The effectiveness of Coxiella burnetii vaccines in occupationally exposed populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Zoonoses and Public Health

Volumn 61, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 81-96

  O'Neill, T J ^a   Sargeant, J M ^a   Poljak, Z ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Coxiella burnetii; Human vaccine; Meta analysis; Occupationally exposed; Q fever; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

COXIELLA BURNETII; HUMAN VACCINE; META-ANALYSIS; OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED; Q FEVER; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

ABATTOIRS; ANIMALS; BACTERIAL VACCINES; COXIELLA BURNETII; HUMANS; OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PUBLIC HEALTH; Q FEVER; VACCINATION;

EID: 84893873938     PISSN: 18631959     EISSN: 18632378     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/zph.12054     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Ackland, J. R., D. A. Worswick, and B. P. Marmion, 1994: Vaccine prophylaxis of Q fever - a follow-up study of the efficacy of Q-vax (CSL) 1985-1990. Med. J. Aust. 160, 704-708.
2. Angelakis, E., and D. Raoult, 2010: Q fever: review. Vet. Mircobiol. 140, 297-309.
3. Arksey, H., and L. O'Malley, 2005: Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int. J. Social. Res. Method 8, 19-32.
4. Arricau-Bouvery, N., and A. Rodolakis, 2005: Is Q-fever an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis? Vet. Res. 36, 327-349.
5. Ascher, M. S., M. A. Berman, and R. Ruppanner, 1983: Initial clinical and immunologic evaluation of a new phase I Q fever vaccine and skin test in humans. J. Infect. Dis. 148, 214-222.
6. Baker, W. S., and G. C. Gray, 2009: A review of published reports regarding zoonotic pathogen infection in veterinarians. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 234, 1271-1278.
7. Battelli, G., 2009: Zoonoses as occupational diseases. Vet. Ital. 42, 369-379.
8. Battelli, G., R. Baldelli, M. Ghinzelli, and A. Mantovani, 2006: Occupational zoonoses in animal husbandry and related activities. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita. 42, 391-396.
9. Bell, J. F., D. B. Lackman, A. Meis, and W. J. Hadlow, 1964a: Recurrent reaction at site of Q fever vaccination in a sensitized person. Mil. Med. 7, 591-595.
10. Bell, J. F., L. Luoto, M. Casey, and D. B. Lackman, 1964b: Serologic and skin-test response after Q fever vaccination by the intracutaneous route. J. Immunol. 93, 403-408.
11. Berri, M., E. Rousset E, J. L. Champion, N. Arricau-Bouvery, P. Russo, and M. Pepin, 2003: Ovine manure used as a garden fertilizer as a suspected source of human Q fever. Vet. Rec. 153, 269-270.
12. Bland, J. M., and D. G. Altman, 1994a: Regression towards the mean. Br. Med. J. 308, 1499.
13. Bland, J. M., and D. G. Altman, 1994b: Some examples of regression towards the mean. Br. Med. J. 309, 188.
14. Bland, J. M., and D. G. Altman, 1995: Comparing methods of measurement: why plotting difference against standard method is misleading. Lancet 346, 1085-1087.
15. Blettner, M., W. Sauerbrei, B. Schlehofer, T. Scheuchenpflug, and C. Friedenreich, 1999: Traditional reviews, meta-analyses and pooled analyses in epidemiology. Ing. J. Epidemiol. 1, 1-9.
16. Borenstein, M., L. V. Hedges, J. P. T. Higgins, and H. R. Rothstein, 2009: Introduction to Meta-Analysis, 1st edn. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., West Sussex, UK.
17. Breslow, N. E., and N. E. Day, 1987: Statistical Methods in Cancer Research, Vol II: The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies. IARC Scientific Publication No. 82. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, France.
18. Camacho, M. T., I. Outschoorn, E. Kovacova, and A. Tellez, 2000: Distribution of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and A (IgA) subclasses following Q fever vaccination with soluble phase I Coxiella burnetii extract. Vaccine 18, 1773-1777.
19. Chick, S. E., D. E. Barth-Jones, and J. S. Koopman, 2001: Bias reduction for risk ratio and vaccine effect estimators. Stat. Med. 20, 1609-1624.
20. Chiu, C. K., and D. N. Durrheim, 2007: A review of the efficacy of human Q fever vaccine registered in Australia. N S W Public Health Bull. 18, 133-136.
21. Cochrane Collaboration, 2011: In: Higgins, J. P. T., and S. Green (eds), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, Version 5.1.0., Cochrane Press. Available at: www.cochrane-handbook.org.
22. Cohen, J., 1960: A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Measur. 20, 37-46.
23. Delsing, C. E., and B. J. Kullberg, 2008: Q fever in the Netherlands: a concise overview and implications of the largest ongoing outbreak. Neth. J. Med. 66, 365-367.
24. DerSimonian, R., and N. Laird, 1986: Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control. Clin. Trials 7, 177-188.
25. Dupont, H. T., X. Thirion, and D. Raoult, 1994: Q fever serology determination for microimmunofluorescence. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 1, 189-196.
26. Egger, M., and G. D. Smith, 1997: Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test. Br. Med. J. 315, 629-634.
27. Emerson, J. D., E. Burdick, D. C. Hoaglin, F. Mosteller, and T. C. Chalmer, 1990: An empirical study of the possible relation of treatment differences to quality scores in randomized clinical trials. Control. Clin. Trials 11, 339-352.
28. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 2009: Annual Epidemiological Report of Communicable Diseases in Europe 2009. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm.
29. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 2010: Risk Assessment on Q Fever. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Technical Report. ECDC, Stockholm, Sweden.
30. Fenollar, F., P. E. Fournier, and D. Raoult, 2004a: Molecular detection of Coxiella European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 2010: application of systematic review methodology to food and feed safety assessments to support decision making. ESA J. 8, 1637-1727.
31. Fenollar, F., P. E. Fournier, and D. Raoult, 2004b: Molecular detection of C. burnetii in the sera of patients with Q fever endocarditis or vascular infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 4919-4924.
32. Field, P. R., A. Santiago, S. W. Chan, and D. B. Patel, 2002: Evaluation of a novel commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting Coxiella burnetii-specific immunoglobulin G for Q fever prevaccination screening and diagnosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 3526-3529.
33. Fishbein, D. B., and D. Raoult, 1992: A cluster of Coxiella burnetii infections associated with exposure to vaccinated goats and their unpasteurized dairy products. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47, 35-40.
34. Fournier, P. E., T. J. Marrie, and D. Raoult, 1998: Diagnosis of Q fever. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 1823-1834.
35. Fries, L. F., D. M. Waag, and J. C. Williams, 1993: Safety and immunogenicity in human volunteers of a chloroform-methanol residue vaccine for Q fever. Infect. Immun. 61, 1251-1258.
36. Gajdozova, E., and R. Brezina, 1989: Cell-mediated immune response to Coxiella burnetii antigens in Q fever convalescents and vaccines. Acta Virol. 33, 474-481.
37. Garner, M. G., H. M. Longbottom, R. M. Cannon, and A. J. Plant, 1997: A review of Q fever in Australia 1991-1994. Aust. N Z J. Public Health 21, 722-730.
38. Gefenaite, G., J. M. Munster, R. van Houdt, and E. Hak, 2011: Effectiveness of the Q fever vaccine: a meta-analysis. Vaccine 29, 395-398.
39. Genig, A., and W. F. Gamelaya, 1966: Experience on mass immunization of human beings with the M-44 live vaccine against Q fever, Report 2 - Skin and oral routes of immunization. Vopr. Virusol. 6, 703-707.
40. Gidding, H. F., C. Wallace, G. L. Lawrence, and P. B. McIntyre, 2009: Australia's national Q fever vaccination program. Vaccine 27, 2037-2041.
41. Gilroy, N., N. Formica, and M. Beers, 2001: Abattoir-associated Q fever: a Q fever outbreak during a Q fever vaccination program. Aust. N Z J. Public Health 25, 262-267.
42. Golder, S., Y. K. Loke, and M. Bland, 2011: Meta-analyses of adverse effects data derived from randomized controlled trial as compared to observational studies: methodological overview. PLoS Med. 8, e1001026. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001026.
43. Government of Australia, 2011: Communicable diseases intelligence: Australia's notifiable disease status - annual report of the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (zoonoses). Intelligence 35, 61-131.
44. Greenland, S., 1994: Invited commentary. Am. J. Epidemiol. 140, 290-296.
45. Guatteo, R., H. Seegers, A. F. Taurel, A. Joly, and F. Beaudeau, 2011: Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review. Vet. Microbiol. 149, 1-16.
46. Guo, H. R., R. Gilmore, D. M. Waag, L. Shirley, and E. Freund, 1998: Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infections among North Dakota sheep producers. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 40, 999-1006.
47. Halloran, M. E., I. M. Longini, and C. J. Struchiner, 2010: Overview of vaccine effects and study designs. In: Gail, M., K. Krickeberg, J. Samet, A. Tsiatis, and W. Wong (eds), Design and Analysis of Vaccine Studies, pp. 19-44. Springer, New York, NY.
48. Harbord, R. M., and J. P. T. Higgins, 2008: Meta-regression in Stata. Stata J. 8, 493-519.
49. Healy, B., H. Van Woerden, D. Raoult, S. Graves S, J. Pitman, and G. Lloyd, 2011: Chronic Q fever: different serological results in 3 countries - results of a follow-up study 6 years after a point source outbreak. Clin. Infect. Dis. 52, 1013-1019.
50. Hedges, L. V., and T. D. Pigott, 2001: The power of statistical tests in meta-analysis. Psych. Methods 6, 203-217.
51. Higgins, J. P. T., S. G. Thompson, J. J. Deeks, and D. G. Altman, 2003: Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Br. Med. J. 327, 557-560.
52. Hilbink, F., M. Penrose, E. Kovacova, and J. Kazar, 1993: Q fever is absent from New Zealand. Int. J. Epidemiol. 22, 945-949.
53. van der Hoek, H. W., F. Dijkstra, G. Schimmer, P. M. Schneeberger, P. Vellema, and C. Wijkmans, 2010: Q fever in the Netherlands: an update on the epidemiology and control measures. Euro. Surveill. 15, 12.
54. Ioannidis, J., N. Patsopoulos, and E. Evangelou, 2007: Uncertainty in heterogeneity estimates in meta-analyses. Br. Med. J. 335, 914-916.
55. Izzo, A. A., B. P. Marmion, and D. A. Worswick, 1988: Markers of cell-mediated immunity after vaccination with an inactivated, whole-cell Q fever vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. 157, 781-789.
56. Jefferson, R., D. Rivetti, M. Rudin, C. Di Pietrantonj, and V. Demicheli, 2005a: Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet 366, 1165-1174.
57. Jefferson, R., S. Smith, V. Demicheli, A. Hamden, A. Rivetti, and C. Di Pietrantonj, 2005b: Assessment of the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in healthy children: systematic review. Lancet 365, 773-780.
58. Katz, D., J. Bapista, S. P. Azen, and M. C. Pike, 1978: Obtaining confidence intervals for the risk ratio in cohort studies. Biometrics 34, 469-474.
59. Kazar, J., 2005: Coxiella burnetii infection. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1063, 105-114.
60. Kazar, J., R. Brezina, S. Schramek, A. Palanova, and A. Tvrda, 1981: Suitability of the microagglutination test for detection of post-infection and post-vaccination Q fever antibodies in human sera. Acta Virol. 25, 235-240.
61. Kazar, J., R. Brezina, A. Palanova, A. Tvrda, and S. Schramek, 1982: Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a Q fever chemovaccine in persons professionally exposed to Q fever in Czechoslovakia. Bull. WHO 60, 389-394.
62. Kazar, J., S. Schramek, V. Lisak, and R. Brezina, 1987: Antigenicity of chloroform-methanol-treated Coxiella burnetii preparations. Acta Virol. 31, 158-167.
63. Kermode, K., K. Yong, S. Hurley, and B. Marmion, 2003: An economic evaluation of increased uptake of Q fever vaccination among meat and agriculture workers following implementation of the national Q fever management program. Aust. N Z Public Health 27, 390-398.
64. Krutitskaya, L., N. Tokarevich, A. Zhebrun, N. Kartseva, I. Tarasevich, and V. Yablonskaya, 1996: Autoimmune component in individuals during immune response to inactivated combined vaccine against Q fever. Acta Virol. 40, 173-177.
65. Lahuerta, A., T. Westrell, J. Takkinen, F. Boelaert, V. Rizzi, and B. Helwigh, 2011: Zoonoses in the European Union: origin, distribution and dynamics - the EFSA-ECDC summary report 2009. Eurosurveillance 16, 5-8.
66. Lopez, E., M. Ascher, R. Roberto, and J. Chin, 1986: Q fever among slaughterhouse workers-California. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 35, 223-226.
67. Luoto, L., F. B. Bell, M. Casey, and D. B. Lackman, 1963: Q fever vaccination of human volunteers. Am. J. Hyg. 78, 1-15.
68. Madariaga, M. G., K. Rezai, G. M. Trenholme, and R. A. Weinstein, 2003: Q fever: a biological weapon in your backyard. Lancet Infect. Dis. 3, 709-721.
69. Marmion, B. P., R. A. Ormsbee, M. Kyrkou, J. Wright, D. A. Worswick, and S. Cameron, 1984: Vaccine-prophylaxis of abattoir-associated Q fever. Lancet 2, 1411-1414.
70. Marmion, B. P., R. A. Ormsbee, M. Kyrkou, J. Wright, D. A. Worswick, and A. A. Izzo, 1990: Vaccine prophylaxis of abattoir associated Q fever: eight years' experience in Australian abattoirs. Epidemiol. Infect. 104, 275-287.
71. Marmion, B. P., M. Shannon, I. Maddocks, P. Storm, and I. Penttila, 1996: Protracted debility and fatigue after acute Q fever. Lancet 347, 977-978.
72. Marrie, T. J., 1990: Epidemiology of Q fever. In: Marrie, T. J. (ed.), Q Fever, Vol. 1 - The Disease, pp. 125-160. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
73. Marrie, T. J., H. Durant, J. C. Williams, E. Mintz, and D. M. Waag, 1988: Exposure to parturient cats is a risk factor for acquisition of Q fever in Maritime Canada. J. Infect. Dis. 15, 8101-8108.
74. Maurin, M., and D. Raoult, 1999: Q-fever. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12, 518-553.
75. McQuiston, J. H., and J. E. Childs, 2002: Q fever in humans and animals in the United States. Vector Borne Zoononotic Dis. 2, 179-191.
76. Meiklejohn, G., and E. H. Lennette, 1950: Q fever in California: observations on vaccination of human beings. Am. J. Hyg. 52, 54-64.
77. Monto, A. S., S. E. Ohmit, J. G. Petrie, E. Johnson, R. Truscon, and E. Teich, 2009: Comparative efficacy of inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines. N. Engl. J. Med. 361, 1260-1267.
78. Morris, J. A., C. L. Wisseman, C. G. Aulisio, E. B. Jackson, and J. E. Smadel, 1967: Combined epidemic typhus and Q fever vaccine: adjuvant effect of Coxiella burnetii. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 125, 1216-1220.
79. Norlander, L., 2000: Q fever epidemiology and pathogenesis. Microbes Infect. 2, 417-424.
80. Ohmit, S. E., J. C. Victor, J. R. Rotthoff, E. R Teich, R. K. Truscon, and L. L. Baum, 2006: Prevention of antigenically drifted influenza by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 2513-2522.
81. Ohmit, S. E., J. C. Victor, E. R. Teich, R. K. Truscon, J. R. Rotthoff, and D. W. Newton, 2008: Prevention of symptomatic seasonal influenza in 2005-2006 by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. J. Infect. Dis. 198, 312-317.
82. Organization Internationale Epizootic (OIE), 2005: Chapitre 2.2.10 - Fièvre Q. Manuel Terrestre de l'OIE. OIE, Paris, France, pp. 433-445.
83. Park, J., Y. Lee, H. Seo, B. Jang, H. Son, and S. Y. Kim, 2011: Risk of bias assessment for non-randomized studies (RoBANS): development and validation of a new instrument. 19th Cochrane Colloquium Conference on Patient Safety. Oral presentation B803. Madrid, Spain. [Full instrument obtained from lead author: November, 2011].
84. Paul, S. R., and A. Donner, 1992: Small sample performance of tests of homogeneity of odds ratios in K 2x2 tables. Stats Med. 11, 159-165.
85. Piaggio, G., D. R. Elbourne, D. G. Altman, S. J. Pocock, and S. J. W. Evants, 2008: Reporting of non-inferiority and equivalence randomized trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 295, 1152-1160.
86. Porter, S. R., C. Czaplicki, J. Mainil, R. Gutteo, and C. Saegerman, 2011: Q fever: current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis. Int. J. Microbiol. 2011, 22 epub Article ID 248418: doi 10.1155/2011/248418.
87. Post, M., 2009: Q-koorts: Het waait je aan - Een evaluatie van de aanpak in Noord-Brabant. PhD Thesis: Wageningen UR Library Catalogue.
88. Raoult, D., T. Marrie, and J. Mege, 2005: Natural history and pathophysiology of Q fever. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5, 219-226.
89. Rothman, K. J., S. Greenland, and T. L. Lash, 2008: Modern Epidemiology, 3rd edn. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
90. Sackett, D. L., 1979: Bias in analytic research. J. Chronic Dis. 32, 51-63.
91. Sargeant, J. M., M. R. Amezcua, A. Rajic, and L. Waddell, 2007: Pre-harvest interventions to reduce the shedding of E. coli O157 in the faeces of weaned domestic ruminants: a systematic review. Zoonoses Pub Health 54, 260-277.
92. Schimmer, B., G. Morroy, F. Dijkstra, P. M. Schneeberger, G. Weers-Pothoff, and A. Timen, 2008: Large ongoing Q fever outbreak in the south of the Netherlands. Euro. Surveill. 13, 31.
93. Schwabe, C. W., 1984: Veterinary Medicine and Human Health, 3rd edn. Williams and Watkins, Baltimore, MD.
94. Shapiro, R. A., V. Siskind, F. D. Schofield, N. Stallman, D. A. Worskwick, and B. P. Marmion, 1990: A randomized, controlled, double-blind, cross-over, clinical trial of Q fever vaccine in selected Queensland abattoirs. Epidemiol. Infect. 104, 267-273.
95. Snyder, J. W., 2003: Sentinel laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism, Coxiella burnetii. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Available at: http://www.asm.org/images/PSAB/coxiella.pdf (accessed on 1 February 2011).
96. Song, F., T. A. Sheldon, A. J. Sutton, K. R. Abrams, and D. R. Jones, 2001: Methods for exploring heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Eval. Health Prof. 24, 126-151.
97. Spelman, D. W., 1982: Q fever: a study of 111 consecutive cases. Med. J. Aust. 1, 547-553.
98. Sterkhova, A. W., 1965: Immunization of man with the live M-44 Q fever vaccine. J. Microbiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 12, 48-52.
99. Stroup, D. F., J. A. Berlin, S. C. Morton, I. Olkin, G. D. Williamson, and D. Rennie, 2008: Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 283, 2008-2012.
100. Sweeting, M. J., A. J. Sutton, and P. C. Lamber, 2004: What to add to nothing? Use and avoidance of corrections in meta-analysis of sparse data. Stats Med. 23, 1351-1375.
101. Thomas, D. R., R. L. Salmon, R. M. M. Smith, E. O. Caul, L. Treweek, and S. M. Kench, 1995: Zoonotic illness: determining risks and measuring effects of the association between current animal exposure and a history of illness in a well characterized rural population. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 48, 151-155.
102. Tissot-Dupont, H., D. Raoult, P. Brouqui, F. Janbon, D. Peyramond, and P. J. Weiller, 1992: Epidemiological features and clinical presentation of acute Q fever in hospitalized patients: 323 French cases. Am. J. Med. 93, 427-434.
103. Verhagen, A. P., H. C. W. de Vet, R. A. de Bie, M. Boers, and P. A. Van Den Brandt, 2001: The art of quality assessment of RCTs include din systematic reviews. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 54, 651-654.
104. Vivona, S., J. P. Lowenthal, S. Berman, A. S. Benenson, and J. E. Smadel, 1964: Report of a field study with Q fever vaccine. Am. J. Hyg. 79, 143-153.
105. Waag, D. M., M. J. England, R. F. Rammariello, W. R. Byrne, P. Gibbs, and C. M. Banfield, 2002: Comparative efficacy and immunogenicity of Q fever chloroform:methanol residue (CMR) and phase I cellular (Q-vax) vaccines in cynomolgus monkeys challenged by aerosol. Vaccine 20, 2623-2634.
106. Waag, D. M., M. J. England, C. R. Bolt, and J. C. Williams, 2008: Low-dose priming before vaccination with the phase I chloroform-methanol residue vaccine against Q fever enhances humoral and cellular immune responses to Coxiella burnetii. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15, 1505-1512.
107. Waddell, L., A. Rajic, J. M. Sargeant, J. Parker, A. Deckert A, and S. McEwen, 2009: The methodological soundness of literature reviews addressing three potential zoonotic public health issues. Zoonoses Pub Health 56, 477-489.
108. Weinberg, G. A., and P. G. Szilagyi, 2010: Vaccine epidemiology: efficacy, effectiveness, and the translational research roadmap. J. Infect. Dis. 201, 1607-1610.
109. Whitney, E. A. S., R. F. Massung, A. J. Candee, E. C. Ailes, L. M. Myers, and N. E. Patterson, 2009: Seroepidemiologic and occupational risk survey for Coxiella burnetii antibodies among US veterinarians. Clin. Infect. Dis. 48, 550-557.
110. Van Woerden, H. C., B. W. Mason, L. K. Nehaul, R. Smith, R. L. Salmon, and B. Healy, 2004: Q fever outbreak in industrial setting. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 1282-1289.
111. World Health Organization (WHO), 1979: Q Fever. MMWR 28, UK, pp. 230-231.
112. Worswick, D., and B. P. Marmion, 1985: Antibody responses in acute and chronic Q fever and in subjects vaccinated against Q fever. J. Med. Microbiol. 19, 281-296.
113. Young, F. W., 1948: Q fever in Artesia. Calif. Med. 69, 89-90.