Reinserting "never" into "never again": Political innovations and the responsibility to protect

Driven from Home: Protecting the Rights of Forced Migrants

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 207-227

  Weiss, Thomas G ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84894767572     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (92)

1. International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001).
2. See also Thomas G. Weiss and Don Hubert, The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001).
3. For the interpretations of one of the co-chairs, see Gareth Evans, The Responsibility to Protect: Ending Mass Atrocity Crimes Once and for All (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008).
4. For the perspective of one of the commissioners, Ramesh Thakur, see The United Nations, Peace, and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
5. The author's own version of this itinerary can be found in Thomas G. Weiss, Humanitarian Intervention: Ideas in Action (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007).
6. See also Alex J. Bellamy, Responsibility to Protect: The Global Effort to End Mass Atrocities (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009).
7. Gary J. Bass, Freedom's Battle: The Origins of Humanitarian Intervention (New York: Knopf, 2008), 382.
8. David Rieff, "A False Compatibility: Humanitarian Action and Human Rights", Humanitarian Stakes Number 1, MSF Switzerland, September 2008, 41.
9. Stanley Foundation, Actualizing the Responsibility to Protect (Muscatine, IA: Stanley Foundation, 2008).
10. Hugo Slim, "Dithering over Darfur? A Preliminary Review of the International Response", International Affairs 80, no. 5(2004):811-33.
11. See also Cheryl O. Igiri and Princeton N. Lyman, Giving Meaning to "Never Again": Seeking an Effective Response to the Crisis in Darfur and Beyond (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2004), CFR no. 5.
12. Roméo Dallaire, "Looking at Darfur, Seeing Rwanda", New York Times, October 4, 2004.
13. See also Roméo Dallaire, Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (Toronto: Brent Beardsley, 2004).
14. See Ramesh Thakur, "Humanitarian Intervention", in The Oxford Handbook of the United Nations, ed. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 387-403.
15. For other views, see Christopher Bickerton, Philip Cunliffe, and Alexander Gourevitch, eds., Politics without Sovereignty (New York: Routledge, 2007);
16. Simon Chesterman, Just War? Just Peace? Humanitarian Intervention and International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001);
17. Martha Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003);
18. and Fernando Tesón, Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality, 3rd ed. (Ardsley, NY: Transaction Publishers, 2005).
19. Norwegian Refugee Council, Internal Displacement: Global Overview of Trends and Developments in 2007 (Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, 2008), 6-21. This is not to say that existing statistics are uncontested because of disputes as to who counts. These statistics reffect the usual practice of referring only to persons uprooted by conflict, but some observers press for much broader notions to encompass millions more uprooted by natural disasters and development. Moreover, there is also no consensus about when displacement ends, thereby inflating figures in some cases. For a discussion
20. see Erin D. Mooney, "The Concept of Internal Displacement and the Case for IDPs as a Category of Concern", Refugee Survey Quarterly 24, no. 3(2005):9-26; the title of the entire issue is "Internally Displaced Persons: The Challenges of International Protection", and its sections are titled "Articles", "Documents", and "Literature Survey"
21. See David A. Korn, Exodus within Borders (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1999).
22. This story is told by Thomas G. Weiss and David A. Korn, Internal Displacement: Conceptualization and Its Consequences (London: Routledge, 2006).
23. David Hollenbach, "Internally Displaced People, Sovereignty, and the Responsibility to Protect", in Refugee Rights: Ethics, Advocacy, and Africa, ed. David Hollenbach (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2008), 179.
24. ICISS, Responsibility to Protect, xi.
25. Pope Benedict XVI, "Address to the General Assembly of the United Nations" (Vatican City: Holy See Press Office, April 18, 2008).
26. Anthony Lewis, "The Challenge of Global Justice Now", Dædalus 132, no. 1(2003):8;
27. and Mohammed Ayoob, "Humanitarian Intervention and International Society", International Journal of Human Rights 6, no. 1(2002):84.
28. For the context that drives Ayoobs skepticism, see Simon Chesterman, Michael Ignatieff, and Ramesh Thakur, eds., State Failure and the Crisis of Governance: Making States Work (Tokyo: UN University Press, 2005).
29. See Bertrand G. Ramcharan, Contemporary Human Rights Ideas (London: Routledge, 2008);
30. Julie A. Mertus, The United Nations and Human Rights, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2009);
31. and Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi, Human Rights at the UN: The Political History of Universal Justice (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007).
32. Quoted by William Korey, NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: "A Curious Grapevine" (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 9.
33. Kofi A. Annan, The Question of Intervention: Statements by the Secretary-General (New York: UN, 1999).
34. See, for example, Frances M. Deng et al., Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1996);
35. Francis M. Deng, "Frontiers of Sovereignty", Leiden Journal of International Law 8, no. 2(1995):249-86;
36. Roberta Cohen and Francis M. Deng, Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998);
37. Roberta Cohen and Francis M. Deng, eds., The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998);
38. Francis M. Deng, Protecting the Dispossessed: A Challenge for the International Community (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1993);
39. and Francis M. Deng, "Dealing with the Displaced: A Challenge to the International Community", Global Governance 1, no. 1(1995):45-57.
40. 2005 World Summit Outcome, UN document A/60/1, October 24, 2005. Paragraphs 138-40 concern the R2P but human rights also are sprinkled throughout the text and are especially prominent in "Section IV. Human Rights and the Rule of Law", paras. 119-45.
41. International Council on Human Rights Policy, Catching the Wind-Human Rights (Geneva: International Council on Human Rights Policy, 2007), 7.
42. See Michael Barnett and Thomas G. Weiss, eds., Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008).
43. Richard N. Haass, The Opportunity: America's Moment to Alter History's Course (New York: Public Affairs, 2005), 41.
44. See Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999).
45. For a discussion of the nature of humanitarian action in these armed conflicts, see Peter J. Hoffman and Thomas G. Weiss, Sword & Salve: Confronting New Wars and Humanitarian Crises (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littleffeld, 2006);
46. and David Keen, Complex Emergencies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008).
47. Thomas G. Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions: Humanitarian Crises and the Responsibility to Protect, 2nd ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littleffeld, 2005).
48. See, for example, Mohammed Ayoob, "Humanitarian Intervention and International Society", Global Governance 7, no. 3(2001):225-30;
49. and Robert Jackson, The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
50. Hugo Slim, Killing Civilians: Method, Madness, and Morality in War (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008).
51. Robert J. Rummel, Death by Government (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994), chap. 1.
52. Mario Bettati and Bernard Kouchner, eds., Le Devoir d'ingérence: Peut-on les laisser mourir? (Paris: Denoël, 1987);
53. and Mario Bettati, Le Droit d'ingérence: Mutation de l'ordre international (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1987).
54. Evans, Responsibility to Protect, 28.
55. Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, "International Norm Dynamics and Political Change", International Organization 52, no. 4(1998):887-917.
56. Michael Barnett, "Humanitarianism Transformed", Perspectives on Politics 3, no. 4(2005):723-40.
57. Thomas G. Weiss, "Collective Spinelessness: UN. Actions in the Former Yugoslavia", in The World and Yugoslavia's Wars, ed. Richard H. Ullman (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1996), 59-96.
58. Thomas G. Weiss, "The Sunset of Humanitarian Intervention? The Responsibility to Protect in a Unipolar World", Security Dialogue 35, no. 2(2004):135-53.
59. "Speech Given by the Prime Minister in Sedgeffeld, Justifying Military Action in Iraq and Warning of the Continued Threat of Global Terrorism", March 5, 2004, www.guardian. co.uk/politics/2004/mar/05/iraq. iraq (accessed May 10, 2009).
60. See, for example, Gareth Evans, "Uneasy Bedfellows: 'The Responsibility to Protect' and Feinstein-Slaughter's 'Duty to Prevent'", speech at the American Society of International Law Conference, Washington, DC, April 1, 2004, www.crisisweb.org/home/index.cfm?id =2560&l=1 (accessed May 10, 2009).
61. J. Martin Rochester, Between Peril and Promise: The Politics of International Law (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2006), 95.
62. António Guterres, "Millions Uprooted: Saving Refugees and the Displaced", Foreign Affairs 87, no. 5(2008):93.
63. Thomas G. Weiss and Ramesh Thakur, The UN and Global Governance: An Unfinished Journey (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010), esp. chapter 10.
64. Adele Brown, Reinventing Humanitarian Intervention: Two Cheers for the Responsibility to Protect? (London: House of Commons Library, 2008), 18.
65. Ban Kimoon, Implementing the Responsibility to Protect, A Report from the Secretary-General, UN document A/63/67, January 12, 2009.
66. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, The 2009 General Assembly Debate: An Assessment (New York: GCR2P, 2009), 1. The four states were the usual suspects: Venezuela, Cuba, Sudan, and Nicaragua.
67. Kofi Annan, Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform (New York: UN, 1997).
68. For the details of this story, see Thomas G. Weiss, "Humanitarian Shell Games: Whither UN Reform?" Security Dialogue 29, no. 1(1998):9-23.
69. High-level Panel on UN System-wide Coherence on Development, Humanitarian Assistance, and the Environment, Delivering as One (New York: UN, 2006);
70. and United Nations, A Capacity Study of the United Nations Development System, 2 vols. (Geneva: United Nations, 1969), document DP/5.
71. The importance of changing the excessively decentralized UN system is a major theme in Thomas G. Weiss, What's Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix It (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009), chaps. 3 and 7.
72. See, for example, Antonio Donini, The Policies of Mercy: UN Coordination in Afghanistan, Mozambique, and Rwanda (Providence, RI: Watson Institute, 1996), occasional paper # 22.
73. Interview with the author, October 11, 2005.
74. Abby Stoddard, Adele Harmer, Katherinie Haver, Dirk Salomons, and Victoria Wheeler, Cluster Approach Evaluation: Final Draft (New York: OCHA Evaluation and Studies Section, 2007), 1.
75. See Alan J. Kuperman, The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001).
76. See Patrice C. McMahon and Andrew Wedeman, "Sustaining American Power in a Globalized World", in American Foreign Policy in a Globalized World, ed. David P. Forsythe, Patrice C. McMahon, and Andrew Wedeman (New York: Routledge, 2006), 12-14.
77. See Victoria K. Holt and Tobias C. Berkman, The Impossible Mandate? Military Preparedness, the Responsibility to Protect, and Modern Peace Operations (Washington, DC: Stimson Center, 2006).
78. Genocide Prevention Task Force, Preventing Genocide: A Blueprint for U. S. Policymakers (Washington, DC: American Academy of Diplomacy, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and the U. S. Institute of Peace, 2008).
79. For a brief discussion, see Thomas G. Weiss, "The Ultimate UN and Human Value: Making 'Never Again More than a Slogan", in The United Nations and the Evolution of Global Values, ed. J. J. G. van der Bruggen and Nico J. Schrijver (The Hague: Kluwer, forthcoming).
80. Quoted in The Economist, December 13, 2008, 43.
81. A Secure Europe in a Better World, http://ue.eu.int/pressData/en/reports/ 78367.pdf (accessed May 14, 2009).
82. See Bastian Giegrich and William Wallace, "Not Such a Soft Power: The External Deployment of European Forces", Survival 46, no. 2(2004):163-82, quote 179.
83. Quoted by Lincoln Palmer Bloomfield, Accidental Encounters with History (and Some Lessons Learned) (Cohasset, MA: Hot House Press, 2005), 14.
84. Edward C. Luck, "The United Nations and the Responsibility to Protect", Policy Analysis Brief (Muscatine, IA: Stanley Foundation, 2008), 6.
85. Roger Cohen, "How Kofi Annan Rescued Kenya", New York Review of Books, August 14, 2008. www.nybooks.com/articles/21719.
86. See also Desmond Tutu, "Taking the Responsibility to Protect", International Herald Tribune, February 19, 2008.
87. See Scott Straus, "Darfur and the Genocide Debate", Foreign Affairs 84, no. 1(2005):123-33.
88. ICISS, Responsibilty to Protect, xi.
89. Luck, "The United Nations and the Responsibility to Protect", 8.
90. Ban Kimoon, "Address of the Secretary-General, Berlin, July 15, 2008", UN document SG/SM/11701.
91. Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty: How Ideas Shaped Modern International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
92. Evans, Responsibility to Protect, 7.