Effect of freshwater from the West Greenland Current on the winter deep convection in the Labrador Sea

Ocean Modelling

Volumn 75, Issue , 2014, Pages 51-64

  Kawasaki, T ^a,b   Hasumi, H ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF POLAR RESEARCH   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Freshwater transport; Labrador Sea; Mesoscale eddy; Ocean general circulation model; Winter deep convection

Indexed keywords

EID: 84894028587     PISSN: 14635003     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.01.003     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Aagaard K., Carmack E. The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, 94:14485-14489.
2. van Aken H.M., Femke de Jong M., Yashayaev I. Decadal and multi-decadal variability of Labrador Sea Water in the north-western North Atlantic Ocean derived from tracer distributions: heat budget, ventilation, and advection. Deep Sea Res. I 2011, 58:505-523.
3. Antonov J.I., Seidov D., Boyer T.P., Locarnini R.A., Mishonov A.V., Garcia H.E., Baranova O.K., Zweng M.M., Johnson D.R. World ocean atlas 2009. Salinity 2010, vol. 2. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 184 pp. S. Levitus (Ed.).
4. Avsic T., Karstensen J., Send U., Fischer J. Interannual variability of newly formed Labrador Sea Water from 1994 to 2005. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L21S02.
5. Bracco A., Pedlosky J. Vortex generation by topography in locally unstable baroclinic flows. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2003, 33:207-219.
6. Bracco A., Pedlosky J., Pickart R. Eddy formation near the west coast of Greenland. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2008, 38:1992-2002.
7. Brandt P., Schott F., Funk A., Martins C. Seasonal to interannual variability of the eddy field in the Labrador Sea from satellite altimetry. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:C02028.
8. Bryden H.L., Imawaki S. Ocean Heat Transport in Ocean Circulation and Climate 2001, Academic Press, (chapter 6.1, pp. 455-477).
9. Chanut J., Barnier B., Large W., Debreu L., Penduff T., Molines J.M., Mathiot P. Mesoscale eddies in the Labrador Sea and their contribution to convection and restratification. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2008, 38:1617-1643. 10.1175/2008JPO3485.1.
10. Clarke R.A., Gascard J.C. The formation of Labrador Sea water. Part I: Large-scale processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1983, 13:1764-1778.
11. Cuny J., Rhines P.B., Niiler P.P., Bacon S. Labrador Sea boundary currents and the fate of the Irminger Sea Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32:627-647.
12. Dickson R., Lazier J., Meincke J., Rhines P., Swift J. Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 1996, 38:241-295.
13. Eden C., Boning C. Sources of eddy kinetic energy in the Labrador Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32:3346-3363.
14. England M.H. Representing the global-scale water masses in ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1993, 23:1523-1552.
15. Fischer J., Visbeck M., Zantopp R., Nunes N. Interannual to decadal variability of outflow from the Labrador Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37.
16. Fox-Kemper B., Ferrari R. Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. Part II: Prognosis and impact. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2008, 38:1166-1179.
17. Fox-Kemper B., Ferrari R., Hallberg R. Parameterization of mixed layer eddies. Part I: Theory and diagnosis. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2008, 38:1145-1165.
18. Fratantoni P.S., Pickart R.S. The western North Atlantic shelfbreak current system in summer. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2007, 37:2509-2533.
19. Gelderloos R., Katsman C., Drijfhout S. Assessing the roles of three eddy types in restratifying the Labrador Sea after deep convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2011, 41:2102-2119.
20. Gelderloos R., Straneo F., Katsman C.A. Mechanisms behind the temporary shutdown of deep convection in the Labrador Sea: lessons from the great salinity anomaly years 1968-71. J. Clim. 2012, 25:6743-6755.
21. Griffies S.M., Hallberg R.W. Biharmonic friction with a Smagorinsky-like viscosity for use in large-scale eddy-permitting ocean models. Mon. Weather Rev. 2000, 128:2935-2946.
22. Hasumi, H., 2006. CCSR Ocean Component Model (COCO) Version 4.0, vol. 25, Center for Climate System Research, University of Tokyo.
23. Hatun H., Eriksen C.C., Rhines P.B. Buoyant eddies entering the Labrador Sea observed with gliders and altimetry. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2007, 37:2838-2854.
24. Jones H., Marshall J. Restratification after deep convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1997, 27:2276-2287.
25. Katsman C.A., Spall M.A., Pickart R.S. Boundary current eddies and their role in the restratification of the Labrador Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2004, 34:1967-1983.
26. Khatiwala S., Schlosser P., Visbeck M. Rates and mechanisms of water mass transformation in the Labrador Sea as inferred from tracer observations. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32:666-686.
27. Komuro Y., Hasumi H. Intensification of the Atlantic deep circulation by the Canadian Archipelago throughflow. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2005, 35:775-789.
28. Kulan N., Myers P.G. Comparing two climatologies of the Labrador Sea: geopotential and isopycnal. Atmos. Ocean 2009, 47:19-39.
29. Kwok R., Cunningham G., Pang S. Fram Strait sea ice outflow. J. Geophys. Res. 2004, 109:c01009-c01029.
30. Kwok R., Rothrock D. Variability of Fram Strait ice flux and North Atlantic oscillation. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:5177-5189.
31. Lavender K.L., Davis R.E., Owens W.B. Mid-depth recirculation observed in the interior Labrador and Irminger Seas by direct velocity measurements. Nature 2000, 407:66-69.
32. Lavender K.L., Davis R.E., Owens W.B. Observations of open-ocean deep convection in the Labrador Sea from subsurface floats. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32:511-526.
33. Lazier J. Oceanographic conditions at ocean weather ship Bravo, 1964-1974. Atmos. Ocean 1980, 18:227-238.
34. Lazier J., Hendry R., Clarke A., Yashayaev I., Rhines P. Convection and restratification in the Labrador Sea, 1990-2000. Deep Sea Res. I 2002, 49:1819-1835.
35. Lilly J.M., Rhines P.B. Coherent eddies in the Labrador Sea observed from a mooring. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32:585-598.
36. Lilly J.M., Rhines P.B., Schott F., Lavender K., Lazier J., Send U., D'Asaro E. Observations of the Labrador Sea eddy field. Prog. Oceanogr. 2003, 59:75-176.
37. Lilly J.M., Rhines P.B., Visbeck M., Davis R., Lazier J.R.N., Schott F., Farmer D. Observing deep convection in the Labrador Sea during winter 1994/95. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1999, 29:2065-2098.
38. Locarnini R.A., Mishonov A.V., Antonov J.I., Boyer T.P., Garcia H.E., Baranova O.K., Zweng M.M., Johnson D.R. World ocean atlas 2009. Temperature 2010, vol. 1. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 184 pp. S. Levitus (Ed.).
39. Luo H., Bracco A., Di Lorenzo E. The interannual variability of the surface eddy kinetic energy in the Labrador Sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 2011, 91:295-311.
40. Marshall J., Schott F. Open-ocean convection: observations, theory, and models. Rev. Geophys. 1999, 37:1-64.
41. McGeehan T., Maslowski W. Impact of shelf-basin freshwater transport on deep convection in the western Labrador Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2011, 41. 10.1175/JPO-D-11-01.1.
42. Myers P.G., Deacu D. Labrador sea freshwater content in a model with a partial cell topographic representation. Ocean Modell. 2004, 6:359-377.
43. Myers P.G., Donnelly C. Water mass transformation and formation in the Labrador Sea. J. Clim. 2008, 21:1622-1638.
44. National Geophysical Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ETOPO2v2 Global Gridded 2-minute Database. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/etopo2.html.
45. Noh Y., Kim H.J. Simulations of temperature and turbulence structure of the oceanic boundary layer with the improved near-surface process. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:15621-15634.
46. Oka A., Hasumi H., Okada N., Sakamoto T.T., Suzuki T. Deep convection seesaw controlled by freshwater transport through the Denmark Strait. Ocean Modell. 2006, 15:157-176. 10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.08.004.
47. Pickart R.S., Torres D.J., Clarke R.A. Hydrography of the Labrador Sea during active convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32:428-457.
48. Prater M.D. Eddies in the Labrador Sea as observed by profiling RAFOS floats and remote sensing. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2002, 32:411-427.
49. Prather M.J. Numerical advection by conservation of second-order moments. J. Geophys. Res. 1986, 91:6671-6681.
50. Rattan S., Myers P.G., Treguier A.M., Theetten S., Biastoch A., Böning C. Towards an understanding of Labrador Sea salinity drift in eddy-permitting simulations. Ocean Modell. 2010, 35:77-88.
51. Roske, F., 2005. Global oceanic heat and fresh water forcing datasets based on ERA-40 and ERA-15. Report on Earth System Science 13. Max-Planck-Inst. fur Meteor., Hamburg.
52. Rykova T., Straneo F., Lilly J.M., Yashayaev I. Irminger Current Anticyclones in the Labrador Sea observed in the hydrographic record, 1990-2004. J. Mar. Res. 2009, 67:361-384.
53. Schmidt S., Send U. Origin and composition of seasonal Labrador Sea freshwater. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2007, 37:1445-1454.
54. Straneo F. Heat and freshwater transport through the central Labrador Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2006, 36:606-628.
55. Tréguier A.M., Theetten S., Chassignet E.P., Penduff T., Smith R., Talley L., Beismann J.O., Böning C. The North Atlantic subpolar gyre in four high-resolution models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2005, 35:757-774.
56. Weaver A.J., Bitz C.M., Fanning A.F., Holland M.M. Thermohaline circulation: high-latitude phenomena and the difference between the Pacific and Atlantic. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1999, 27:231-285.
57. Yashayaev I. Hydrographic changes in the Labrador Sea, 1960-2005. Prog. Oceanogr. 2007, 73:242-276.