Dissociating executive mechanisms of task control following frontal lobe damage and Parkinson's disease

Brain

Volumn 121, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 815-842

  Rogers, R D ^a,d   Sahakian, B J ^a   Hodges, J R ^a   Polkey, C E ^b   Kennard, C ^c   Robbins, T W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d UK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Executive control processes; Frontal cortex; Parkinson's disease; Task set

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN INJURY; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; ERROR; FEMALE; FRONTAL CORTEX; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; LEFT HEMISPHERE; MALE; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; NIGRONEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECOGNITION; RIGHT HEMISPHERE; SPATIAL MEMORY; TASK PERFORMANCE; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; WORKING MEMORY;

ADULT; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CUES; FEMALE; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MEMORY, SHORT-TERM; MIDDLE AGED; NEURAL INHIBITION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRACTICE (PSYCHOLOGY); PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE; SPATIAL BEHAVIOR; VERBAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 0031946423     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/121.5.815     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Alexander GE, DeLong MR, Strick PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. [Review]. Annu Rev Neurosci 1986; 9: 357-81.
2. Allport DA, Tipper SP, Chmiel NRJ. Perceptual integration and postcategorical filtering. In: Posner MI, Marin OSM, editors. Attention and Performance XI. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum; 1985: 107-32.
3. Allport A, Styles EA, Hsieh S. Shifting intentional set: exploring the dynamic control of tasks. In: Umilta C, Moscovitch M, editors, Attention and Performance XV. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 1994. p. 421-52.
4. Anderson SW, Damasio H, Jones RD, Tranel D. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1991; 13: 909-22.
5. Baddeley AD. Working memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1986.
6. Benecke R, Rothwell JC, Dick JP, Day BL, Marsden CD. Performance of simultaneous movements in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 1986; 109: 739-57.
7. Benton AL. Differential behavioral effects in frontal lobe disease. Neuropsychologia 1968; 6: 53-60.
8. Berman KF, Zee RF, Weinberger DR. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. II. Role of neuroleptic treatment, attentio and mental effort [see comments]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43; 126-35. Comment in: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 282-3.
9. Berman KF, Zee RF, Weinberger DR. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. II. Role of neuroleptic treatment, attentio and mental effort [see comments]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43; 126-35. Comment in: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 282-3.
10. Berman KF, Ostrem JL, Randolph C, Gold J, Goldberg TE, Coppola R, et al. Physiological activation of a cortical network during performance of the Wisconsin Card Soning Test: a positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychologia 1995; 33: 1027-46.
11. Berns GS, Cohen JD, Mintun MA. Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness. Science 1997; 276: 1272-75.
12. Bianchi L. The mechanism of the brain, and the function of the frontal lobes. Edinburgh: Livingstone; 1922.
13. Bowen FP, Kamienny RS, Burns MM, Yahr M. Parkinsonism: effects of levodopa treatment on concept formation. Neurology 1975; 25: 701-4.
14. Brown RG, Marsden CD. An investigation into the phenomenon of 'set' in Parkinson's disease [see comments]. Mov Disord 1988a; 3: 152-61. Comment in: Mov Disord 1990; 5: 178-9.
15. Brown RG, Marsden CD. An investigation into the phenomenon of 'set' in Parkinson's disease [see comments]. Mov Disord 1988a; 3: 152-61. Comment in: Mov Disord 1990; 5: 178-9.
16. Brown RG, Marsden CD. Internal versus external cues and the control of attention in Parkinson's disease. Brain 1988b; 111: 323-45.
17. Brown RG, Marsden CD. Dual task performance and processing resources in normal subjects and patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain 1991; 114: 215-31.
18. Brown VJ, Schwarz U, Bowman EM, Fuhr P, Robinson DL, Hallett M. Dopamine dependent reaction time deficits in patients with Parkinson's disease are task specific. Neuropsychologia 1993; 31: 459-69.
19. Burgess PW, Shallice T. Response suppression, initiation and strategy use following frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychologia 1996; 34: 263-72.
20. Channon S, Jones MC, Stephenson S. Cognitive strategies and hypothesis testing during discrimination learning in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 1993; 31: 75-82.
21. Cicerone KD, Lazar RM, Shapiro WR. Effects of frontal lobe lesions on hypothesis sampling during concept formation. Neuropsychologia 1983; 21: 513-24.
22. Cochran WG, Cox GM. Experimental designs. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley; 1957.
23. Cockburn J. Task interruption in prospective memory: a frontal lobe function? Cortex 1995; 31: 87-97.
24. Cohen JD, Braver TS, O'Reilly RC. A computational approach to prefrontal cortex, cognitive control and schizophrenia: recent developments and current challenges. [Review]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996; 351: 1515-27.
25. Cools AR, van den Bercken JH, Horstink MW, van Spaendonck KP, Berger HJ. Cognitive and motor shifting aptitude disorder in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 443-53.
26. Corbetta M, Miezin FM, Dobmeyer S, Shulman GL, Petersen SE. Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography. J Neurosci 1991; 11: 2383-402.
27. d'Esposito M, Detre JA, Alsop DC, Shin RK, Atlas S, Grossman M. The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory. Nature 1995; 378: 279-81.
28. Delis DC, Squire LR, Bihrle A, Massman P. Componential analysis of problem-solving ability: performance of patients with frontal lobe damage and amnesic patients on a new sorting test. Neuropsychologia 1992; 30: 683-97.
29. Dias R, Robbins TW, Roberts AC. Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts. Nature 1996; 380: 69-72.
30. Downes JJ, Roberts AC, Sahakian BJ, Evenden JL, Morris RG, Robbins TW. Impaired extra-dimensional shift performance in medicated and unmedicated Parkinson's disease: evidence for a specific attentional dysfunction. Neuropsychologia 1989; 27: 1329-43.
31. Downes JJ, Sharp HM, Costall BM, Sagar HJ, Howe J. Alternating fluency in Parkinson's disease: an evaluation of the attentional control theory of cognitive impairment. Brain 1993; 116: 887-902.
32. Drewe EA. The effect of type and area of brain lesion on Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance. Cortex 1974; 10: 159-70.
33. Drewe EA. Go-no go learning after frontal lobe lesions in humans. Cortex 1975; 11: 8-16.
34. Duncan J. Disorganisation of behaviour after frontal lobe damage. Cogn Neuropsychol 1986; 3: 271-90.
35. Eslinger PJ, Damasio AR. Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: patient EVR. Neurology 1985; 35: 1731-41.
36. Filoteo JV, Delis DC, Demadura TL, Salmon DP, Roman MJ, Shults CW. Abnormally rapid disengagement of covert attention to global and local stimulus levels may underlie the visuoperceptual impairment in Parkinson's patients. Neuropsychology 1994; 8: 10-7.
37. Flowers KA, Robertson C. The effect of Parkinson's disease on the ability to maintain a mental set. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 517-29.
38. Frith CD, Fristen KJ, Liddle PF, Frackowiak RS. A PET study of word finding. Neuropsychologia 1991; 29: 1137-48.
39. Fuster JM. The prefrontal cortex. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1989.
40. Goldman-Rakic PS. Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In: Mountcastle VB, Plum F, editors. Handbook of physiology, Sect. 1. Vol. 5, Pt. 1. Bethesda (MD): American Physiological Society; 1987. p. 373-417.
41. Goldman-Rakic PS. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia: the relevance of working memory. In: Carroll BJ, Barret JE, editors. Psychopathology and the brain. New York: Raven Press; 1991. P. 1-23.
42. Goldman-Rakic PS. The issue of memory in the study of prefrontal function. In: Thierry AM, Glowinski J, Goldman-Rakic PS, Christen Y, editors. Motor and cognitive functions of the prefrontal cortex. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1994. p. 112-2
43. Goldman-Rakic PS. The prefrontal landscape: implications of functional architecture for understanding human mentation and the central executive. [Review]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996; 351: 1445-53.
44. Grafman J, Jonas B, Salazar A. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance based on location and size of neuroanatomical lesion in Vietnam with penetrating head injury. Percept Mot Skills 1990; 71: 1120-2.
45. Grant DA, Berg EA. A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigltype card-sorting problem. J Exp Psychol 1948; 38: 404-11.
46. Heck ET, Bryer JB. Superior sorting and categorizing ability in a case of bilateral frontal atrophy: an exception to the rule. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1986; 8: 313-6.
47. Hermann BP, Wyler AR, Richey ET. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1988; 10: 467-76.
48. Hitch GJ. The role of short-term working memory in mental arithmetic. Cogn Psychol 1978; 10: 302-23.
49. Hoehn MM, Yahr MD. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 1967; 17: 427-42.
50. Howell DC. Statistical methods for psychology. 2nd ed. Boston: Duxbury Press; 1987.
51. Jenkins IH, Brooks DJ, Nixon PD, Frackowiak RS, Passingham RE. Motor sequence learning: a study with positron emission tomography. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 3775-90.
52. Jersild AT. Mental set and shift. Arch Psychol 1927; No. 89.
53. Joel D, Weiner I. The organization of the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: open interconnected rather than closed segregated. [Review]. Neuroscience 1994; 63: 363-79.
54. Josiassen RC, Curry LM, Mancall EL. Development of neuropsychological deficits in Huntington's disease. Arch Neurol 1983; 40: 791-6.
55. Kanehara. Ishihara's design charts for colour blindness. Tokyo: Kanehara; 1992.
56. Kapur S, Craik FI, Tulving E, Wilson AA, Houle S, Brown GM. Neuroanatomical correlates of encoding in episodic memory: levels of processing effect [see comments]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 2008-2011. Comment in: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1989-91.
57. Kapur S, Craik FI, Tulving E, Wilson AA, Houle S, Brown GM. Neuroanatomical correlates of encoding in episodic memory: levels of processing effect [see comments]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 2008-2011. Comment in: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1989-91.
58. Kimberg DY, Farah MJ. A unified account of cognitive impairments following frontal lobe damage: the role of working memory in complex, organized behaviour. [Review]. J Exp Psychol: Gen 1993; 122: 411-28.
59. Kimura D. Left-hemisphere control of oral and brachial movements and their relation to communication. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1982; 298: 135-49.
60. Kimura D, Archibald Y. Motor functions of the left hemisphere. Brain 1974; 97: 337-50.
61. Knight RT. Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984; 59: 9-20.
62. Kolb B, Milner B. Performance of complex arm and facial movements after focal brain lesions. Neuropsychologia 1981; 19: 491-503.
63. Lavie N. Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention. J Exp Psychol: Hum Percept Perform 1995; 21: 451-68.
64. Lawrence AD, Sahakian BJ, Hodges JR, Rosser AE, Lange KW, Robbins TW. Executive and mnemonic functions in early Huntington's disease. Brain 1996; 119: 1633-45.
65. Lees AJ, Smith E. Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 1983; 106: 257-70.
66. Lee CH, Brown R. Use of advance information in Parkinson's disease. In: Vallar G, Cappa SF, Wallesch CW, editors. Neuropsychological disorders associated with subcortical lesions. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992. p. 190-203.
67. Leiner HC, Leiner AL, Dow RS. The human cerebro-cerebellar system: its computing, cognitive and language skills. [Review]. Beh Brain Res 1991: 44: 113-28.
68. Lhermitte F. 'Utilization behaviour' and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain 1983; 106: 237-55.
69. Liepmann H, Maas O. Fall von linksseitiger Agraphie und Apraxie bei Rechtsseitiger Lahmung. J Psychol Neurol 1907; 10: 214-27.
70. Lowe DG. Stategies, context, and the mechanism of response inhibition. Memory Cogn 1979; 7: 382-27.
71. Luria AR, Pribram, KH, Homskaya ED. An experimental analysis of the behavioral disturbance produced by a left frontal arachnoidal endothelioma (meningioma). Neuropsychologia 1964; 2: 257-80.
72. Luria AR. Higher cortical functions in man. London: Tavistock; 1966.
73. Malapani C, Pillon B, Dubois B, Agid Y. Impaired simultaneous cognitive task performance in Parkinson's disease: a dopamine related dysfunction. Neurology 1994; 44: 319-326.
74. Milner B. Effects of different brain lesions on card sorting. Arch Neurol 1963; 9: 100-10.
75. Milner B. Some effects of frontal lobectomy in man. In: Warren JM, Akert K, editors. The frontal granular cortex and behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1964. p. 410-44.
76. Miotto EC, Bullock P, Polkey CE, Morris RG. Spatial working memory and strategy formation in patients with frontal lobe excisions. Cortex 1996; 32: 613-30.
77. Monsell S. Control of mental processes. In: Bruce V, editor, Mysteries of the mind: tutorial essays on cognition. Hove (UK): Lawrence Erlbaum; 1996. p. 93-148.
78. Moscovitch N, Winocur G. Frontal lobes, memory, and aging. [Review]. Ann NY Acad Sci 1995; 769: 119-50.
79. Nelson HE. A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex 1976; 12: 313-24.
80. Nelson HE. National Adult Reading Test (NART) Test Manual. Windsor (UK): NFER-Nelson; 1982.
81. Owen AM, Downes JJ, Sahakian BJ, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 1990; 28: 1021-34.
82. Owen AM, Roberts AC, Polkey CE, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man. Neuropsychologia 1991; 29: 993-1006.
83. Owen AM, Roberts AC, Hodges JR, Summers BA, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Contrasting mechanisms of impaired attentional set-shifting in patients with frontal lobe damage or Parkinson's disease. Brain 1993; 116: 1159-75.
84. Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, Semple J, Polkey CT, Robbins TW. Visuospatial short-term recognition memory and learning after temporal lobe excisions, frontal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippo-campectomy in man. Neuropsychologia 1995; 33: 1-24.
85. Owen AM, Morris RG, Sahakian BJ, Polkey CE, Robbins TW. Double dissociations of memory and executive functions in working memory tasks following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man. Brain 1996a; 119: 1597-615.
86. Owen AM, Doyon J, Petrides M, Evans AC. Planning and spatial working memory: a positron emission tomography study in humans. Eur J Neurosci 1996b; 8: 353-64.
87. Owen AM, Evans AC, Petrides M. Evidence for a two-stage model of spatial working memory processing within the lateral frontal cortex: a positron emission tomography study. Cereb Cortex 1996c; 6: 31-8.
88. Parent A, Hazrati L-N. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. [Review]. Brain Res Rev Brain Res 1995; 20: 91-127.
89. Paulesu E, Frith, CD, Frackowiak, RS. The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 1993; 362: 342-44.
90. Perret E. The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behaviour. Neuropsychologia 1974; 12: 323-30.
91. Petrides M. Deficits on conditional associative-learning after frontaland temporal-lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 1985; 23: 601-6-14.
92. Petrides M, Alivisatos B, Evans AC, Meyer E. Dissociation of human mid-dorsolateral from posterior dorsolateral frontal cortex in memory processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 873-7.
93. Petrides M, Alivisatos B, Evans AC. Functional activation of the human ventrolateral frontal cortex during mnemonic retrieval of verbal information, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 5803-7.
94. Raichle ME, Fiez JA, Videen TO, MacLeod AM, Pardo JV, Fox PT, et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb Cortex 1994; 4: 8-26.
95. Reason J. Actions not as planned: the price of automatization. In: Underwood G, Stevens R, editors. Aspects of consciousness, Vol. 1. London: Academic Press; 1979. p. 67-89.
96. Reason J. Human error. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
97. Richards M, Cote LJ, Stern Y. Executive function in Parkinson's disease: set-shifting or set-maintenance? J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1993; 15: 266-79.
98. Robertson C, Flowers KA. Motor set in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 583-92.
99. Robbins TW, Brown VJ. The role of the striatum in the mental chronometry of action: a theoretical review. Rev Neurosci 1990; 2: 181-213.
100. Robinson AL, Heaton RK,Lehman RA, Stilson DW. The utility of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in detecting and localizing frontal lobe lesions. J Consult Clin Psychol 1980; 48: 605-14.
101. Rogers RD. The costs of switching between cognitive tasks: a performance analysis [PhD thesis]. Cambridge: University of Cambridge; 1993.
102. Rogers RD, Monsell S. Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. J Exp Psych: Gen 1995; 124: 207-31.
103. Rubinstein J, Meyer DE, Evans JE. Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching. J Exp Psychol Gen 1998. In press.
104. Sahakian BJ, Morris RG, Evenden JL, Heald A, Levy R, Philpot M, et al. A comparative study of visuospatial memory and learning in Alzheimer-type dementia and Parkinson's disease. Brain 1988; 111: 695-718.
105. Sandson J, Albert ML. Perseveration in behavioral neurology. Neurology 1987; 37: 1736-41.
106. Schwab RS. Progression and prognosis in Parkinson's disease. J Nerv Ment Dis 1960; 130: 556-66.
107. Schwab RS, England AC, Peterson E. Akinesia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1959; 9: 65-72.
108. Schwanz MF, Reed ES, Montgomery M, Palmer C, Mayer NH. The quantitative description of action disorganisation after brain damage: a case study. Cogn Neuropsychol 1991; 8: 381-414.
109. Shallice T. Specifie impairments of planning. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1982; 298: 199-209.
110. Shallice T. From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988.
111. Shallice T. Multiple levels of control processes. In: Umilta C, Moscovitch M, editors. Attention and performance XV. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 1994. p, 395-420.
112. Shallice T, Burgess P. The domain of supervisory processes and temporal organization of behaviour. [Review]. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1996; 351: 1405-12.
113. Shallice T, Burgess PW, Schon F, Baxter DM. The origins of utilization behaviour. Brain 1989; 112: 1587-98.
114. Shallice T, Fletcher P, Frith CD, Grasby P, Frackowiak RS, Dolan RJ. Brain regions associated with acquisition and retrieval of verbal episodic memory. Nature 1994; 368: 633-5.
115. Spector A, Biederman I. Mental set and mental shift revisited. Am J Psychol 1976; 89: 669-79.
116. Sprengelmeyer R, Lange H, Homberg V. The pattern of attentional deficits in Huntington's disease. Brain 1995; 118: 145-52.
117. Stelmach GE, Teasdale N, Phillips J, Worringham CJ. Force production characteristics in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 1989; 76: 165-72.
118. Stuss DT, Benson DF. The frontal lobes. New York: Raven Press; 1986.
119. Talland GA, Schwab RS. Performance with multiple sets in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 1964; 2: 45-53.
120. Taylor AE, Saint-Cyr JA, Lang AE. Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: the cortical focus of neostriatal outflow. Brain 1986; 109: 845-83.
121. Teuber HL, Battersby WS, Bender MB. Performance of complex visual tasks after cerebral lesions. J Nerv Ment Dis 1951; 114: 413-29.
122. Tipper SP, Cranston M. Selective attention and priming: inhibitory and facilitatory effects of ignored primes. Q J Exp Psychol 1985; 37A: 591-611.
123. Tulving E, Kapur S, Craik FI, Moskovitch M, Houle S. Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: positron emission tomography findings. Proc Natl Acad 1994; 91: 2016-2120.
124. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Zee RF. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence [see comments]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 114-24. Comment in: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 182-3.
125. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Zee RF. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence [see comments]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43: 114-24. Comment in: Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 182-3.