The rise of web campaigning in Finland

iPolitics: Citizens, Elections, and Governing in the New Media Era

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 125-150

  Carlson, Tom ^a   Strandberg, Kim ^a  

^a ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894089959     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139059893.009     Document Type: Chapter

References (52)

1. Barber, Benjamin. 2001. “The Uncertainty of Digital Politics.” Harvard International Review 23 (1): 42–7.
2. Bystrom, Dianne G., Mary Christine Banwart, Lynda Lee Kaid, and Terry A. Robertson. 2004. Gender and Candidate Communication. London: Routledge.
3. Carlson, Tom. 2007. “It’s a Man’s World? Male and Female Election Campaigning on the Internet.” Journal of Political Marketing 6 (1): 41–67.
4. Carlson, Tom, and Goran Djupsund. 2001. “Old Wine in New Bottles? The 1999 Finnish Election Campaign on the Internet.” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 6 (1): 68–87.
5. Carlson, Tom, and Kim Strandberg. 2005. “The 2004 European Election on the Web: Finnish Actor Strategies and Voter Responses.” Information Polity 10 (3–4): 189–204.
6. Carlson, Tom, and Kim Strandberg. 2007. “Finland: The European Parliament Election in a Candidate-Centered Electoral System.” In Randolph Kluver, Nicholas W. Jankowski, Kirsten A. Foot, and Steven M. Schneider (eds.), The Internet and National Elections: A Comparative Study of Web Campaigning (pp. 29–42), London: Routledge.
7. Carlson, Tom, and Kim Strandberg. 2008. “Plus ça change, plus ç’est la même chose? The Evolution of Finnish Web Campaigning 1996–2004.” In Jesper Strömbäck, Mark Ørsten, and Toril Aalberg (eds.), Communicating Politics: Political Communication in the Nordic Countries (pp. 161–79), Gothenburg, Sweden: Nordicom.
8. Corrado, Anthony, and Charles M. Firestone, eds. 1997. Elections in Cyberspace: Toward a New Era in American Politics. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.
9. Cunha, Carlos, Irene Martín, James Newell, and Louis Ramiro. 2003. “Southern European Parties and Party Systems, and the New ICTs.” In Rachel Gibson, Paul Nixon, and Stephen Ward (eds.), Political Parties and the Internet: Net Gain? (pp. 70–97), London: Routledge.
10. Davis, Richard. 1999. The Web of Politics: The Internet’s Impact on the American Political System. New York: Oxford University Press.
11. De Vreese, Claes H. 2003. “Television Reporting of Second-Order Elections.” Journalism Studies 4 (2): 183–98.
12. Druckman, James N., Martin J. Kifer, and Michael Parkin. 2007. “The Technological Development of Congressional Candidate Websites: How and Why Candidates Use Web Innovations.” Social Science Computer Review 25 (4): 425–42.
13. Druckman, James N., Martin J. Kifer, and Michael Parkin. 2009. “Campaign Communications in U.S. Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review 103 (3): 343–66.
14. Foot, Kirsten A., and Steven M. Schneider. 2006. Web Campaigning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
15. Gibson, Rachel. 2004. “Web Campaigning from a Global Perspective.” Asia Pacific Review 11 (1): 95–126.
16. Gibson, Rachel K., and Ian McAllister. 2006. “Does Cyber Campaigning Win Votes? Online Communication in the 2004 Australian Election.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 16 (3): 243–63.
17. Gibson, Rachel, and Andrea Römmele. 2003. “Regional Web Campaigning in the 2002 German Federal Election.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia.
18. Gibson, Rachel K., and Stephen J. Ward. 1998. “UK Political Parties and the Internet: ‘Politics as Usual’ in the New Media?” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 3 (3): 14–38.
19. Gibson, Rachel K., and Stephen Ward. 2002. “Virtual Campaigning: Australian Parties and the Impact of the Internet.” Australian Journal of Political Science 37 (1): 99–129.
20. Gibson, Rachel K., Michael Margolis, David Resnick, and Stephen J. Ward. 2003. “Election Campaigning on the WWW in the USA and UK: A Comparative Analysis.” Party Politics 9 (1): 47–75.
21. Greer, Jennifer D., and Mark E. LaPointe. 2003. “Cyber-Campaigning Grows Up. A Comparative Content Analysis of Websites for US Senate and Gubernatorial Races, 1998–2000.” In Rachel K. Gibson, Andrea Römmele, and Stephen J. Ward (eds.), Electronic Democracy: Mobilisation, Organisation and Participation via new ICTs (pp. 116–32), London: Routledge.
22. Gulati, Girish J., and Christine B. Williams. 2007. “Closing the Gap, Raising the Bar: Candidate Website Communication in the 2006 Campaigns for Congress.” Social Science Computer Review 25 (4): 443–65.
23. Herrnson, Paul S., and Atiya Kai Stokes. 2003. “Politics and the Digital Divide: District Characteristics and Candidate Internet Use in State Legislative Campaigns.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
24. Isotalus, Pekka. 1998. “Euroehdokkaatkotisivuillaan.” In Pekka Isotalus (ed.), Kaveri vai peluri, Poliitikko mediassa (pp. 152–71), Jyväskylä, Finland: Atena.
25. Kahn, Kim F. 1996. The Political Consequences of Being a Woman: How Stereotypes Influence the Conduct and Consequences of Political Campaigns. New York: Columbia University Press.
26. Kalnes, Øyvind. 2009. “Norwegian Parties and Web 2.0.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 6 (3/4): 251–66.
27. Kamarck, Elaine Ciulla. 2002. “Political Campaigning on the Internet: Business as Usual?” In Elaine C. Kamarck and Joseph S. Nye Jr. (eds.), Governance.com: Democracy in the Information Age (pp. 81–103), Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
28. Kluver, Randolph, Nicholas W. Jankowski, Kirsten A. Foot, and Steven M. Schneider, eds. 2007. The Internet and National Elections: A Comparative Study of Web Campaigning. London: Routledge.
29. Lilleker, Darren G., and Casilda Malagón. 2010. “Levels of Interactivity in the 2007 French Presidential Candidates’ Websites.” European Journal of Communication 25 (1): 25–42.
30. Lipset, Seymour M. 1996. American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword. New York: W. W. Norton.
31. Lusoli, Wainer, and Janelle Ward. 2005. “‘Politics Makes Strange Bedfellows’: The Internet and the 2004 European Parliament Election in Britain.” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 10 (4): 71–97.
32. Margolis, Michael, and David Resnick. 2000. Politics as Usual: The Cyberspace “Revolution.” Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
33. Margolis, Michael, David Resnick, and Jonathan Levy. 2003. “Major Parties Dominate, Minor Parties Struggle: US Elections and the Internet.” In Rachel Gibson, Paul Nixon, and Stephen Ward (eds.), Political Parties and the Internet: Net Gain? (pp. 53–69), London: Routledge.
34. Norris, Pippa. 2000a. A Virtuous Circle: Political Communications in Postindustrial Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Norris, Pippa. 2000b. “The Internet in Europe: A New North-South Divide?” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 5 (1): 1–12.
36. Norris, Pippa. 2001. Digital Divide? Civic Engagement, Information Poverty and the Internet Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
37. Norris, Pippa. 2003. “Preaching to the Converted? Pluralism, Participation and Party Websites.” Party Politics 9 (1): 21–45.
38. Puopolo, Sonia. 2001. “The Web and U.S. Senatorial Campaigns 2000.” American Behavioral Scientist 44 (12): 2030–47.
39. Rogers, Everett M. 1986. Communication Technology: The New Media in Society. New York: Free Press.
40. Rogers, Everett M. 1995. Diffusion of Innovations, 4th ed. New York: Free Press.
41. Ruostetsaari, Ilkka, and Mikko Mattila. 2002. “Candidate-Centred Campaigns and their Effects in an Open List System: The Case of Finland.” In David M. Farrell and Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck (eds.), Do Political Campaigns Matter? Campaign Effects in Elections and Referendums (pp. 93–107), London: Routledge.
42. Schmitt, Hermann. 2005. “The European Parliament Elections of June 2004: Still Second Order?” West European Politics 28 (3): 650–79.
43. Schneider, Steven M., and Kirsten A. Foot. 2006. “Web Campaigning by U.S. Presidential Primary Candidates in 2000 and 2004.” In Andrew P. Williams and John C. Tedesco (eds.), The Internet Election: Perspectives on the Web in Campaign 2004 (pp. 21–36), Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
44. Schweitzer, Eva Johanna. 2008. “Innovation or Normalization in E-Campaigning? A Longitudinal Content and Structural Analysis of German Party Websites in the 2002 and 2005 National Elections.” European Journal of Communication 23 (4): 449–70.
45. Strandberg, Kim. 2006. Parties, Candidates and Citizens Online: Studies of Politics on the Internet. Åbo, Finland: Åbo Akademis Förlag.
46. Stromer-Galley, Jennifer. 2000. “On-Line Interaction and Why Candidates Avoid It.” Journal of Communication 50 (4): 111–32.
47. Van Zoonen, Liesbet. 2002. “Gendering the Internet: Claims, Controversies and Cultures.” European Journal of Communication 17 (1): 5–23.
48. Verkkouutiset. 2009. Ensimmäiset todelliset nettivaalit. Retrieved January 24, 2011, from http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/index.php?option=com_ontent&view=carticle&id=4125%3Aqensimmaeiset-todelliset-nettivaalitq&Itemid=8.
49. Ward, Stephen, and Rachel Gibson. 2003. “Online and on Message? Candidate Websites in the 2001 General Election.” British Journal of Politics and International Relations 5 (2): 188–205.
50. Williams, Christine B., and Girish J. Gulati. 2006. “The Evolutionary Development of Campaign Websites: The U.S. Senate, 2000–2004.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia.
51. Wilson, Graham K. 1998. Only in America? The Politics of the United States in Comparative Perspective. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
52. Zittel, Thomas. 2009. “Lost in Technology? Political Parties and the Online Campaigns of Constituency Candidates in Germany’s Mixed Member Electoral System.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 6 (3): 298–311.