Revisiting the effects of Parkinson's disease and frontal lobe lesions on task switching: The role of rule reconfiguration

Journal of Neuropsychology

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 53-74

  Kehagia, Angie A ^a,b   Barker, Roger A ^c   Robbins, Trevor W ^b,d  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BRAIN INJURY; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; INJURY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NOMENCLATURE; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOLOGY; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; REACTION TIME; RECOGNITION;

AGED; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; BRAIN INJURIES; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NAMES; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PHOTIC STIMULATION; REACTION TIME; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY);

EID: 84894061389     PISSN: 17486645     EISSN: 17486653     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12004     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Agid, Y., Ruberg, M., Dubois, B., &, Pillon, B., (1987). Anatomoclinical and biochemical concepts of subcortical dementia. In, S. M. Stahl, S. D. Iversen, &, E. C. Goodman, (Eds.), Cognitive neurochemistry (pp. 248-271). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2. Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., &, Strick, P. L., (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 9, 357-381. (Pubitemid 16055790)
3. Allport, A., Styles, E., &, Hsieh, S., (1994). Shifting intentional set: Exploring the dynamic control of tasks. In, C. Umilta, &, M. Moscovitch, (Eds.), Attention and performance XV (pp. 421-452). Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
4. Allport, A., &, Wylie, G. S., (2000). Task switching, stimulus-response bindings, and negative priming. In, S. Monsell, &, J. Driver, (Eds.), Attention & performance XVIII: Control of cognitive processes (pp. 35-70). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5. Anderson, S. W., Damasio, H., Jones, R. D., &, Tranel, D., (1991). Wisconsin card sorting test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 909-922.
6. Ardila, N. P., &, Rosselli, M., (1989). Neuropsychological characteristics of normal aging. Developmental Neuropsychology, 5, 307-320.
7. Aron, A. R., Monsell, S., Sahakian, B. J., &, Robbins, T. W., (2004). A componential analysis of task-switching deficits associated with lesions of left and right frontal cortex. Brain, 127, 1561-1573. (Pubitemid 38899409)
8. Aron, A. R., Watkins, L., Sahakian, B. J., Monsell, S., Barker, R. A., &, Robbins, T. W., (2003). Task-set switching deficits in early-stage Huntington's disease: Implications for basal ganglia function. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 629-642. (Pubitemid 36871877)
9. Azari, N. P., Rapoport, S. I., Salerno, J. A., Grady, C. L., Gonzalez-Aviles, A., Schapiro, M. B., &, Horwitz, B., (1992). Interregional correlations of resting cerebral glucose metabolism in old and young women. Brain Research, 589, 279-290.
10. Backman, L., &, Farde, L., (2001). Dopamine and cognitive functioning: Brain imaging findings in Huntington's disease and normal aging. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 287-296. (Pubitemid 33668480)
11. Backman, L., Robins-Wahlin, T. B., Lundin, A., Ginovart, N., &, Farde, L., (1997). Cognitive deficits in Huntington's disease are predicted by dopaminergic PET markers and brain volumes. Brain, 120 (12), 2207-2217. (Pubitemid 28014597)
12. Badre, D., &, Wagner, A. D., (2006). Computational and neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 7186-7191.
13. Barker, R., (1988). How does the brain control its own activity? A new function for the basal ganglia. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 131, 497-507.
14. Benton, A. L., (1968). Differential behavioral effects in frontal lobe disease. Neuropsychologia, 6, 53-60.
15. Bowen, F. P., Kamienny, R. S., Burns, M. M., &, Yahr, M., (1975). Parkinsonism: Effects of levodopa treatment on concept formation. Neurology, 25, 701-704.
16. Braak, H., Del Tredici, K., Rub, U., de Vos, R. A., Jansen Steur, E. N., &, Braak, E., (2003). Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 24, 197-211. doi:S0197458002000659 (Pubitemid 36007810)
17. Brass, M., Ruge, H., Meiran, N., Rubin, O., Koch, I., Zysset, S.,. &, von Cramon, D. Y., (2003). When the same response has different meanings: Recoding the response meaning in the lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage, 20, 1026-1031. (Pubitemid 37268121)
18. Brass, M., Ullsperger, M., Knoesche, T. R., von Cramon, D. Y., &, Phillips, N. A., (2005). Who comes first? The role of the prefrontal and parietal cortex in cognitive control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1367-1375. (Pubitemid 41291960)
19. Brass, M., &, von Cramon, D. Y., (2004). Decomposing components of task preparation with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 609-620. (Pubitemid 38639608)
20. Braver, T. S., Reynolds, J. R., &, Donaldson, D. I., (2003). Neural mechanisms of transient and sustained cognitive control during task switching. Neuron, 39, 713-726. (Pubitemid 36993587)
21. Brooks, D. J., &, Piccini, P., (2006). Imaging in Parkinson's disease: The role of monoamines in behavior. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 908-918.
22. Brown, R. G., &, Marsden, C. D., (1988). Internal versus external cues and the control of attention in Parkinson's disease. Brain, 111 (2), 323-345.
23. Bunge, S. A., (2004). How we use rules to select actions: A review of evidence from cognitive neuroscience. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 4, 564-579. (Pubitemid 40342901)
24. Bunge, S. A., Hazeltine, E., Scanlon, M. D., Rosen, A. C., &, Gabrieli, J. D., (2002). Dissociable contributions of prefrontal and parietal cortices to response selection. Neuroimage, 17, 1562-1571. (Pubitemid 35333874)
25. Canavan, A. G., Passingham, R. E., Marsden, C. D., Quinn, N., Wyke, M., &, Polkey, C. E., (1990). Prism adaptation and other tasks involving spatial abilities in patients with Parkinson's disease, patients with frontal lobe lesions and patients with unilateral temporal lobectomies. Neuropsychologia, 28, 969-984. (Pubitemid 20334947)
26. Cardinal, R. N., &, Aitken, M. R., (2001). Whisker computer software. Version 2. Retrieved from http://www.whiskercontrol.com
27. Cepeda, N. J., Kramer, A. F., &, Gonzalez de Sather, J. C., (2001). Changes in executive control across the life span: Examination of task-switching performance. Developmental Psychology, 37, 715-730.
28. Channon, S., Jones, M. C., &, Stephenson, S., (1993). Cognitive strategies and hypothesis testing during discrimination learning in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 31, 75-82. (Pubitemid 23068965)
29. Coffey, C. E., Wilkinson, W. E., Parashos, I. A., Soady, S. A., Sullivan, R. J., Patterson, L. J.,. &, Djang, W. T., (1992). Quantitative cerebral anatomy of the aging human brain: A cross-sectional study using magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology, 42, 527-536.
30. Cools, A. R., (1984). Basal ganglia and Parkinson's disease: Neurobiological and pharmacological aspects in animals and man. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 86, 178-195. (Pubitemid 14030885)
31. Cools, R., Barker, R. A., Sahakian, B. J., &, Robbins, T. W., (2001a). Enhanced or impaired cognitive function in Parkinson's disease as a function of dopaminergic medication and task demands. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 1136-1143. (Pubitemid 33108240)
32. Cools, R., Barker, R. A., Sahakian, B. J., &, Robbins, T. W., (2001b). Mechanisms of cognitive set flexibility in Parkinson's disease. Brain, 124, 2503-2512. (Pubitemid 33134938)
33. Cools, R., Barker, R. A., Sahakian, B. J., &, Robbins, T. W., (2003). L-Dopa medication remediates cognitive inflexibility, but increases impulsivity in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 41, 1431-1441. (Pubitemid 36808816)
34. Daigneault, S., Braun, C. M., &, Whitaker, H. A., (1992). An empirical test of two opposing theoretical models of prefrontal function. Brain and Cognition, 19, 48-71.
35. Dempster, F. N., (1992). The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Developmental Review, 12, 45-57.
36. Desimone, R., &, Duncan, J., (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 193-222. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205
37. Donohue, S. E., Wendelken, C., Crone, E. A., &, Bunge, S. A., (2005). Retrieving rules for behavior from long-term memory. Neuroimage, 26, 1140-1149. (Pubitemid 40806492)
38. Downes, J. J., Roberts, A. C., Sahakian, B. J., Evenden, J. L., Morris, R. G., &, Robbins, T. W., (1989). Impaired extra-dimensional shift performance in medicated and unmedicated Parkinson's disease: Evidence for a specific attentional dysfunction. Neuropsychologia, 27, 1329-1343. (Pubitemid 20015615)
39. Downes, J. J., Sharp, H. M., Costall, B. M., Sagar, H. J., &, Howe, J., (1993). Alternating fluency in Parkinson's disease. An evaluation of the attentional control theory of cognitive impairment. Brain, 116 (4), 887-902. (Pubitemid 23242813)
40. Duncan, J., (1986). Disorganisation of behaviour after frontal lobe damage. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 3, 271-290.
41. Fahn, S., Elton, R. L., &, Committee, U. D., (1987). Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale. In, S. Fahn, C. D. Marsden, D. Caine, &, M. Goldstein, (Eds.), Recent developments in Parkinson's disease (pp. 153-163, 293-304). Florham Park, NJ: McMillan Health Care Information.
42. Fales, C. L., Vanek, Z. F., &, Knowlton, B. J., (2006). Backward inhibition in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 44, 1041-1049.
43. Flowers, K. A., &, Robertson, C., (1985). The effect of Parkinson's disease on the ability to maintain a mental set. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 48, 517-529. (Pubitemid 15025393)
44. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., &, McHugh, P. R., (1975). 'Mini Mental State': A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
45. Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Corley, R. P., Young, S. E., Defries, J. C., &, Hewitt, J. K., (2006). Not all executive functions are related to intelligence. Psychological Science, 17, 172-179. (Pubitemid 43424386)
46. Gotham, A. M., Brown, R. G., &, Marsden, C. D., (1988). 'Frontal' cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease 'on' and 'off' levodopa. Brain, 111 (2), 299-321.
47. Grant, D. A., &, Berg, E. A., (1948). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 404-411.
48. Hanes, K. R., Andrewes, D. G., &, Pantelis, C., (1995). Cognitive flexibility and complex integration in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 545-553.
49. Howell, D. C., (1997). Statistical methods for psychology. (4th ed.) Belmont, CA: Duxbury Press.
50. Keele, S. W., &, Rafal, B., (2000). Deficits of attentional set in frontal patients. In, S. Monsell, &, J. Driver, (Eds.), Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII (pp. 627-651). Cambridge: MIT Press.
51. Kehagia, A. A., Barker, R. A., &, Robbins, T. W., (2010). Neuropsychological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurology, 9, 1200-1213. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70212-X
52. Kehagia, A. A., Cools, R., Barker, R. A., &, Robbins, T. W., (2009). Switching between abstract rules reflects disease severity but not dopaminergic status in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 47, 1117-1127. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.002
53. Kehagia, A. A., Murray, G. K., &, Robbins, T. W., (2010). Learning and cognitive flexibility: Frontostriatal function and monoaminergic modulation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20, 1-6. doi:S0959-4388(10)00008-5
54. Koechlin, E., &, Hyafil, A., (2007). Anterior prefrontal function and the limits of human decision-making. Science, 318, 594-598. doi: 10.1126/science.1142995 (Pubitemid 350014799)
55. Koechlin, E., &, Summerfield, C., (2007). An information theoretical approach to prefrontal executive function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 229-235. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2007.04.005 (Pubitemid 46809561)
56. Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., &, Gopher, D., (1999). Task coordination and aging: Explorations of executive control processes in the task switching paradigm. Acta Psychologica, 101, 339-378.
57. Kray, J., &, Lindenberger, U., (2000). Adult age differences in task switching. Psychology and Aging, 15, 126-147.
58. Lawrence, A. D., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., Rosser, A. E., Lange, K. W., &, Robbins, T. W., (1996). Executive and mnemonic functions in early Huntington's disease. Brain, 119 (5), 1633-1645. (Pubitemid 26375733)
59. Liston, C., Matalon, S., Hare, T. A., Davidson, M. C., &, Casey, B. J., (2006). Anterior cingulate and posterior parietal cortices are sensitive to dissociable forms of conflict in a task-switching paradigm. Neuron, 50, 643-653.
60. Logan, G., &, Bundesen, C., (2003). Clever homunculus: Is there an endogenous act of control in the explicit task-cuing procedure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 575-599. (Pubitemid 37189335)
61. Luria, A. R., (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. London: Tavistock.
62. Mayr, U., (2001). Age differences in the selection of mental sets: The role of inhibition, stimulus ambiguity, and response-set overlap. Psychology and Aging, 16, 96-109. (Pubitemid 32230558)
63. Mayr, U., Diedrichsen, J., Ivry, R., &, Keele, S. W., (2006). Dissociating task-set selection from task-set inhibition in the prefrontal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 14-21.
64. Mecklinger, A. D., von Cramon, D. Y., Springer, A., &, Matthes-von Cramon, G., (1999). Executive control functions in task switching: Evidence from brain injured patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 606-619. (Pubitemid 30041322)
65. Meiran, N., (2000). Reconfiguration of stimulus task sets and response task sets during task switching. In, S. Monsell, &, J. Driver, (Eds.), Attention and performance XVIII: Control of cognitive processes (pp. 377-400). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
66. Mesulam, M. M., (1990). Large-scale neurocognitive networks and distributed processing for attention, language, and memory. Annals of Neurology, 28, 597-613.
67. Middleton, F. A., &, Strick, P. L., (2000). Basal ganglia and cerebellar loops: Motor and cognitive circuits. Brain Research Reviews, 31, 236-250. (Pubitemid 30136179)
68. Mink, J. W., (1996). The basal ganglia: Focused selection and inhibtion of competing motor programs. Progress in Neurobiology, 50, 381-425. (Pubitemid 27028538)
69. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., &, Wager, T. D., (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognititive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
70. Morris, R. G., Downes, J. J., Sahakian, B. J., Evenden, J. L., Heald, A., &, Robbins, T. W., (1988). Planning and spatial working memory in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 51, 757-766.
71. Muhammad, R., Wallis, J. D., &, Miller, E. K., (2006). A comparison of abstract rules in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, inferior temporal cortex, and striatum. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 974-989. (Pubitemid 44066134)
72. Nahmias, C., Garnett, E. S., Firnau, G., &, Lang, A., (1985). Striatal dopamine distribution in parkinsonian patients during life. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 69, 223-230. (Pubitemid 15074618)
73. Nelson, H. E., (1982). National adult reading test (NART) manual. Windsor (UK): NFER-Nelson.
74. Owen, A. M., James, M., Leigh, P. N., Summers, B. A., Marsden, C. D., Quinn, N. P.,. &, Robbins, T. W., (1992). Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain, 115 (6), 1727-1751. (Pubitemid 23054862)
75. Owen, A. M., Roberts, A. C., Hodges, J. R., Summers, B. A., Polkey, C. E., &, Robbins, T. W., (1993). Contrasting mechanisms of impaired attentional set-shifting in patients with frontal lobe damage or Parkinson's disease. Brain, 116 (5), 1159-1175. (Pubitemid 23329887)
76. Pandya, D. P., &, Yeterian, E. H., (1995). Morphological correlations of human and monkey frontal lobe. In, A. E. Damasio, H. Damasio, &, Y. Christen, (Eds.), Neurobiology of human decision-making (pp. 13-46). New York: Springer.
77. Pollux, P. M., (2004). Advance preparation of set-switches in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia, 42, 912-919. (Pubitemid 38283810)
78. Ptak, R., &, Valenza, N., (2005). The inferior temporal lobe mediates distracter-resistant visual search of patients with spatial neglect. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 788-799. doi: 10.1162/0898929053747676 (Pubitemid 40632499)
79. Raz, N., Gunning, F. M., Head, D., Dupuis, J. H., McQuain, J., Briggs, S. D.,., Acker, J. D., (1997). Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter. Cerebral Cortex, 7, 268-282. (Pubitemid 27184486)
80. Redgrave, P., Prescott, T. J., &, Gurney, K., (1999). The basal ganglia: A vertebrate solution to the selection problem? Neuroscience, 89, 1009-1023. (Pubitemid 29074622)
81. Reitan, R. M., &, Wolfson, D., (1994). A selective and critical review of neuropsychological deficits and the frontal lobes. Neuropsychology Review, 4, 161-198.
82. Richards, M., Cote, L. J., &, Stern, Y., (1993). Executive function in Parkinson's disease: Set-shifting or set-maintenance? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 266-279. (Pubitemid 23156211)
83. Robbins, T. W., James, M., Owen, A. M., Lange, K. W., Lees, A. J., Leigh, P. N.,. &, Summers, B. A., (1994). Cognitive deficits in progressive supranuclear palsy, Parkinson's disease, and multiple system atrophy in tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 57, 79-88. (Pubitemid 24030912)
84. Robbins, T. W., James, M., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Lawrence, A. D., McInnes, L., &, Rabbitt, P. M., (1998). A study of performance on tests from the CANTAB battery sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in a large sample of normal volunteers: Implications for theories of executive functioning and cognitive aging. Cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 474-490. (Pubitemid 28461619)
85. Robbins, T. W., &, Rogers, R. D., (2000). Functioning of frontostriatal anatomical "loops" in mechanisms of cognitive control. In, S. Monsell, &, J. Driver, (Eds.), Attention and performance XVIII: Control of cognitive performance (pp. 475-509). Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
86. Robertson, C., &, Flowers, K. A., (1990). Motor set in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 53, 583-592. (Pubitemid 20240012)
87. Rogers, R. D., &, Monsell, S., (1995). Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 207-231.
88. Rogers, R. D., Sahakian, B. J., Hodges, J. R., Polkey, C. E., Kennard, C., &, Robbins, T. W., (1998). Dissociating executive mechanisms of task control following frontal lobe damage and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 121, 815-842. (Pubitemid 28220891)
89. Rorden, C., &, Brett, M., (2000). Stereotaxic display of brain lesions. Behavioural Neurology, 12, 191-200. (Pubitemid 32843166)
90. Ruge, H., Brass, M., Koch, I., Rubin, O., Meiran, N., &, von Cramon, D. Y., (2005). Advance preparation and stimulus-induced interference in cued task switching: Further insights from BOLD fMRI. Neuropsychologia, 43, 340-355. (Pubitemid 40222124)
91. Rushworth, M. F., Hadland, K. A., Paus, T., &, Sipila, P. K., (2002a). Role of the human medial frontal cortex in task switching: A combined fMRI and TMS study. Journal of Neurophysiology, 87, 2577-2592. (Pubitemid 34670728)
92. Rushworth, M. F., Passingham, R. E., &, Nobre, A. C., (2002b). Components of switching intentional set. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1139-1150. (Pubitemid 35305820)
93. Sahakian, B. J., Morris, R. G., Evenden, J. L., Heald, A., Levy, R., Philpot, M., &, Robbins, T. W., (1988). A comparative study of visuospatial memory and learning in Alzheimer-type dementia and Parkinson's disease. Brain, 111 (3), 695-718.
94. Salmon, E., Marquet, P., Sandzot, B., Degueldre, C., Lemaire, C., &, Franck, G., (1991). Decrease of frontal metabolism demonstrated by positron emission tomography in a population of healthy elderly volunteers. Acta Neurologica Belgique, 91, 288-295.
95. Shallice, T., (1988). From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
96. Shallice, T., &, Burgess, P. W., (1991). Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain, 114, 727-741.
97. Shimamura, A. P., &, Jurica, P. J., (1994). Memory interference effects and aging: Findings from a test of frontal lobe function. Neuropsychology, 8, 408-412.
98. Slagter, H. A., Weissman, D. H., Giesbrecht, B., Kenemans, J. L., Mangun, G. R., Kok, A., &, Woldorff, M. G., (2006). Brain regions activated by endogenous preparatory set shifting as revealed by fMRI. Cognitive and Affective Behavioral Neuroscience, 6, 175-189. (Pubitemid 46037134)
99. Snowden, J., Craufurd, D., Griffiths, H., Thompson, J., &, Neary, D., (2001). Longitudinal evaluation of cognitive disorder in Huntington's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 33-44. (Pubitemid 32177855)
100. Spector, A., &, Biederman, I., (1976). Mental set and mental shift revisited. American Journal of Psychology, 89, 669-679.
101. Stablum, F., Leonardi, G., Mazzoldi, M., Umilta, C., &, Morra, S., (1994). Attention and control deficits following closed head injury. Cortex, 30, 603-618.
102. Stuss, D. T., Eskes, G. A., &, Foster, J. K., (1994). Experimental neuropsychological studies of frontal lobe functions. In, F. Boller, &, J. Grafman, (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology (Vol. 9, pp. 149-185). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
103. Taylor, A. E., Saint-Cyr, J. A., &, Lang, A. E., (1986). Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: The cortical focus of neostriatal outflow. Brain, 109, 845-883. (Pubitemid 17175608)
104. Tranel, D., Hathaway-Nepple, J., &, Anderson, S. W., (2007). Impaired behavior on real-world tasks following damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 319-332. (Pubitemid 46598774)
105. Verhaegen, P., Kliegl, R., &, Mayr, U., (1997). Sequential and coordinative complexity in time- accuracy functions for mental arithmetic. Psychology and Aging, 12, 555-564. (Pubitemid 28010829)
106. Watkins, L. H., Rogers, R. D., Lawrence, A. D., Sahakian, B. J., Rosser, A. E., &, Robbins, T. W., (2000). Impaired planning but intact decision making in early Huntington's disease: Implications for specific fronto-striatal pathology. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1112-1125. (Pubitemid 30323662)
107. West, R. L., (1996). An application of prefrontal cortex function theory to cognitive aging. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 272-292. (Pubitemid 126690074)
108. Witt, K., Daniels, C., Schmitt-Eliassen, J., Kernbichler, J., Rehm, S., Volkmann, J., &, Deuschl, G., (2006). The impact of normal aging and Parkinson's disease on response preparation in task-switching behavior. Brain Research, 1114, 173-182. (Pubitemid 44419511)
109. Wolters, E., &, Braak, H., (2006). Parkinson's disease: Premotor clinico-pathological correlations. Journal of Neural Transmission Supplement, 70, 309-319. (Pubitemid 44622216)
110. Woodward, T. S., Bub, D. N., &, Hunter, M. A., (2002). Task switching deficits associated with Parkinson's disease reflect depleted attentional resources. Neuropsychologia, 40, 1948-1955.
111. Wylie, G. R., Javitt, D. C., &, Foxe, J. J., (2004). Don't think of a white bear: An fMRI investigation of the effects of sequential instructional sets on cortical activity in a task-switching paradigm. Human Brain Mapping, 21, 279-297. (Pubitemid 38468841)
112. Yeung, N., (2010). Bottom-up influences on voluntary task switching: The elusive homunculus escapes. Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognition, 36, 348-362. doi: 10.1037/a0017894
113. Yeung, N., Nystrom, L. E., Aronson, J. A., &, Cohen, J. D., (2006). Between-task competition and cognitive control in task switching. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 1429-1438. (Pubitemid 43237013)