Challenges of surveying wastewater drug loads of small populations and generalizable aspects on optimizing monitoring design

Addiction

Volumn 109, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 472-481

  Ort, Christoph ^a   Eppler, Jonas Maria ^b   Scheidegger, Andreas ^a   Rieckermann, Jörg ^a   Kinzig, Martina ^c   Sörgel, Fritz ^c,d  

^a SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^b ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^c IBMP   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Annual mean; Baseline variation; Cocaine; Influence of external factors; Stratified random versus consecutive days; Wastewater analysis

Indexed keywords

BENZOYLECGONINE; COCAINE; WASTE WATER;

ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; CHEMISTRY; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; HUMAN; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEASON; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; WASTE WATER; WEATHER;

CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; COCAINE; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; HUMANS; SEASONS; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; WASTE WATER; WEATHER;

EID: 84893832585     PISSN: 09652140     EISSN: 13600443     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/add.12405     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Thomas K. V., Bijlsma L., Castiglioni S., Covaci A., Emke E., Grabic R. etal. Comparing illicit drug use in 19 European cities through sewage analysis. Sci Total Environ 2012; 432: 432-439.
2. Postigo C., López de Alda M. J., Barceló D. Drugs of abuse and their metabolites in the Ebro River basin: occurrence in sewage and surface water, sewage treatment plants removal efficiency, and collective drug usage estimation. Environ Int 2010; 36: 75-84.
3. Zuccato E., Chiabrando C., Castiglioni S., Bagnati R., Fanelli R. Estimating community drug abuse by wastewater analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116: 1027-1032.
4. Zuccato E., Castiglioni S., Tettamanti M., Olandese R., Bagnati R., Melis M. etal. Changes in illicit drug consumption patterns in 2009 detected by wastewater analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 118: 464-469.
5. Van Nuijs A. L. N., Pecceu B., Theunis L., Dubois N., Charlier C., Jorens P. G. etal. Can cocaine use be evaluated through analysis of wastewater? A nation wide approach conducted in Belgium. Addiction 2009; 104: 734-741.
6. Banta-Green C. J., Field J. A., Chiaia A. C., Sudakin D. L., Power L., De Montigny L. The spatial epidemiology of cocaine, methamphetamine and 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) use: a demonstration using a population measure of community drug load derived from municipal wastewater. Addiction 2009; 104: 1874-1880.
7. Banta-Green C., Field J. City-wide drug testing using municipal wastewater: a new tool for drug epidemiology. Significance 2011; 8: 70-74.
8. Irvine R. J., Kostakis C., Felgate P. D., Jaehne E. J., Chen C., White J. M. Population drug use in Australia: a wastewater analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 210: 69-73.
9. Lai F. Y., Thai P. K., Bruno R., Gartner C., Hall W., Kirkbride P. etal. Using quantitative wastewater analysis to measure daily usage of conventional and emerging illicit drugs at an annual music festival. Drug Alcohol Rev 2013; 32: 594-602.
10. Lai F. Y., Bruno R., Hall W., Gartner C., Ort C., Kirkbride P. etal. Profiles of illicit drug use during annual key holiday and control periods in Australia: wastewater analysis in an urban, a semi-rural and a vacation area. Addiction 2013; 108: 556-565.
11. Gerrity D., Trenholm R. A., Snyder S. A. Temporal variability of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater and the effects of a major sporting event. Water Res 2011; 45: 5399-5411.
12. Brewer A. J., Ort C., Banta-Green C. J., Berset J. D., Field J. A. Normalized diurnal and between-day trends in illicit and legal drug loads that account for changes in population. Environ Sci Technol 2012; 46: 8305-8314.
13. Ort C., Schaffner C., Giger W., Gujer W. Modelling stochastic load variations in sewer systems. Water Sci Technol 2005; 52: 113-122.
14. Rieckermann J., Neumann M., Ort C., Huisman J. L., Gujer W. Dispersion coefficients of sewers from tracer experiments. Water Sci Technol 2005; 52: 123-131.
15. Ort C., Lawrence M. G., Reungoat J., Mueller J. F. Sampling for PPCPs in wastewater systems: comparison of different sampling modes and optimization strategies. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44: 6289-6296.
16. Ort C., Lawrence M. G., Rieckermann J., Joss A. Sampling for Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and illicit drugs in wastewater systems: are your conclusions valid? A critical review. Environ Sci Technol 2010; 44: 6024-6035.
17. Castiglioni S., Bijlsma L., Covaci A., Emke E., Hernández F., Reid M. etal. Evaluation of uncertainties associated with the determination of community drug use through the measurement of sewage drug biomarkers. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47: 1452-1460.
18. Mathieu C., Rieckermann J., Berset J. D., Schürch S., Brenneisen R. Assessment of total uncertainty in cocaine and benzoylecgonine wastewater load measurements. Water Res 2011; 45: 6650-6660.
19. Cleveland W. S. Lowess-a program for smoothing scatterplots by robust locally weighted regression. Am Stat 1981; 35: 54-54.
20. Montgomery D. C., Peck E. A., Vining G. G. Introduction to Linear Regression Analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Interscience; 2006.
21. Hamilton J. D. Time Series Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1994.
22. R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing, 2013.
23. Reid M. J., Langford K. H., Grung M., Gjerde H., Amundsen E. J., Morland J. etal. Estimation of cocaine consumption in the community: a critical comparison of the results from three complimentary techniques. BMJ Open 2012; 2: e001637-001645.
24. van Nuijs A. L. N., Mougel J. F., Tarcomnicu I., Bervoets L., Blust R., Jorens P. G. etal. Sewage epidemiology-a real-time approach to estimate the consumption of illicit drugs in Brussels, Belgium. Environ Int 2011; 37: 612-621.
25. Loganathan B., Phillips M., Mowery H., Jones-Lepp T. L. Contamination profiles and mass loadings of macrolide antibiotics and illicit drugs from a small urban wastewater treatment plant. Chemosphere 2009; 75: 70-77.
26. Mari F., Politi L., Biggeri A., Accetta G., Trignano C., Di Padua M. etal. Cocaine and heroin in waste water plants: a 1-year study in the city of Florence, Italy. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 189: 88-92.
27. Metcalfe C., Tindale K., Li H., Rodayan A., Yargeau V. Illicit drugs in Canadian municipal wastewater and estimates of community drug use. Environ Pollut 2010; 158: 3179-3185.
28. van Nuijs A. L. N., Pecceu B., Theunis L., Dubois N., Charlier C., Jorens P. G. etal. Spatial and temporal variations in the occurrence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in waste- and surface water from Belgium and removal during wastewater treatment. Water Res 2009; 43: 1341-1349.
29. Warner A., Norman A. B. Mechanisms of cocaine hydrolysis and metabolism in vitro and in vivo: a clarification. Ther Drug Monit 2000; 22: 266-270.
30. Bisceglia K. J., Roberts A. L., Lippa K. A. A hydrolysis procedure for the analysis of total cocaine residues in wastewater. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402: 1277-1287.
31. Plósz B. G., Reid M. J., Borup M., Langford K. H., Thomas K. V. Biotransformation kinetics and sorption of cocaine and its metabolites and the factors influencing their estimation in wastewater. Water Res 2013; 47: 2129-2140.
32. Cone E. J., Tsadik A., Oyler J., Darwin W. D. Cocaine metabolism and urinary excretion after different routes of administration. Ther Drug Monit 1998; 20: 556-560.
33. Cami J., Farré M., González M. L., Segura J., de la Torre R. Cocaine metabolism in humans after use of alcohol. Clinical and research implications. Recent Dev Alcohol 1998; 14: 437-455.
34. Harris D. S., Everhart E. T., Mendelson J., Jones R. T. The pharmacology of cocaethylene in humans following cocaine and ethanol administration. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 72: 169-182.
35. Parker R. B., Laizure S. C. The effect of ethanol on oral cocaine pharmacokinetics reveals an unrecognized class of ethanol-mediated drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38: 317-322.
36. O'Brien J., Thai P. K., Eaglesham G., Ort C., Scheidegger A., Carter S. etal. A model to estimate the population contributing to the wastewater using samples collected on census day. Environ Sci Technol (in press) DOI: 10.1021/es403251g.
37. Hall W., Prichard J., Kirkbride P., Bruno R., Thai P. K., Gartner C. etal. An analysis of ethical issues in using wastewater analysis to monitor illicit drug use. Addiction 2012; 107: 1767-1773.
38. Ambre J., Fischman M., Ruo T. I. Urinary-excretion of ecgonine methyl-ester, a major metabolite of cocaine in humans. J Anal Toxicol 1984; 8: 23-25.
39. Ambre J., Ruo T. I., Nelson J., Belknap S. Urinary-excretion of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl-ester in humans. J Anal Toxicol 1988; 12: 301-306.
40. Harman C., Reid M., Thomas K. V. In situ calibration of a passive sampling device for selected illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater, and subsequent year-long assessment of community drug usage. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45: 5676-5682.