Observing deep convection in the labrador sea during winter 1994/95

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 29, Issue 8 PART 2, 1999, Pages 2065-2098

  Lilly, Jonathan M ^a,g   Rhines, Peter B ^b   Visbeck, Martin ^c   Davis, Russ ^d   Lazier, John R N ^e   Schott, Friedrich ^f   Farmer, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b International Research Institute for Climate and Society   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (Canada)

^e GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^f INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Canada)

^g UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEEP WATER; OCEANIC CONVECTION; WINTER;

LABRADOR SEA;

EID: 0033371715     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<2065:odcitl>2.0.co;2     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Brickman, D., and D. E. Kelly, 1993: Development of convection in a rotating fluid: Scales and patterns of motion. Dyn. Almos. Oceans, 19, 389-405.
2. Bunker, A. F., 1976: Computations of surface energy flux and annual air-sea interaction cycles of the North Atlantic Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1122-1140.
3. Clarke, R. A., and J.-C. Gascaard, 1983: The formation of Labrador Sea Water, Part I: Large-scale processes. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1764-1788.
4. Delworth, T., S. Manabe, and R. J. Stouffer, 1993: Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere mode. J. Climate, 6, 1993-2011.
5. Dickson, R. R., and J. Brown, 1994: The production of North Atlantic Deep Water: Sources, rates and pathways. J. Geophys. Res., 99(C6), 12319-12341.
6. _, J. R. N. Lazier, J. Meincke, P. Rhines, and J. Swift, 1996: Longterm coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 38, Pergamon, 241295.
7. Fischer, J., and M. Visbeck, 1993: Seasonal variations of the daily Zooplankton migration in the Greenland Sea. Deep-Sea Res., 40, 1547-1557.
8. Gill, A. E., 1982: Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, 582-590.
9. Grant, A. B., 1968: Atlas of Océanographie Sections. Temperaturesalinity-dissolved oxygen-silica, Davis Strait-Labrador BasinDenmark Strait-Newfoundland Basin. A.O.L. Rep. 68-5, 80 pp. [Available from the Atlantic Océanographie Laboratory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.]
10. Hallberg, R. W., and P. B. Rhines, 1996: Buoyancy-driven circulation in an ocean basin with isopycnals intersecting the sloping boundary. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 913-940.
11. Ivers, W. D., 1975: The deep circulation in the northern North Atlantic, with especial reference to the Labrador Sea. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, San Diego, 179 pp.
12. Jones, H., and J. Marshall, 1993: Convection with rotation in a neutral ocean: a study of open-ocean deep convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1009-1039.
13. Lazier, J. R. N., 1973: The renewal of Labrador Sea Water. DeepSea Res., 20, 341-353.
14. _, 1980: Océanographie conditions at Ocean Weather Ship Bravo. Atmos.-Ocean, 18, 227-238.
15. _, and D. G. Wright, 1993: Annual velocity variations in the Labrador Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 660-678.
16. _, P. B. Rhines, and R. W. Hallberg, 1997: The history of Labrador Sea Water properties through the 20th Century. Preprints.
17. Lee, T. N, W. Johns, F. Schott, and R. Zantopp, 1990: Western boundary current structure and variability east of Abaco, Bahamas at 26.5°N. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 446-466.
18. Legg, S., and J. Marshall, 1993: A heton model of the spreading phase of open-ocean deep convection. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 1041-1056.
19. Lemon, D. D., D. M. Farmer, and D. R. Watts, 1984: Acoustic measurements of wind speed and precipitation over a continental shelf. J. Geophys. Res., 89(C3), 3462-3472.
20. Maxworthy, T., and S. Narimousa, 1994: Unsteady, turbulent convection into an homogeneous, rotating fluid, with océanographie applications. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 865-887.
21. McCartney, M., 1992: Recirculating components of the deep boundary current of the northern North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 29, Pergamon, 283-383.
22. McWilliams, J. C, 1985: Submesoscale, coherent vortices in the ocean. Rev. Geophys., 23(2), 165-182.
23. _, 1988: Vortex generation through balanced adjustment. J. Phys. Oceanogr.. 18, 1178-1192.
24. Narimousa, S., 1998: Turbulent convection into a linearly stratified fluid: The generation of subsurface anticyclones. J. Fluid Mech., 354, 101-121.
25. Pickart, R. S., W. M. Smethie Jr., J. R. N. Lazier, E. P. Jones, and W. J. Jenkins, 1996: Eddies of newly formed upper Labrador Sea Water. J. Geophys. Res.. 101, 20711-20726.
26. -, M. A. Spall, and J. R. N. Lazier, 1997: Mid-depth ventilation in the western boundary current system of the sub-polar gyre. Deep-Sea Res., Part 1, 44, 1025-1054.
27. Plueddemann, A. J., R. A. Weller, M. Stramska, and T. D. Dickey, 1995: Vertical structure of the upper ocean during the Marine Light-Mixed Layers experiment. 7. Geophys. Res., 100(C4), 6605-6619.
28. Rhines, P. B., 1977: The dynamics of unsteady currents. The Sea, E. Goldberg, Ed., Wiley-Interscience, 189-319.
29. _, 1994: Climate change in the Labrador Sea, its convection and circulation. Atlantic Climate Change Program: Proceedings of the Pi's Meeting, A. M. Wilburn, Ed., University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 85-96.
30. _, 1998: Circulation, convection, and mixing in rotating, stratified basins with sloping topography. Physical Processes in Lakes and Oceans, J. Imberger, Ed., AGU Coastal and Estuarine Series, Vol. 54, 435-451.
31. -, and J. R. N. Lazier, 1995: A 13-year record of convection and climate change in the deep Labrador Sea. Atlantic Climate Change Program: Proceedings of the Pi's Meeting, A. M. Wilburn, Ed., University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 57-64.
32. Schott, F., and K. Leaman, 1991: Observations with moored acoustic doppler current profilers in the convection regime in the Golfe du Lion. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 558-574.
33. _, M. Visbeck, and J. Fischer, 1993: Observations of vertical currents and convection in the central Greenland Sea during the winter of 1988/89. J. Geophys. Res.. 98 (C8), 14401-14421.
34. _, _, and U. Send, 1994: Open ocean convection, Mediterranean and Greenland Seas. Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean Examples, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, Ed., Kluwer, 203-225.
35. _, _, _, J. Fischer, L. Stramma, and Y. Desaubies, 1996: Observations of deep convection in the Gulf of Lions, northern Mediterranean, during the winter of 1991/92.7. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 505-524.
36. Smith, S. D., and F. W. Dobson, 1984: The heat budget at Ocean Weather Station Bravo. Atmos.-Ocean, 22, 1-22.
37. Sy, A., M. Rhein, J. R. N. Lazier, K. P. Koltermann, J. Meincke, A. Putzkal, and M. Bersch, 1997: Surprisingly rapid spreading of newly formed intermediate waters across the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 386, 675-679.
38. Visbeck, M., and J. Fischer, 1995: Sea surface conditions remotely sensed by upward-looking ADCPs. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol, 12, 141-149.
39. Worthington, L. V, and W. R. Wright, 1970: North Atlantic Ocean atlas of potential temperature and salinity in deep water, including temperature, salinity and oxygen profiles from the Erica Dan Cruise of 1962. The Woods Hole Océanographie Institution Atlas Series, Folio 2, 58 plates, 24 pp.