Feline Infectious Peritonitis: Still an Enigma?

Veterinary Pathology

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 505-526

  Kipar, A ^a,b   Meli, M L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

diagnosis; feline coronavirus; feline enteric coronavirus; feline infectious peritonitis; feline infectious peritonitis virus; pathogenesis

Indexed keywords

VIRUS PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; CAT; CLASSIFICATION; FELINE CORONAVIRUS; FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; GENETICS; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION; VIROLOGY; VIRULENCE; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANIMALS; CATS; CORONAVIRUS, FELINE; FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; GENOME, VIRAL; VIRAL PROTEINS; VIRULENCE; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 84894533030     PISSN: 03009858     EISSN: 15442217     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0300985814522077     Document Type: Article

References (178)

1. Addie DD,Jarrett O.A study of naturally occurring feline coronavirus infections in kittens.Vet Rec. 1992;130 (7): 133-137.
2. Addie DD,Toth S,Murray G, et al.Risk of feline infectious peritonitis in cats naturally infected with feline coronavirus.Am J Vet Res. 1995;56 (4): 429-434.
3. Addie DD,Toth S,Herrewegh A, et al.Feline coronavirus in the intestinal contents of cats with feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Rec. 1996;139 (21): 522-523.
4. Addie DD,Jarrett O.Use of a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for monitoring the shedding of feline coronavirus by healthy cats.Vet Rec. 2001;148 (21): 649-653.
5. Addie DD,Schaap IAT,Nicolson L, et al.Persistence and transmission of natural type I feline coronavirus infection.J Gen Virol. 2003;84 (pt 10): 2735-2744.
6. Addie D,Belák S,Boucraut-Baralon C, et al.Feline infectious peritonitis: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management.J Feline Med Surg. 2009;11 (7): 594-604.
7. An S,Chen CJ,Yu X, et al.Induction of apoptosis in murine coronavirus-infected cultured cells and demonstration of E protein as an apoptosis inducer.J Virol. 1999;73 (9): 7853-7859.
8. Baldwin CW,Scott FW.Attempted immunization of cats with feline infectious peritonitis virus propagated at reduced temperatures.Am J Vet Res. 1997;58 (3): 251-256.
9. Bálint A,Farsang A,Zádori Z, et al.Molecular characterization of feline infectious peritonitis virus strain DF-2 and studies of the role of ORF3abc in viral cell tropism.J Virol. 2012;86 (11): 6258-6267.
10. Barker EN,Tasker S,Gruffydd-Jones TJ, et al.Phylogenetic analysis of feline coronavirus strains in an epizootic outbreak of feline infectious peritonitis.J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27 (3): 445-450.
11. Battilani M,Coradin T,Scagliarini A, et al.Quasispecies composition and phylogenetic analysis of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) in naturally infected cats.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2003;39 (2): 141-147.
12. Battilani M,Balboni A,Bassani M, et al.Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid gene of feline coronaviruses circulating in Italy.New Microbiol. 2010;33 (4): 387-392.
13. Belouzard S,Millet JK,Licitra BN, et al.Mechanisms of coronavirus entry mediated by the viral spike protein.Viruses. 2012;4 (6): 1011-1033.
14. Bence LM,Addie DD,Eckersall PD.An immunoturbidimetric assay for rapid quantitative measurement of feline alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in serum and peritoneal fluid.Vet Clin Pathol. 2005;34 (4): 335-341.
15. Benetka V,Kübner-Heiss A,Kolodziejek J, et al.Prevalence of feline coronaviruses type I and II in cats with histopathologically verified feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Microbiol. 2004;99 (1): 31-42.
16. Berg A-L,Ekman E,Belák S, et al.Cellular composition and interferon-gamma expression of the local inflammatory response in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).Vet Microbiol. 2005;111 ((1-2)): 15-23.
17. Bonaduce A.Sulla pleurite infettiva de gatto.Nuova Vet. 1942;21:32-36.
18. Bosch BJ,van der Zee R,de Haan CA, et al.The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex.J Virol. 2003;77 (16): 8801-8811.
19. Boudreaux MK,Weiss RC,Cox N, et al.Evaluation of antithrombin-III activity as a coindicator of disseminated intravascular coagulation in cats with induced feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.Am J Vet Res. 1989;50 (11): 1910-1913.
20. Brown MA,Troyer JL,Pecon-Slattery J, et al.Genetics and pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis virus.Emerg Inf Dis. 2009;15 (9): 1445-1452.
21. Brown MA.Genetic determinants of pathogenesis by feline infectious peritonitis virus.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011;143 ((3-4)): 265-268.
22. Cammarata Parodi M,Cammarata G,Paltrinieri S, et al.Using indirect immunofluorescence to detect coronaviruses in peritoneal and pleural effusions.J Sm Anim Pract. 1993;34 (12): 609-613.
23. Cannon MJ,Silkstone MA,Kipar A.Cutaneous lesions associated with coronavirus-induced vasculitis in a cat with feline infectious peritonitis and concurrent feline immunodeficiency virus infection.J Feline Med Surg. 2005;7:233-236.
24. Can-Sahna K,Soydal Ataseven V,Pinar D, et al.The detection of feline coronaviruses in blood samples from cats by mRNA.J Feline Med Surg. 2007;9 (5): 369-372.
25. Ceron JJ,Eckersall PD,Martinez-Subiela S.Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives.Vet Clin Pathol. 2005;34 (2): 85-99.
26. Chang HW,de Groot RJ,Egberink HF, et al.Feline infectious peritonitis: insights into feline coronaviruses pathobiogenesis and epidemiology based on genetic analysis of the viral 3c gene.J Gen Virol. 2010;91 (pt 2): 415-420.
27. Chang HW,Egberink HF,Rottier PJ.Sequence analysis of feline coronaviruses and the circulating virulent/avirulent theory.Emerg Inf Dis. 2011;17 (4): 744-746.
28. Chang HW,Egberink HF,Halpin R, et al.Spike protein fusion peptide and feline coronavirus virulence.Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18 (7): 1089-1095.
29. Corapi WV,Olsen CW,Scott FW.Monoclonal antibody analysis of neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement of feline infectious peritonitis virus.J Virol. 1992;11 (11): 6695-6705.
30. Cornelissen E,Dewerchin HL,van Hamme E, et al.Absence of antibody-dependent, complement-mediated lysis of feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected cells.Virus Res. 2009;144 ((1-2)): 285-289.
31. Correa SS,Mauldin GN,Mauldin GE, et al.Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration in cats with lymphoma.J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2001;37 (2): 153-158.
32. Dean G,Olivry T,Stanton C, et al.In vivo cytokine response to experimental feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.Vet Microbiol. 2003;97 (102): 1-12.
33. Declercq J,de Bosschere H,Schwarzkopf I, et al.Papular cutaneous lesions in a cat associated with feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Dermatol. 2008;19 (5): 255-258.
34. Dedeurwaerder A,Desmarets LM,Olyslaegers DAJ, et al.The role of accessory proteins in the replication of feline infectious peritonitis virus.Vet Microbiol. 2013;162 ((2-4)): 447-455.
35. Dedeurwaerder A,Olyslaegers DA,Desmarets LM, et al.The ORF7-encoded accessory protein 7a of feline infectious peritonitis virus as a counteragent against interferon-alpha induced antiviral response.J Gen Virol. 2014;95 (pt 2): 393-402.
36. De Groot-Mijnes JDF,van Dun JM,van der Most RG, et al.Natural history of a recurrent feline coronavirus infection and the role of cellular immunity in survival and disease.J Virol. 2005;79 (2): 1036-1044.
37. Denison MR,Graham RL,Donaldson EF, et al.Coronaviruses: an RNA proofreading machine regulates replication fidelity and diversity.RNA Biol. 2011;8 (2): 270-279.
38. Dewerchin HL,Cornelissen E,Nauwynck JH.Replication of feline coronaviruses in peripheral blood monocytes.Arch Virol. 2005;150 (12): 2483-2500.
39. Dewerchin HL,Cornelissen E,Nauwynck JH.Feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected monocytes internalize viral membrane-bound proteins upon antibody addition.J Gen Virol. 2006;87 (pt 6): 1685-1690.
40. Dewerchin HL,Cornelissen E,van Hamme E, et al.Surface-expressed viral proteins in feline infectious peritonitis virus-infected monocytes are internalized through a clathrin- and caveolae-independent pathway.J Gen Virol. 2008;89 (pt 11): 2731-2740.
41. Drechsler Y,Alcaraz A,Bossong FJ, et al.Feline coronavirus in multicat environments.Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2011;41 (6): 1133-1169.
42. Duarte A,Veiga I,Tavares L.Genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of feline coronavirus sequences from Portugal.Vet Microbiol. 2009;138 ((1-2)): 163-166.
43. Duthie S,Eckersall PD,Addie DD, et al.Value of a1-acid glycoprotein in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Rec. 1997;141 (12): 299-303.
44. Dvorak HF,Nagy JA,Feng D, et al.Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor and the significance of microvascular hyperpermeability in angiogenesis.Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol. 1999;237:97-132.
45. Dye C,Siddell SG.Genomic RNA sequence of feline coronavirus strain FIPV WSU-79/1146.J Gen Virol. 2005;86 (pt 8): 2249-2253.
46. Dye C,Helps CR,Siddell SG.Evaluation of real-time RT-PCR for the quantification of FCoV shedding in the faeces of domestic cats.J Feline Med Surg. 2008;10 (2): 167-174.
47. Enjuanes L,Almaan F,Sola I, et al.Biochemical aspects of coronavirus replication.Adv Exp Med Biol. 2006;581:13-24.
48. Fischer Y,Sauter-Louis C,Hartmann K.Diagnostic accuracy of the Rivalta test for feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Clin Pathol. 2012;41 (4): 558-567.
49. Foley JE,Pedersen NC.The inheritance of susceptibility to feline infectious peritonitis virus in purebred catteries.Feline Pract. 1996;24:14-22.
50. Foley JE,Poland A,Carlson J, et al.Patterns of feline coronavirus infection and fecal shedding from cats in multiple-cat environments.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210 (9): 1307-1312.
51. Foley JE,Poland A,Carlson J, et al.Risk factors for feline infectious peritonitis among cats in multiple-cat environments with endemic feline enteric coronavirus.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1997;210 (9): 1313-1318.
52. Foley JE,Rand C,Leutenegger C.Inflammation and changes in cytokine levels in neurological feline infectious peritonitis.J Feline Med Surg. 2003;5 (6): 313-322.
53. Gamble DA,Lobbiani A,Gramegna M, et al.Development of a nested PCR assay for detection of feline infectious peritonitis virus in clinical specimens.J Clin Microbiol. 1997;35 (3): 673-675.
54. Gelain ME,Meli M,Paltrinieri S.Whole blood cytokine profiles in cats infected with feline coronavirus and healthy non-FCoV infected specific pathogen-free cats.J Feline Med Surg. 2006;8 (6): 389-300.
55. Giordano A,Spagnolo V,Colombo A, et al.Changes in some acute phase protein and immunoglobulin concentrations in cats affected by feline infectious peritonitis or exposed to feline coronavirus infection.Vet J. 2004;167 (1): 38-44.
56. Giordano A,Paltrinieri S,Bertazzolo, et al.Sensitivity of Tru-cut and fine-needle aspiration biopsies of liver and kidney for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Clin Pathol. 2005;34 (4): 368-374.
57. Giordano A,Paltrinieri S.Interferon-gamma in the serum and effusions of cats with feline coronavirus infection.Vet J. 2009;180 (3): 396-398.
58. Giori L,Giordano A,Giudice C, et al.Performances of different diagnostic tests for feline infectious peritonitis in challenging clinical cases.J Small Anim Pract. 2011;52 (3): 152-157.
59. Goitsuka R,Hirota Y,Hasegawa A, et al.Release of Interleukin 1 from peritoneal exudate cells of cats with feline infectious peritonitis.Jpn J Vet Sci. 1987;49 (5): 811-818.
60. Goitsuka R,Ohashi T,Ono K, et al.IL-6 activity in feline infectious peritonitis.J Immunol. 1990;144 (7): 2599-2603.
61. Golovko L,Lyons LA,Liu H, et al.Genetic susceptibility to feline infectious peritonitis in Birman cats.Virus Res. 2013;175 (1): 58-63.
62. Gonon V,Duquesne V,Klonjkowski B, et al.Clearance of infection in cats naturally infected with feline coronaviruses is associated with an anti-S glycoprotein antibody response.J Gen Virol. 1995;80 (pt 9): 2315-2317.
63. Gonzalez JM,Gomez-Puertas P,Cavanagh D, et al.A comparative sequence analysis to revise the current taxonomy of the family Coronaviridae.Arch Virol. 2003;148 (11): 2207-2235.
64. Gunn-Moore DA,Gruffydd-Jones TJ,Harbour DA.Detection of feline coronaviruses by culture and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of blood samples from healthy cats and cats with clinical feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Microbiol. 1998;62 (3): 193-205.
65. Gunn-Moore DA,Caney SMA,Gruffydd-Jones TJ, et al.Antibody and cytokine responses in kittens during the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP).Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;65 ((2-4)): 221-242.
66. Gunn-Moore DA,Gunn-Moore FJ,Gruffydd-Jones TJ, et al.Detection of quasispecies using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.Vet Microbiol. 1999;69 ((1-2)): 127-130.
67. Gut M,Leutenegger CM,Huder JB, et al.One-tube fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the quantitation of feline coronaviruses.J Virol Methods. 1999;77 (1): 37-46.
68. Haagmans BL Egberink HF,Horzinek MC.Apoptosis and T-cell depletion during feline infectious peritonitis.J Virol. 1996;70 (12): 8977-8983.
69. Haijema BJ,Volders H,Rottier PJM.Live, attenuated coronavirus vaccines through the direct deletion of group-specific genes provide protection against feline infectious peritonitis.J Virol. 2004;78 (8): 3863-3871.
70. Haijema BJ,Rottier PJM,de Groot RJCoronaviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Thiel V, ed. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press; 2007:183-204.
71. Harpold LM,Legendre AM,Kennedy MA, et al.Fecal shedding of feline coronavirus in adult cats and kittens in an Abyssinian cattery.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;215 (7): 948-951.
72. Hartmann K,Binder C,Hirschberger J, et al.Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis.J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17 (6): 781-790.
73. Hartmann K.Feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2005;35 (1): 39-79.
74. Harun MS,Kuan CO,Selvarajah GT, et al.Transcriptional profiling of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in CRFK cells and in PBMCs from FIP diagnosed cats.Virol J. 2013;10 (1): 329.
75. Harvey CJ,Lopez JW,Hendrick MJ.An uncommon intestinal manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis-26 cases (1986-1993).J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1996;209 (6): 1117-1112.
76. Hayashi T,Goto N,Takahashi R, et al.Systemic vascular lesions in feline infectious peritonitis.Jpn J Vet Sci. 1977;39 (4): 365-377.
77. Hayashi T,Utsumi F,Takahashi R, et al.Pathology of non-effusive type feline infectious peritonitis and experimental transmission.Jpn J Vet Sci. 1980;42 (2): 197-210.
78. Hayashi T,Watabe Y,Nakayama H, et al.Enteritis due to feline infectious peritonitis virus.Jpn J Vet Sci. 1982;44 (1): 97-106.
79. Herrewegh AAPM,Vennema H,Horzinek MC, et al.The molecular genetics of feline coronaviruses: comparative sequence analysis of the Orf7a/7b transcription unit of different biotypes.Virology. 1995;212 (2): 622-631.
80. Herrewegh AA,DeGroot RJ,Cepica A, et al.Detection of feline coronavirus RNA in feces, tissues, and body fluids of naturally infected cats by reverse transcriptase PCR.J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33 (3): 684-689.
81. Herrewegh AA,Mahler M,Hedrich HJ, et al.Persistence and evolution of feline coronavirus in a closed cat-breeding colony.Virology. 1997;234:349-363.
82. Herrewegh AA,Smeenk I,Horzinek MC, et al.Feline coronavirus type-II strain-79-1683 and strain-79-1146 originate from a double recombination between feline coronavirus type-I and canine coronavirus.J Virol. 1998;72 (5): 4508-4514.
83. Hohdatsu T,Okada S,Ishizuka Y, et al.The prevalence of types I and II feline coronavirus infection in cats.J Vet Med Sci. 1992;54 (3): 557-562.
84. Hohdatsu T,Izumiya Y,Yokoyama Y.Differences in virus receptor for type I and type II feline infectious peritonitis virus.Arch Virol. 1998;143 (5): 839-850.
85. Hohdatsu T,Yamato H,Ohkawa T, et al.Vaccine efficacy of a cell lysate with recombinant baculovirus-expressed feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus nucleocapsid protein against progression of FIP.Vet Microbiol. 2003;97 ((1-2)): 31-44.
86. Holzworth J.Some important disorders of cats.Cornell Vet. 1963;53:157-160.
87. Hornyák A,Bálint A,Farsang A, et al.Detection of subgenomic mRNA of feline coronavirus by real-time polymerase chain reaction based on primer-probe energy transfer (P-sg-QPCR).J Virol Methods. 2012;181 (2): 155-163.
88. Jacobse-Geels HEL,Daha MR,Horzinek MC.Isolation and characterization of feline C3 and evidence for the immune complex pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis.J Immunol. 1980;125 (4): 1606-1610.
89. Jacobse-Geels HEL,Daha MR,Horzinek MC.Antibody, immune complexes, and complement activity fluctuations in kittens with experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis.Am J Vet Res. 1982;43 (4): 666-670.
90. Jacobse-Geels HEL,Horzinek MC.Expression of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) coronavirus antigen on the surface of feline macrophage-like cells.J Gen Virol. 1983;64 (pt 9): 1859-1866.
91. Jeffery U,Deitz K,Hostetter S.Positive predictive value of albumin: globulin ratio for feline infectious peritonitis in a mid-western referral hospital population.J Feline Med Surg. 2012;14 (12): 903-905.
92. Kennedy M,Boedeker N,Gibbs P, et al.Deletions in the 7a ORF of feline coronavirus associated with an epidemic of feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Microbiol. 2001;81 (3): 227-234.
93. Kennedy MA,Abd-Eldaim M,Zika SE, et al.Evaluation of antibodies against feline coronavirus 7b protein for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis in cats.Am J Vet Res. 2008;69 (9): 1179-1180.
94. Kida K,Hohdatsu T,Fujii K, et al.Selection of antigenic variants of the S glycoprotein of feline infectious peritonitis virus and analysis of antigen sites involved in neutralization.J Vet Med Sci. 1999;61 (8): 935-938.
95. Kipar A,Bellmann S,Kremendahl J, et al.Cellular composition, coronavirus antigen expression and production of specific antibodies in lesions in feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;65 ((2-4)): 243-257.
96. Kipar A,Kremendahl J,Addie DD, et al.Fatal enteritis associated with coronavirus infection in cats.J Comp Pathol. 1998;119 (1): 1-14.
97. Kipar A,Bellmann S,Gunn-Moore DA, et al.Histopathological alterations of lymphatic tissues in cats without feline infectious peritonitis after long-term exposure to FIP virus.Vet Microbiol. 1999;69 ((1-2)): 131-137.
98. Kipar A,Köhler K,Bellmann S, et al.Feline infectious peritonitis presenting as a tumour in the abdominal cavity.Vet Rec. 1999;144 (5): 118-122.
99. Kipar A,Köhler K,Leukert W, et al.A comparison of lymphatic tissues from cats with spontaneous feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), cats with FIP virus infection but no FIP, and cats with no infection.J Comp Pathol. 2001;125 ((2-3)): 182-191.
100. Kipar A,May H,Menger S, et al.Morphological features and development of granulomatous vasculitis in feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Pathol. 2005;42 (3): 321-330.
101. Kipar A,Baptiste K,Barth A, et al.Natural FCoV infection: cats with FIP exhibit significantly higher viral loads than healthy infected cats.J Feline Med Surg. 2006;8 (1): 69-72.
102. Kipar A,Meli ML,Failing K, et al.Natural feline coronavirus infection: differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2006;112 ((3-4)): 141-155.
103. Kipar A,Meli ML,Baptiste KE, et al.Sites of feline coronavirus persistence in healthy cats.J Gen Virol. 2010;91 (pt 7): 1698-1707.
104. Kiss I,Kecskeméti S,Tanyi J, et al.Preliminary studies on feline coronavirus distribution in naturally and experimentally infected cats.Res Vet Sci. 2000;68 (3): 237-242.
105. Kiss I,Kecskeméti S,Tanyi J, et al.Prevalence and genetic pattern of feline coronaviruses in urban cat populations.Vet J. 2000;159 (1): 64-70.
106. Kiss I,Poland AM,Pedersen NC.Disease outcome and cytokine responses in cats immunized with an avirulent feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)-UCD1 and challenge-exposed with virulent FIPV-UCD8.J Feline Med Surg. 2004;6 (2): 89-97.
107. Kumar S,Nehm J,Lee JC.P38 MAP kinases: key signalling molecules as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003;2 (9): 717-726.
108. Kummrow M,Meli ML,Haessig M, et al.Feline coronavirus serotypes 1 and 2: seroprevalence and association with disease in Switzerland.Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12 (10): 1209-1215.
109. LeukertW. Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit eines Impfstoffes gegen die Feline Infektiöse Peritonitis unter Tierheimbedingungen. 2002. http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2002/745/.
110. Licitra BN,Millet JK,Regan AD, et al.Mutation in spike protein cleavage site and pathogenesis of feline coronavirus.Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19 (7): 1066-1073.
111. Lin CN,Su BL,Wang CH, et al.Genetic diversity and correlation with feline infectious peritonitis and feline coronavirus type I and II: a 5-year study in Taiwan.Vet Microbiol. 2009;136 ((3-4)): 233-239.
112. McKeirnan AJ,Evermann JF,Hargis A, et al.Isolation of feline coronaviruses from cats with disease manifestations.Feline Pract. 1981;11:16-20.
113. Meli M,Kipar A,Müller C, et al.High viral loads despite absence of clinical and pathological findings in cats experimentally infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and in naturally FCoV-infected cats.J Feline Med Surg. 2004;6 (2): 69-81.
114. Meli ML,Burr O,Decaro N, et al.Samples with high virus load cause a trend towards lower signal in feline coronavirus antibody tests.J Feline Med Surg. 2012;15 (4): 295-299.
115. Montali RJ,Strandberg JD.Extraperitoneal lesions in feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Pathol. 1972;9 (2): 109-121.
116. Motokawa K,Hohdatsu T,Hashimoto H, et al.Comparison of the amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the peplomer, integral membrane and nucleocapsid proteins of feline, canine and porcine coronaviruses.Microbiol Immunol. 1996;40 (6): 425-433.
117. Olsen CW,Corapi WV,Ngichabe CK, et al.Monoclonal antibodies to the spike protein of feline infectious peritonitis virus mediate antibody-dependent enhancement of infection of feline macrophages.J Virol. 1992;66 (2): 956-965.
118. Olsen CW.A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus: molecular biology, immunopathogenesis, clinical aspects, and vaccination.Vet Microbiol. 1993;36 ((1-2)): 1-37.
119. Olyslaegers DAJ,Dedeurwaerder A,Desmarets LMB, et al.Altered expression of adhesion molecules on peripheral blood leukocytes in feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Microbiol. 2013;166:438-339.
120. Oostra M,de Haan CA,de Groot RJ, et al.Glycosylation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus triple-spanning membrane proteins 3a and M.J Virol. 2006;80 (5): 2326-2330.
121. Osterhaus ADME,Horzinek MC,Ellens DJ.Studies on the etiology of feline infectious peritonitis: preliminary communication.Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 1976;89 (7): 135-136.
122. Paltrinieri S,Cammarata Parodi M,Cammarata G, et al.Some aspects of humoral and cellular immunity in naturally occurring feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;65 ((2-4)): 205-220.
123. Paltrinieri S,Cammarata Parodi M,Cammarata G, et al.Type IV hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis of FIPV-induced lesions.Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1998;45 (3): 151-159.
124. Paltrinieri S,Ponti W,Comazzi S, et al.Shifts in circulating lymphocyte subsets with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP): pathogenic role and diagnostic relevance.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2003;96 ((3-4)): 141-148.
125. Paltrinieri S,Giordano A,Tranquillo V, et al.Critical assessment of the diagnostic value of feline α1-acid glycoprotein for feline infectious peritonitis using likelihood ratios approach.J Vet Diagn Invest. 2007;19 (3): 266-272.
126. Pedersen NC.Morphological and physical characteristics of feline infectious peritonitis virus and its growth in autochthonous peritoneal cell cultures.Am J Vet Res. 1976;37 (5): 567-572.
127. Pedersen NC,Boyle JF.Immunologic phenomena in the effusive form of feline infectious peritonitis.Am J Vet Res. 1980;41 (6): 868-876.
128. Pedersen NC,Boyle JF,Floyd K.Infection studies in kittens, using feline infectious peritonitis virus propagated in cell culture.Am J Vet Res. 1981;42 (3): 363-367.
129. Pedersen NC,Boyle JF,Floyd K, et al.An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship to feline infectious peritonitis.Am J Vet Res. 1981;42 (3): 368-377.
130. Pedersen NC.Feline infectious peritonitis and feline enteric coronavirus infections, part I: feline enteric coronaviruses.Feline Pract. 1983;13:13-18.
131. Pedersen NC.Feline infectious peritonitis and feline enteric coronavirus infections, part 2: feline infectious peritonitis.Feline Pract. 1983;13:5-20.
132. Pedersen NC,Black JW,Boyle JF, et al.Pathogenic differences between various feline coronavirus isolates.Adv Exp Med Biol. 1984;172:365-380.
133. Pedersen NC.Virologic and immunologic aspects of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.Adv Exp Med Biol. 1987;218:529-550.
134. Pedersen NC.An overview of feline enteric coronavirus and infectious peritonitis virus infections.Feline Pract. 1995;23:7-20.
135. Pedersen NC.The history and interpretation of feline coronavirus serology.Feline Pract. 1995;23:46.
136. Pedersen NC.A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963-2008.J Feline Med Surg. 2009;11 (4): 225-258.
137. Pedersen NC,Liu H,Dodd KA,Pesavento PA.Significance of coronavirus mutants in feces and diseased tissues of cats suffering from feline infectious peritonitis.Virus Res. 2009;1:166-184.
138. Pedersen NC,Liu H,Scarlett J, et al.Feline infectious peritonitis: role of the feline coronavirus 3c gene in intestinal tropism and pathogenicity based upon isolates from resident and adopted shelter cats.Virus Res. 2012;165 (1): 17-28.
139. Pesteanu-Somogyi LD,Radzai C,Pressler BM.Prevalence of feline infectious peritonitis in specific cat breeds.J Feline Med Surg. 2006;8 (1): 1-5.
140. Poland AM,Vennema H,Foley JE,Pedersen NC.Two related strains of feline infectious peritonitis virus isolated from immunocompromised cats infected with a feline enteric coronavirus.J Clin Microbiol. 1996;34 (12): 3180-3184.
141. Potkay S,Bacher JD,Pitts TW.Feline infectious peritonitis in a closed breeding colony.Lab Anim Sci. 1974;24 (2): 279-289.
142. Regan AD,Cohen RD,Whittaker GR.Activation of p38 MAPK by feline infectious peritonitis virus regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production in primary blood-derived feline mononuclear cells.Virology. 2009;384 (1): 135-143.
143. Regan AD,Ousterout DG,Whittaker GR.Feline lectin activity is critical for the cellular entry of feline infectious peritonitis virus.J Virol. 2010;84 (15): 7917-7921.
144. Rohrbach BW,Legendre AM,Baldwin CA, et al.Epidemiology of feline infectious peritonitis among cats examined at veterinary medical teaching hospitals.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218 (7): 1111-1115.
145. Rottier PJ,Nakamura K,Schellen P, et al.Acquisition of macrophage tropism during the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis is determined by mutations in the feline coronavirus spike protein.J Virol. 2005;79 (22): 14122-14130.
146. Selting KA,Ogilvie GK,Lana SE, et al.Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentrations in healthy and tumor bearing cats.J Vet Int Med. 2000;14 (5): 503-506.
147. Shelly SM,Scarlett Kranz J,Blue JT.Protein electrophoresis on effusions from cats as a diagnostic test for feline infectious peritonitis.J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 1988;24:495-500.
148. Shiba N,Maeda K,Kato H, et al.Differentiation of feline coronavirus type I and II infections by virus neutralization test.Vet Microbiol. 2007;124 ((3-4)): 348-352.
149. Sigurdardottir OG,Kolbjornsen O,Lutz H.Orchitis in a cat associated with coronavirus infection.J Comp Path. 2001;124 (203): 219-222.
150. Simons FA,Vennema M,Rofina JE, et al.A mRNA PCR for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis.J Virol Methods. 2005;124 ((1-2)): 111-116.
151. Sparkes AH,Gruffydd Jones TJ,Harbour DA.Feline infectious peritonitis: a review of clinicopathological changes in 65 cases, and a critical assessment of their diagnostic value.Vet Rec. 1991;129 (10): 209-212.
152. Stoddart ME,Gaskell RM,Harbour DA, et al.Virus shedding and immune response in cats inoculated with cell culture-adapted feline infectious peritonitis virus.Vet Microbiol. 1988;16 (2): 145-158.
153. Stoddart ME,Gaskell RM,Harbour DA, et al.The sites of early viral replication in feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Microbiol. 1988;18 ((3-4)): 259-271.
154. Stoddart CA,Scott FW.Intrinsic resistance of feline peritoneal macrophages to coronavirus infection correlates with in vivo virulence.J Virol. 1989;63 (1): 436-440.
155. Takano T,Hohdatsu T,Hashida Y, et al.A "possible" involvement of TNF-alpha in apoptosis induction in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cats with feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Microbiol. 2007;119 ((2-4)): 121-131.
156. Takano T,Kawakami C,Yamada S, et al.Antibody-dependent enhancement occurs upon re-infection with the identical serotype virus in feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.J Vet Med Sci. 2008;70 (12): 1315-1321.
157. Takano T,Azuma N,Hashida Y, et al.B-cell activation in cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) by FIP-virus-induced B-cell differentiation/survival factors.Arch Virol. 2009;154 (1): 27-35.
158. Takano T,Azuma N,Satoh M, et al.Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions.Arch Virol. 2009;154 (5): 775-781.
159. Takano T,Tomiyama Y,Katoh Y, et al.Mutation of neutralizing/antibody-dependent enhancing epitope on spike protein and 7b gene of feline infectious peritonitis virus: influences of viral replication in monocytes/macrophages and virulence in cats.Virus Res. 2011;156 ((1-2)): 72-80.
160. Takano T,Ohyama T,Kokumoto A, et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), produced by feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus-infected monocytes and macrophages, induces vascular permeability and effusion in cats with FIP.Virus Res. 2011;158 ((1-2)): 161-168.
161. Tammer R,Evensen O,Lutz H, et al.Immunohistological demonstration of feline infectious peritonitis virus antigen in paraffin-embedded tissues using feline ascites or murine monoclonal antibodies.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1995;49 ((1-2)): 177-182.
162. Tekes G,Hofmann-Lehmann R,Bank-Wolf B, et al.Chimeric feline coronaviruses that encode type II spike protein on type I background display accelerated viral growth and altered receptor usage.J Virol. 2010;84 (3): 1326-1333.
163. Tresnan DB,Levis R,Holmes KV.Feline aminopeptidase N serves as a receptor for feline, canine, porcine, and human coronaviruses in serogroup I.J Virol. 1996;70 (12): 8669-8674.
164. Tsai H,Chueh L,Lin C, et al.Clinicopathological findings and disease staging of feline infectious peritonitis: 51 cases from 2003 to 2009 in Taiwan.J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13 (2): 74-80.
165. van Hamme E,Dewerchin HL,Cornelissen E, et al.Attachment and internalization of feline infectious peritonitis virus in feline blood monocytes and Crandell feline kidney cells.J Gen Virol. 2007;88 (pt 9): 2527-2532.
166. van Hamme E,Desmarets L,Dewerchin HL, et al.Intriguing interplay between feline infectious peritonitis virus and its receptors during entry in primary feline monocytes.Virus Res. 2011;160 ((1-2)): 32-39.
167. Vennema H,Poland A,Foley J, et al.Feline infectious peritonitis viruses arise by mutation from endemic feline enteric coronaviruses.Virology. 1998;243 (1): 150-157.
168. Vermeulen BL,Devriendt B,Olyslaegers DA, et al.Suppression of NK cells and regulatory T lymphocytes in cats naturally infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus.Vet Microbiol. 2013;164 ((1-2)): 46-59.
169. Vignuzzi M,Stone JK,Arnold JJ, et al.Quasispecies diversity determines pathogenesis through cooperative interactions in a viral population.Nature. 2006;439 (7074): 344-348.
170. Vogel L,van der Lubben M,te Lintelo EG, et al.Pathogenic characteristics of persistent feline enteric coronavirus infection in cats.Vet Res. 2010;41 (5): 71.
171. Ward JM,Nunn RJ,Gribble DH, et al.An observation of feline infectious peritonitis.Vet Rec. 1968;83 (16): 416-417.
172. Ward BC,Pederson N.Infectious peritonitis in cats.J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1969;154 (1): 26-35.
173. Ward JM.Morphogenesis of a virus in cats with feline infectious peritonitis.Virology. 1970;41 (1): 191-194.
174. Ward JM,Gribble DH,Dungworth DL.Feline infectious peritonitis: experimental evidence for its multiphasic nature.Am J Vet Res. 1974;35 (10): 1271-1275.
175. Weiss RC,Dodds WJ,Scott FW.Disseminated intravascular coagulation in experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis.Am J Vet Res. 1980;41 (5): 663-671.
176. Weiss RC,Scott FW.Antibody-mediated enhancement of disease in feline infectious peritonitis: comparisons with dengue hemorrhagic fever.Comp Immunol Microbiol Inf Dis. 1981;4 (2): 175-189.
177. Weiss RC,Scott FW.Pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis: pathologic changes and immunofluorescence.Am J Vet Res. 1981;42 (12): 2036-2048.
178. Wolfe LG,Griesemer RA.Feline infectious peritonitis.Pathol Vet. 1966;3 (3): 255-270.