after 60 ka in southern Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 65: 221-8.
34. Lombard, M. & Phillipson, L. 2010. Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64, 000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Antiquity 84: 635-48.
35. Lombard, M., Wadley, L., Jacobs, Z., Mohapi, M. & Roberts, R.G. 2010. Still Bay and serrated points from Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 1773-84.
36. Lombard, M. & Parsons, I. 2011. What happened to the human mind after the Howiesons Poort? Antiquity 85: 1433-43.
37. Lombard, M. & Haidle, M.N. 2012. Thinking a bow-and-arrow set: cognitive implications of Middle Stone Age bow and stone-tipped arrow technology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22: 2-28.
38. Lombard, M., Wadley, L., Deacon, J., Wurz, S., Parsons, I., Mohapi, M., Swart, J. & Mitchell, P. 2012. South African and Lesotho Stone Age Sequence Updated (1). South African Archaeological Bulletin 67: 123-44.
39. McBrearty, S. & Brooks, A.S. 2000. The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behaviour. Journal of Human Evolution 39: 453-63.
40. McCall, G.S. 2007. Behavioural ecological models of lithic technological change during the later Middle Stone Age of South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 1738-51.
41. McCall, G.S. & Thomas, J.T. 2012. Still Bay and Howiesons Poort Foraging Strategies: recent research and models of culture change. African Archaeological Review 29: 7-50.
42. Minichillo, T.J. 2005. Middle Stone Age lithic study, South Africa: examination of modern human origins. PhD thesis, University of Washington.
43. Mitchell, P.J. 2002. The Archaeology of southern Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Mitchell, P.J. 2008. Developing the archaeology of Marine Isotope Stage 3. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 10: 52-65.
45. Mitchell, P.J. & Steinberg, J.M. 1992. Ntloana Tsoana: a Middle Stone Age sequence from western Lesotho. South African Archaeological Bulletin 47: 26-33.
46. Mohapi, M. 2007. Middle Stone Age Rose Cottage Cave lithic points: does technological change imply change in hunting techniques? South African Archaeological Bulletin 62: 9-17.
47. Mohapi, M. 2008. A new angle on Middle Stone Age hunting technology in South Africa. PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.
48. Mohapi, M. 2012. Point morphology and the Middle Stone Age cultural sequence of Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 67: 5-15.
49. Mourre, V., Villa, P. & Henshilwood, C.S. 2010. Early use of pressure flaking on lithic artefacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Science 330: 659-62.
50. Odell, G.H. 2003. Lithic Analysis. New York: Springer.
51. Parkington, J., Poggenpoel, C., Rigaud, J.P.H. & Texier, P.-J. 2005. From tool to symbol: the behavioural context of intentionally marked ostrich eggshell from Diepkloof, Western Cape. In: F. d'Errico & L. Backwell, eds., From tools to symbols: from early hominids to modern humans. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, pp. 475-92.
52. Parsons, I. & Lombard, M. 2011. The multi-disciplinary landscape of mid-late Upper Pleistocene Archaeology. South African Archaeological Bulletin 66: 178-85.
53. Plug, I. & Clark, J.L. 2008. In the air: a preliminary report on the birds from Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 10: 133-43.
54. Porraz, G., Texier, P.-J., Rigaud, J.-P., Parkington, J., Poggenpoel, C. & Roberts, D.L. 2008. Preliminary characterization of a Middle Stone Age lithic assemblage preceding the 'classic' Howiesons Poort complex at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 10: 105-21.
55. Rigaud, J-P., Texier, P.-J., Parkington, J. & Poggenpoel, C. 2006. Diepkloof Rock Shelter Still Bay and Howiesons Poort stone tool techno-complexes: the South African Middle Stone Age chronology and its implications. Comptes Rendus Palevol 5: 839-49 (Abridged English Version).
56. Shea, J.J. 2006. The origins of lithic projectile technology: evidence from Africa, the Levant and Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 823-46.
57. Singer, R. & Wymer, J. 1982. The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
58. Sisk, M.L. & Shea, J.J. 2009. Experimental use and quantitative performance analysis of triangular flakes (Levallois points) used as arrowheads. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 2039-47.
59. Stewart, B.A., Dewar, G.I., Morley, M.W., Inglis, R.H., Wheeler, M., Jacobs, Z. & Roberts, R.G. 2012. Afromontane foragers of the late Pleistocene: site formation, chronology and occupational pulsing at Melikane Rock Shelter, Lesotho. Quaternary International 270: 40-60.
60. Thackeray, A.I. 1992. The Middle Stone Age south of the Limpopo River. Journal of World Prehistory 6: 385-431.
61. Villa, P., Delagnes, A. & Wadley, L. 2005. A late Middle Stone Age artefact assemblage from Sibudu (KwaZulu-Natal): Comparisons with the European Middle Paleolithic. Journal of Archaeological Science 32: 399-422.
62. Villa, P. & Lenoir, M. 2006. Hunting weapons of the Middle Stone Age and the Middle Palaeolithic: spear points from Sibudu, Rose Cottage and Bouheben. Southern African Humanities 18 (1): 89-122.
63. Villa, P., Soressi, M., Henshilwood, C.S. & Mourre, V. 2009. The Still Bay points of Blombos Cave (South Africa). Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 441-60.
64. Vogelsang, R. 1996. The Middle Stone Age in south-western Namibia. In: G. Pwiti & R. Soper, eds., Aspects of African archaeology: papers from the 10th Congress of the PanAfrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications, pp. 207-13.
65. Vogelsang, R., Richter, J., Jacobs, Z., Eichhorn, B., Linseele, V. & Roberts, R.G. 2010. New excavations of Middle Stone Age deposits at Apollo 11 Rock Shelter, Namibia: stratigraphy, archaeology, chronology and past environments. Journal of African Archaeology 8 (2): 185-218.
66. Volman, T. 1984. Early prehistory of southern Africa. In: R.G. Klein, ed., Southern African prehistory and palaeoenvironments. Rotterdam: Balkema, pp. 169-220.
67. Wadley, L. 2005a. A typological study of the final Middle Stone Age tools from Sibudu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal. South African Archaeological Bulletin 60: 51-63.
68. Wadley, L. 2005b. Ochre crayons or waste products? Replications compared with MSA 'crayons' from Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Before Farming 3: 1-12.
69. Wadley, L. 2005c. Putting ochre to the test: replication studies of adhesives that may have been used for hafting tools in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 49: 587-601.
70. Wadley, L. 2006a. Partners in grime: results of multi-disciplinary archaeology at Sibudu Cave. Southern African Humanities 18 (1): 315-41
71. Wadley, L. 2006b. Revisiting cultural modernity and the role of ochre in the Middle Stone Age. In: H. Soodyall, ed., The prehistory of Africa: tracing the lineage of modern man. Jeppestown: Jonathan Ball Publishers, pp. 49-63.
72. Wadley, L. 2007. Announcing a Still Bay industry at Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 52: 681-9.
73. Wadley, L. 2010a. Cemented ash as a receptacle or work surface for ochre powder production at Sibudu, South Africa, 58, 000 years ago. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2397-2406.
74. Wadley, L. 2010b. Were snares and traps used in the Middle Stone Age and does it matter? A review and a case study from Sibudu, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 58: 179-92.
75. Wadley, L. 2010c. Compound adhesive manufacture as a behavioural proxy for complex cognition in the Middle Stone Age. Current Anthropology 51: 111-19.
76. Wadley, L., Williamson, B. & Lombard, M. 2004. Ochre in hafting in Middle Stone Age southern Africa: a practical role. Antiquity 78: 661-75.
77. Wadley, L. & Mohapi, M. 2008. A segment is not a monolith: evidence from the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 2594-605.
78. Wadley, L., Hodgskiss, T. & Hall, G. 2009. Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (24): 9590-4.
79. Wadley, L., Sievers, C., Bamford, M., Goldberg, P., Berna, F. & Miller, C. 2011. Middle Stone Age bedding construction and settlement patterns at Sibudu, South Africa. Science 334: 1388-91.
80. Wurz, S. 2002. Variability in the Middle Stone Age lithic sequence, 115 000-60 000 years ago at Klasies River, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 1001-15.
81. Wurz, S. 2008. Modern Behaviour at Klasies River. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 10: 150-6.