메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 6, Issue SPEC.ISS.1, 2012, Pages 146-157

Chronic or late Lyme neuroborreliosis: Analysis of evidence compared to chronic or late neurosyphilis

Author keywords

Borrelia burgdorferi; Chronic infection; Chronic Lyme disease; Late Lyme disease; Lyme neuroborrelisosis; Neurosyphilis; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CD14 ANTIGEN; CD59 ANTIGEN; INTERLEUKIN 12; SERUM AMYLOID A; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

EID: 84893746122     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1874205X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1874205X01206010146     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (38)

References (176)
  • 5
    • 84902951347 scopus 로고
    • The spinal changes in general paralysis
    • Dawson WR. The spinal changes in general paralysis. Br J Psych 1901; 47: 598-9.
    • (1901) Br J Psych , vol.47 , pp. 598-599
    • Dawson, W.R.1
  • 6
    • 0042812906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vorläufiger Bericht über das Vorkommen von Spirochaeten in syphilitischen Krankheits-produkten und bei Papillomen (527-534, 2 Abb.)
    • Schaudinn FR, Hoffmann E. Vorläufiger Bericht über das Vorkommen von Spirochaeten in syphilitischen Krankheits-produkten und bei Papillomen (527-534, 2 Abb.). In: Arbeiten aus dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamt 1905: pp. 527-34.
    • In: Arbeiten Aus Dem Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamt 1905 , pp. 527-534
    • Schaudinn, F.R.1    Hoffmann, E.2
  • 7
    • 0003737797 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte
    • Barth Verlag: Leipzig
    • Kraepelin EW. Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte. Klinische Psychiatrie. Barth Verlag: Leipzig 1904.
    • (1904) Klinische Psychiatrie
    • Kraepelin, E.W.1
  • 10
    • 0001614204 scopus 로고
    • A demonstration of Treponema pallidum in the brain of general paralysis cases
    • Noguchi H, Moore J W. A demonstration of Treponema pallidum in the brain of general paralysis cases. J Exp Med 1913; 17: 232-8.
    • (1913) J Exp Med , vol.17 , pp. 232-238
    • Noguchi, H.1    Moore, J.W.2
  • 11
    • 51849170969 scopus 로고
    • Die Spirochaeten im Zentralnervensystem bei der Paralyse
    • Jahnel F. Die Spirochaeten im Zentralnervensystem bei der Paralyse. Zeitschr ges Neurol Psychiatrie 1921; 73: 310-31.
    • (1921) Zeitschr Ges Neurol Psychiatrie , vol.73 , pp. 310-331
    • Jahnel, F.1
  • 12
    • 51849174062 scopus 로고
    • Spirochaten und Hirnrindengefaesse bei Paralyse
    • Hauptmann A. Spirochaten und Hirnrindengefaesse bei Paralyse. Z Neur 1920; 57: 122-37.
    • (1920) Z Neur , vol.57 , pp. 122-137
    • Hauptmann, A.1
  • 13
    • 51849176375 scopus 로고
    • Ueber miliare Nekrosen und abscesse in der Hirnrinde eines Paralytikers und ihre Beziehungen zur Spirocheata pallida
    • Schob F. Ueber miliare Nekrosen und abscesse in der Hirnrinde eines Paralytikers und ihre Beziehungen zur Spirocheata pallida. Ztschr ges Neurol Psychiat 1925; 95: 588-612.
    • (1925) Ztschr Ges Neurol Psychiat , vol.95 , pp. 588-612
    • Schob, F.1
  • 14
    • 29844451889 scopus 로고
    • Localisation du Tréponéma Pallidum dans le cerveau des paralytiques généraux
    • Pacheco e Silva AC. Localisation du Tréponéma Pallidum dans le cerveau des paralytiques généraux. Considérations thérapeutiques Rev Neurol 1926; 2: 558-65.
    • (1926) Considérations Thérapeutiques Rev Neurol , vol.2 , pp. 558-565
    • Pacheco e Silva, A.C.1
  • 16
    • 66049094992 scopus 로고
    • Ricerche sulle spirochete nel cervello dei paralitici
    • Rizzo C. Ricerche sulle spirochete nel cervello dei paralitici. Riv Pathol Nerv 1931; 37: 797-814.
    • (1931) Riv Pathol Nerv , vol.37 , pp. 797-814
    • Rizzo, C.1
  • 17
    • 66049110366 scopus 로고
    • Spirochetosis of the central nervous system in general pralysis
    • Dieterle RR. Spirochetosis of the central nervous system in general pralysis. Am J Psychiatry 1928; 7: 37-67.
    • (1928) Am J Psychiatry , vol.7 , pp. 37-67
    • Dieterle, R.R.1
  • 21
    • 0347671850 scopus 로고
    • Syphilitic hydrocephalus in the adult
    • Greenfield JG, Stern RO. Syphilitic hydrocephalus in the adult. Brain 1932; 55: 367-90.
    • (1932) Brain , vol.55 , pp. 367-390
    • Greenfield, J.G.1    Stern, R.O.2
  • 22
    • 84902980592 scopus 로고
    • Neuropathologia. Akadémiai Kiado
    • Kornyei I. Neuropathologia. Akadémiai Kiado, Budapest 1987: pp. 417.
    • (1987) Budapest , pp. 417
    • Kornyei, I.1
  • 27
    • 33847635660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurosyphilis: The reemergence of an historical disease
    • Gilad R, Lampl Y, Blumstein G, Dan M. Neurosyphilis: the reemergence of an historical disease. Isr Med Assoc J 2007; 9: 117-8.
    • (2007) Isr Med Assoc J , vol.9 , pp. 117-118
    • Gilad, R.1    Lampl, Y.2    Blumstein, G.3    Dan, M.4
  • 28
    • 53949102175 scopus 로고
    • Morphologic appearances of spirochetal reproduction in tissues
    • Steiner G. Morphologic appearances of spirochetal reproduction in tissues. Arch Pathol 1940; 29: 189-99.
    • (1940) Arch Pathol , vol.29 , pp. 189-199
    • Steiner, G.1
  • 29
    • 51849174127 scopus 로고
    • Ueber eine direkt nekrotisierende Form der Hirnsyphilis
    • Herschmann H. Ueber eine direkt nekrotisierende Form der Hirnsyphilis. Ztschr ges Neurol Psychiat 1920; 55: 27-39.
    • (1920) Ztschr Ges Neurol Psychiat , vol.55 , pp. 27-39
    • Herschmann, H.1
  • 30
    • 0005762673 scopus 로고
    • Di speciali reperti in un caso di probabile sifilide cerebrale
    • Bonfiglio F. Di speciali reperti in un caso di probabile sifilide cerebrale. Riv Sperim Fren 1908; 4: 196-206.
    • (1908) Riv Sperim Fren , vol.4 , pp. 196-206
    • Bonfiglio, F.1
  • 31
    • 0000381003 scopus 로고
    • Ueber klinisch und histologisch eigenartige psychische erkrankungen des spaeteren lebensalters
    • Nissl, F, Alzheimer A Eds, Gustave Fischer
    • Perusini G. Ueber klinisch und histologisch eigenartige psychische Erkrankungen des spaeteren Lebensalters. Histologische und hispopathologische Arbeiten, Nissl, F, Alzheimer A Eds, Gustave Fischer, Jena 1910; vol 3: pp. 297-351.
    • (1910) Histologische Und Hispopathologische Arbeiten , vol.3 , pp. 297-351
    • Perusini, G.1
  • 32
    • 12844284095 scopus 로고
    • Die Kolloide Degeneration des Gehirns bei progressiver Paralyse in ihrer Beziehung zur lokalen Amyloidose
    • Volland W. Die Kolloide Degeneration des Gehirns bei progressiver Paralyse in ihrer Beziehung zur lokalen Amyloidose. Dtsch Path Gesellsch 1938; 31: 515-20.
    • (1938) Dtsch Path Gesellsch , vol.31 , pp. 515-520
    • Volland, W.1
  • 34
    • 53949118915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persisting atypical and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and local inflammation in Lyme neuroborreliosis
    • Miklossy J, Kasas S, Zurn AD, McCall S, Yu S, McGeer PL. Persisting atypical and cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi and local inflammation in Lyme neuroborreliosis. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5: 40.
    • (2008) J Neuroinflammation , vol.5 , pp. 40
    • Miklossy, J.1    Kasas, S.2    Zurn, A.D.3    McCall, S.4    Yu, S.5    McGeer, P.L.6
  • 36
    • 0027121632 scopus 로고
    • Acquired syphilis in adults
    • Hook EW, 3rd, Marra CM. Acquired syphilis in adults. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1060-9.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 1060-1069
    • Hook 3rd, E.W.1    Marra, C.M.2
  • 38
    • 0014453567 scopus 로고
    • The neurosyphilitic psychoses today. A survey of 91 cases
    • Dewhurst K. The neurosyphilitic psychoses today. A survey of 91 cases. Br J Psychiatry 1969; 115: 31-8.
    • (1969) Br J Psychiatry , vol.115 , pp. 31-38
    • Dewhurst, K.1
  • 39
    • 0017434195 scopus 로고
    • Lyme arthritis: An epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities
    • Steere AC, Malawista SE, Snydman DR, et al. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum 1977; 20: 7-17.
    • (1977) Arthritis Rheum , vol.20 , pp. 7-17
    • Steere, A.C.1    Malawista, S.E.2    Snydman, D.R.3
  • 41
    • 0035829850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease
    • Donta ST. Treatment of patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1424-5.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1424-1425
    • Donta, S.T.1
  • 42
    • 0030470457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European Union Concerted Action on Risk Assessment in Lyme Borreliosis: Clinical case definitions for Lyme borreliosis
    • Stanek G, O'Connell S, Cimmino M, et al. European Union Concerted Action on Risk Assessment in Lyme Borreliosis: clinical case definitions for Lyme borreliosis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1996; 108: 741-7.
    • (1996) Wien Klin Wochenschr , vol.108 , pp. 741-747
    • Stanek, G.1    O'Connell, S.2    Cimmino, M.3
  • 43
    • 0023832660 scopus 로고
    • Vasculitic neuropathy in the Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth syndrome. A contribution to the understanding of the pathology and pathogenesis of the neurological complications in Lyme borreliosis
    • Meier C, Grehl H. Vasculitic neuropathy in the Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth syndrome. A contribution to the understanding of the pathology and pathogenesis of the neurological complications in Lyme borreliosis. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1988; 113: 135-8.
    • (1988) Dtsch Med Wochenschr , vol.113 , pp. 135-138
    • Meier, C.1    Grehl, H.2
  • 44
    • 0023753693 scopus 로고
    • Basal meningovasculitis and occlusion of the basilar artery in two cases of Borrelia burgdorferi infection
    • Veenendaal-Hilbers JA, Perquin WV, Hoogland PH, Doornbos L. Basal meningovasculitis and occlusion of the basilar artery in two cases of Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Neurology 1988; 38: 1317-9.
    • (1988) Neurology , vol.38 , pp. 1317-1319
    • Veenendaal-Hilbers, J.A.1    Perquin, W.V.2    Hoogland, P.H.3    Doornbos, L.4
  • 46
    • 0024362494 scopus 로고
    • Lyme disease
    • Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 586-96.
    • (1989) N Engl J Med , vol.321 , pp. 586-596
    • Steere, A.C.1
  • 47
    • 0025158363 scopus 로고
    • Meningovascular form of neuroborreliosis: Similarities between neuropathological findings in a case of Lyme disease and those occurring in tertiary neurosyphilis
    • Miklossy J, Kuntzer T, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Janzer RC. Meningovascular form of neuroborreliosis: similarities between neuropathological findings in a case of Lyme disease and those occurring in tertiary neurosyphilis. Acta Neuropathol 1990; 80: 568-72.
    • (1990) Acta Neuropathol , vol.80 , pp. 568-572
    • Miklossy, J.1    Kuntzer, T.2    Bogousslavsky, J.3    Regli, F.4    Janzer, R.C.5
  • 48
    • 0027970664 scopus 로고
    • Lyme disease: A neuropsychiatric illness
    • Fallon BA, Nields JA. Lyme disease: a neuropsychiatric illness. The Am J Psychiatr 1994; 151: 1571-83.
    • (1994) The Am J Psychiatr , vol.151 , pp. 1571-1583
    • Fallon, B.A.1    Nields, J.A.2
  • 50
    • 0024369464 scopus 로고
    • Histopathology of clinical phases of human Lyme disease
    • Duray PH. Histopathology of clinical phases of human Lyme disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1989; 15: 691-710.
    • (1989) Rheum Dis Clin North Am , vol.15 , pp. 691-710
    • Duray, P.H.1
  • 51
    • 0023685753 scopus 로고
    • Clinical pathologic correlations of Lyme disease by stage
    • Duray PH, Steere AC. Clinical pathologic correlations of Lyme disease by stage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 539: 65-79.
    • (1988) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.539 , pp. 65-79
    • Duray, P.H.1    Steere, A.C.2
  • 52
    • 0025915555 scopus 로고
    • Acute and chronic neuroborreliosis with and without CNS involvement: A clinical, MRI, and HLA study of 27 cases
    • Kruger H, Heim E, Schuknecht B, Scholz S. Acute and chronic neuroborreliosis with and without CNS involvement: a clinical, MRI, and HLA study of 27 cases. J neurol 1991; 238: 271-80.
    • (1991) J Neurol , vol.238 , pp. 271-280
    • Kruger, H.1    Heim, E.2    Schuknecht, B.3    Scholz, S.4
  • 53
    • 0033928676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primarily chronic and cerebrovascular course of Lyme neuroborreliosis: Case reports and literature review
    • Wilke M, Eiffert H, Christen HJ, Hanefeld F. Primarily chronic and cerebrovascular course of Lyme neuroborreliosis: case reports and literature review. Arch Dis Childhood 2000; 83: 67-71.
    • (2000) Arch Dis Childhood , vol.83 , pp. 67-71
    • Wilke, M.1    Eiffert, H.2    Christen, H.J.3    Hanefeld, F.4
  • 54
    • 33845340488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroborreliosis or borrelia hysteria. This case becomes a nightmare!
    • Aberer E. Neuroborreliosis or borrelia hysteria. This case becomes a nightmare!. MMW Fortschr Med 2006; 148: 8.
    • (2006) MMW Fortschr Med , vol.148 , pp. 8
    • Aberer, E.1
  • 56
    • 59849108925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic Lyme disease and the 'Axis of Evil'
    • Stricker RB, Johnson L. Chronic Lyme disease and the 'Axis of Evil'. Future Microbiol 2008; 3: 621-4.
    • (2008) Future Microbiol , vol.3 , pp. 621-624
    • Stricker, R.B.1    Johnson, L.2
  • 58
    • 34948831101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical appraisal of chronic Lyme disease
    • Feder HM Jr, Johnson BJ, O'Connell S, et al. A critical appraisal of chronic Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1422-30.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.357 , pp. 1422-1430
    • Feder Jr., H.M.1    Johnson, B.J.2    O'Connell, S.3
  • 60
    • 0030102694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunological and molecular variability of OspA and OspC. Implications for Borrelia vaccine development
    • Wilske B, Busch U, Fingerle V, et al. Immunological and molecular variability of OspA and OspC. Implications for Borrelia vaccine development. Infection 1996; 24: 208-12.
    • (1996) Infection , vol.24 , pp. 208-212
    • Wilske, B.1    Busch, U.2    Fingerle, V.3
  • 61
    • 0030476871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory brain changes in Lyme borreliosis. A report on three patients and review of literature
    • Oksi J, Kalimo H, Marttila RJ, et al. Inflammatory brain changes in Lyme borreliosis. A report on three patients and review of literature. Brain 1996; 119 (Pt 6): 2143-54.
    • (1996) Brain , vol.119 , Issue.Pt 6 , pp. 2143-2154
    • Oksi, J.1    Kalimo, H.2    Marttila, R.J.3
  • 62
    • 0026047871 scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system abnormalities in Lyme neuroborreliosis
    • Halperin JJ, Volkman DJ, Wu P. Central nervous system abnormalities in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Neurology 1991; 41: 1571-82.
    • (1991) Neurology , vol.41 , pp. 1571-1582
    • Halperin, J.J.1    Volkman, D.J.2    Wu, P.3
  • 63
    • 32644458563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Balancing efficiency of health services and equity of access in remote areas in Greece
    • Kontodimopoulos N, Nanos P, Niakas D. Balancing efficiency of health services and equity of access in remote areas in Greece. Health Policy 2006; 76:49-57.
    • (2006) Health Policy , vol.76 , pp. 49-57
    • Kontodimopoulos, N.1    Nanos, P.2    Niakas, D.3
  • 64
    • 0030937831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lyme disease: A review of aspects of its immunology and immunopathogenesis
    • Sigal LH. Lyme disease: a review of aspects of its immunology and immunopathogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15: 63-92.
    • (1997) Annu Rev Immunol , vol.15 , pp. 63-92
    • Sigal, L.H.1
  • 65
    • 0028281949 scopus 로고
    • Persisting complaints attributed to chronic Lyme disease: Possible mechanisms and implications for management
    • Sigal LH. Persisting complaints attributed to chronic Lyme disease: possible mechanisms and implications for management. Am J Med 1994; 96: 365-74.
    • (1994) Am J Med , vol.96 , pp. 365-374
    • Sigal, L.H.1
  • 66
    • 0029079011 scopus 로고
    • Pathomechanisms of neuroborreliosis
    • Garcia-Monco JC. Pathomechanisms of neuroborreliosis. Wien Med Wochenschr 1995; 145: 174-7.
    • (1995) Wien Med Wochenschr , vol.145 , pp. 174-177
    • Garcia-Monco, J.C.1
  • 67
    • 47849120645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic inflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease -- role of Spirochetes
    • Miklossy J. Chronic inflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease -- role of Spirochetes. J Alzheimers Dis 2008; 13: 381-91.
    • (2008) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.13 , pp. 381-391
    • Miklossy, J.1
  • 68
    • 12844250088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease
    • discussion 73-81
    • Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, et al. Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2004; 6: 639-49; discussion 73-81.
    • (2004) J Alzheimers Dis , vol.6 , pp. 639-649
    • Miklossy, J.1    Khalili, K.2    Gern, L.3
  • 69
    • 80052631031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurologic manifestations of lyme disease
    • Halperin JJ. Neurologic manifestations of lyme disease. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2011; 13: 360-6.
    • (2011) Curr Infect Dis Rep , vol.13 , pp. 360-366
    • Halperin, J.J.1
  • 70
    • 0022177925 scopus 로고
    • Antigen-specific proliferation of CSF lymphocytes in Lyme disease
    • Pachner AR, Steere AC, Sigal LH, Johnson CJ. Antigen-specific proliferation of CSF lymphocytes in Lyme disease. Neurology 1985; 35: 1642-4.
    • (1985) Neurology , vol.35 , pp. 1642-1644
    • Pachner, A.R.1    Steere, A.C.2    Sigal, L.H.3    Johnson, C.J.4
  • 71
    • 0021777086 scopus 로고
    • Tick-borne Borrelia infection in Sweden
    • Stiernstedt G. Tick-borne Borrelia infection in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1985; 45 (Suppl): 1-70.
    • (1985) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.45 , Issue.SUPPL. , pp. 1-70
    • Stiernstedt, G.1
  • 72
    • 0026692078 scopus 로고
    • The clinical and epidemiological profile of Lyme neuroborreliosis in Denmark 1985-1990. A prospective study of 187 patients with Borrelia burgdorferi specific intrathecal antibody production
    • Hansen K, Lebech AM. The clinical and epidemiological profile of Lyme neuroborreliosis in Denmark 1985-1990. A prospective study of 187 patients with Borrelia burgdorferi specific intrathecal antibody production. Brain 1992; 115 (Pt 2): 399-423.
    • (1992) Brain , vol.115 , Issue.Pt 2 , pp. 399-423
    • Hansen, K.1    Lebech, A.M.2
  • 73
    • 0023218878 scopus 로고
    • The surgical pathology of human Lyme disease. An enlarging picture
    • Duray PH. The surgical pathology of human Lyme disease. An enlarging picture. Am J Surg Pathol 1987; 11 (Suppl 1): 47-60.
    • (1987) Am J Surg Pathol , vol.11 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 47-60
    • Duray, P.H.1
  • 74
    • 0022884316 scopus 로고
    • The spectrum of organ and systems pathology in human Lyme disease
    • Duray PH, Steere AC. The spectrum of organ and systems pathology in human Lyme disease. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A 1986; 263: 169-78.
    • (1986) Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A , vol.263 , pp. 169-178
    • Duray, P.H.1    Steere, A.C.2
  • 75
    • 0025274065 scopus 로고
    • Histopathological findings in the central and peripheral nervous systems in neuroborreliosis. A report of three cases
    • Meurers B, Kohlhepp W, Gold R, Rohrbach E, Mertens HG. Histopathological findings in the central and peripheral nervous systems in neuroborreliosis. A report of three cases. J Neurol 1990; 237: 113-6.
    • (1990) J Neurol , vol.237 , pp. 113-116
    • Meurers, B.1    Kohlhepp, W.2    Gold, R.3    Rohrbach, E.4    Mertens, H.G.5
  • 77
    • 0028608947 scopus 로고
    • The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. A population-based retrospective cohort study
    • Shadick NA, Phillips CB, Logigian EL, et al. The long-term clinical outcomes of Lyme disease. A population-based retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 560-7.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.121 , pp. 560-567
    • Shadick, N.A.1    Phillips, C.B.2    Logigian, E.L.3
  • 79
    • 0030785604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tetracycline therapy for chronic Lyme disease
    • Donta ST. Tetracycline therapy for chronic Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis: 1997; 25; (Suppl 1): S52-S56.
    • (1997) Clin Infect Dis , vol.25 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Donta, S.T.1
  • 81
    • 0031567353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic neuroborreliosis with gait ataxia and cognitive disorders
    • Pennekamp A, Jaques M. Chronic neuroborreliosis with gait ataxia and cognitive disorders. Praxis (Bern 1994) 1997; 86: 867-9.
    • (1997) Praxis (Bern 1994 , Issue.86 , pp. 867-869
    • Pennekamp, A.1    Jaques, M.2
  • 82
    • 0026562753 scopus 로고
    • Untreated neuroborreliosis: Bannwarth's syndrome evolving into acute schizophrenia-like psychosis
    • Roelcke U, Barnett W, Wilder-Smith E, Sigmund D, Hacke W. Untreated neuroborreliosis: Bannwarth's syndrome evolving into acute schizophrenia-like psychosis. A case report. J Neurol 1992; 239: 129-31.
    • (1992) A Case Report. J Neurol , vol.239 , pp. 129-131
    • Roelcke, U.1    Barnett, W.2    Wilder-Smith, E.3    Sigmund, D.4    Hacke, W.5
  • 83
    • 38349161414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute hemiparesis revealing a neuroborreliosis in a child
    • Renard C, Marignier S, Gillet Y, et al. Acute hemiparesis revealing a neuroborreliosis in a child. Arch de Pediatrie 2008; 15: 41-4.
    • (2008) Arch De Pediatrie , vol.15 , pp. 41-44
    • Renard, C.1    Marignier, S.2    Gillet, Y.3
  • 87
    • 0021933102 scopus 로고
    • Progressive Borrelia encephalomyelitis. Chronic manifestation of erythema chronicum migrans disease of the nervous system
    • Ackermann R, Gollmer E, Rehse-Kupper B. Progressive Borrelia encephalomyelitis. Chronic manifestation of erythema chronicum migrans disease of the nervous system. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1985; 110: 1039-42.
    • (1985) Dtsch Med Wochenschr , vol.110 , pp. 1039-1042
    • Ackermann, R.1    Gollmer, E.2    Rehse-Kupper, B.3
  • 88
    • 0024358169 scopus 로고
    • Nervous system manifestations of Lyme disease
    • Halperin JJ. Nervous system manifestations of Lyme disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1989; 15: 635-47.
    • (1989) Rheum Dis Clin North Am , vol.15 , pp. 635-647
    • Halperin, J.J.1
  • 89
    • 0030446303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglia and thalamic infarction in children. Cause and clinical features
    • Brower MC, Rollins N, Roach ES. Basal ganglia and thalamic infarction in children. Cause and clinical features. Arch Neurol 1996; 53: 1252-6.
    • (1996) Arch Neurol , vol.53 , pp. 1252-1256
    • Brower, M.C.1    Rollins, N.2    Roach, E.S.3
  • 91
    • 0141719794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musical hallucinations in patients with Lyme disease
    • Stricker RB, Winger EE. Musical hallucinations in patients with Lyme disease. South Med J 2003; 96: 711-5.
    • (2003) South Med J , vol.96 , pp. 711-715
    • Stricker, R.B.1    Winger, E.E.2
  • 92
    • 57149092831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of psychiatric comorbidity in chronic Lyme disease
    • Hassett AL, Radvanski DC, Buyske S, et al. Role of psychiatric comorbidity in chronic Lyme disease. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 59: 1742-9.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.59 , pp. 1742-1749
    • Hassett, A.L.1    Radvanski, D.C.2    Buyske, S.3
  • 93
    • 57949116216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severity of Lyme disease with persistent symptoms. Insights from a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
    • Cameron D. Severity of Lyme disease with persistent symptoms. Insights from a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Minerva medica 2008; 99: 489-96.
    • (2008) Minerva Medica , vol.99 , pp. 489-496
    • Cameron, D.1
  • 94
  • 95
    • 0023056210 scopus 로고
    • Borrelia in the brains of patients dying with dementia
    • MacDonald AB. Borrelia in the brains of patients dying with dementia. JAMA 1986; 256: 2195-6.
    • (1986) JAMA , vol.256 , pp. 2195-2196
    • Macdonald, A.B.1
  • 96
    • 0022486888 scopus 로고
    • Neurologic abnormalities in Lyme disease without erythema chronicum migrans
    • Reik L Jr, Burgdorfer W, Donaldson JO. Neurologic abnormalities in Lyme disease without erythema chronicum migrans. Am J Med 1986; 81: 73-8.
    • (1986) Am J Med , vol.81 , pp. 73-78
    • Reik Jr., L.1    Burgdorfer, W.2    Donaldson, J.O.3
  • 97
    • 0024210058 scopus 로고
    • Multiple neurologic manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infection
    • Dupuis MJ. Multiple neurologic manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Rev Neurol 1988; 144: 765-75.
    • (1988) Rev Neurol , vol.144 , pp. 765-775
    • Dupuis, M.J.1
  • 98
    • 0025964457 scopus 로고
    • Neuro-ocular Lyme borreliosis
    • Smith JL. Neuro-ocular Lyme borreliosis. Neurol Clin 1991; 9: 35-53.
    • (1991) Neurol Clin , vol.9 , pp. 35-53
    • Smith, J.L.1
  • 99
    • 0027160324 scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease--a spirochetosis?
    • Miklossy J. Alzheimer's disease--a spirochetosis? Neuroreport 1993; 4: 841-8.
    • (1993) Neuroreport , vol.4 , pp. 841-848
    • Miklossy, J.1
  • 102
    • 84859709251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stroke Due to Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Changes in Vessel Wall Contrast Enhancement
    • Lebas A, Toulgoat F, Saliou G, Husson B, Tardieu M. Stroke Due to Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Changes in Vessel Wall Contrast Enhancement. J Neuroimag 2012; 22(12): 210-2.
    • (2012) J Neuroimag , vol.22 , Issue.12 , pp. 210-212
    • Lebas, A.1    Toulgoat, F.2    Saliou, G.3    Husson, B.4    Tardieu, M.5
  • 103
    • 34548396366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of Lyme disease
    • Blanc F. Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of Lyme disease. Med Mal Infect 2007; 37: 435-45.
    • (2007) Med Mal Infect , vol.37 , pp. 435-445
    • Blanc, F.1
  • 104
    • 0023494140 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral angiopathy and recurrent strokes following Borrelia burgdorferi infection
    • Uldry PA, Regli F, Bogousslavsky J. Cerebral angiopathy and recurrent strokes following Borrelia burgdorferi infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1987; 50: 1703-4.
    • (1987) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat , vol.50 , pp. 1703-1704
    • Uldry, P.A.1    Regli, F.2    Bogousslavsky, J.3
  • 105
    • 0025366918 scopus 로고
    • Neuroborreliosis simulating a progressive stroke
    • Olsson JE, Zbornikova V. Neuroborreliosis simulating a progressive stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 81: 471-4.
    • (1990) Acta Neurol Scand , vol.81 , pp. 471-474
    • Olsson, J.E.1    Zbornikova, V.2
  • 107
    • 0023221330 scopus 로고
    • Lyme disease from the neurologist's viewpoint
    • Hanny PE, Hauselmann HJ. Lyme disease from the neurologist's viewpoint. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1987; 117: 901-15.
    • (1987) Schweiz Med Wochenschr , vol.117 , pp. 901-915
    • Hanny, P.E.1    Hauselmann, H.J.2
  • 108
    • 0025219386 scopus 로고
    • The enlarging clinical spectrum of Lyme disease: Lyme cerebral vasculitis, a new disease entity
    • Brogan GX, Homan CS, Viccellio P. The enlarging clinical spectrum of Lyme disease: Lyme cerebral vasculitis, a new disease entity. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19: 572-6.
    • (1990) Ann Emerg Med , vol.19 , pp. 572-576
    • Brogan, G.X.1    Homan, C.S.2    Viccellio, P.3
  • 109
    • 0027745811 scopus 로고
    • Stroke due to Lyme disease
    • Reik L Jr. Stroke due to Lyme disease. Neurology 1993; 43: 2705-7.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 2705-2707
    • Reik Jr., L.1
  • 110
    • 0027258022 scopus 로고
    • Lyme disease presenting as a stroke in the vertebrobasilar territory: MRI
    • Defer G, Levy R, Brugieres P, Postic D, Degos JD. Lyme disease presenting as a stroke in the vertebrobasilar territory: MRI. Neuroradiology 1993; 35: 529-31.
    • (1993) Neuroradiology , vol.35 , pp. 529-531
    • Defer, G.1    Levy, R.2    Brugieres, P.3    Postic, D.4    Degos, J.D.5
  • 111
    • 0031010641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vasculitis course of neuroborreliosis with thalamic infarct
    • Keil R, Baron R, Kaiser R, Deuschl G. Vasculitis course of neuroborreliosis with thalamic infarct. Nervenarzt 1997; 68: 339-41.
    • (1997) Nervenarzt , vol.68 , pp. 339-341
    • Keil, R.1    Baron, R.2    Kaiser, R.3    Deuschl, G.4
  • 112
    • 0033071088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroborreliosis with extensive cerebral vasculitis and multiple cerebral infarcts
    • Schmitt AB, Kuker W, Nacimiento W. Neuroborreliosis with extensive cerebral vasculitis and multiple cerebral infarcts. Nervenarzt 1999; 70: 167-71.
    • (1999) Nervenarzt , vol.70 , pp. 167-171
    • Schmitt, A.B.1    Kuker, W.2    Nacimiento, W.3
  • 116
    • 0025111057 scopus 로고
    • Stroke in neuroborreliosis
    • May EF, Jabbari B. Stroke in neuroborreliosis. Stroke 1990; 21: 1232-5.
    • (1990) Stroke , vol.21 , pp. 1232-1235
    • May, E.F.1    Jabbari, B.2
  • 117
    • 0141791623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral vasculitis as the only manifestation of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a 17-year-old patient with basal ganglia infarction
    • Heinrich A, Khaw AV, Ahrens N, Kirsch M, Dressel A. Cerebral vasculitis as the only manifestation of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a 17-year-old patient with basal ganglia infarction. Eur Neurol 2003; 50: 109-12.
    • (2003) Eur Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 109-112
    • Heinrich, A.1    Khaw, A.V.2    Ahrens, N.3    Kirsch, M.4    Dressel, A.5
  • 118
    • 0346786144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroborreliosis with vasculitis causing stroke-like manifestations
    • Romi F, Krakenes J, Aarli JA, Tysnes OB. Neuroborreliosis with vasculitis causing stroke-like manifestations. Eur Neurol 2004; 51: 49-50.
    • (2004) Eur Neurol , vol.51 , pp. 49-50
    • Romi, F.1    Krakenes, J.2    Aarli, J.A.3    Tysnes, O.B.4
  • 121
    • 34547801238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unexplained cerebral vasculitis and stroke: Keep Lyme neuroborreliosis in mind
    • Topakian R, Stieglbauer K, Aichner FT. Unexplained cerebral vasculitis and stroke: keep Lyme neuroborreliosis in mind. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 756-7.
    • (2007) Lancet Neurol , vol.6 , pp. 756-757
    • Topakian, R.1    Stieglbauer, K.2    Aichner, F.T.3
  • 122
  • 123
    • 0023198844 scopus 로고
    • Unusual manifestations of nervous system Borrelia burgdorferi infection
    • Midgard R, Hofstad H. Unusual manifestations of nervous system Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 781-3.
    • (1987) Arch Neurol , vol.44 , pp. 781-783
    • Midgard, R.1    Hofstad, H.2
  • 124
    • 0742288724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral vasculitis with multiple infarcts caused by lyme disease
    • Schmiedel J, Gahn G, von Kummer R, Reichmann H. Cerebral vasculitis with multiple infarcts caused by lyme disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 17: 79-81.
    • (2004) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.17 , pp. 79-81
    • Schmiedel, J.1    Gahn, G.2    von Kummer, R.3    Reichmann, H.4
  • 125
    • 53949108884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease
    • Miklossy J. Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease. Handb Clin Neurol 2008; 89: 825-44.
    • (2008) Handb Clin Neurol , vol.89 , pp. 825-844
    • Miklossy, J.1
  • 126
    • 0023198453 scopus 로고
    • Lyme meningoencepha-litis: Report of a severe, penicillin-resistant case
    • Diringer MN, Halperin JJ, Dattwyler RJ. Lyme meningoencepha-litis: report of a severe, penicillin-resistant case. Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30: 705-8.
    • (1987) Arthritis Rheum , vol.30 , pp. 705-708
    • Diringer, M.N.1    Halperin, J.J.2    Dattwyler, R.J.3
  • 127
    • 0023522719 scopus 로고
    • Destructive chronic borrelia meningoencephalitis in a child untreated for 15 years
    • Bensch J, Olcen P, Hagberg L. Destructive chronic borrelia meningoencephalitis in a child untreated for 15 years. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19: 697-700.
    • (1987) Scand J Infect Dis , vol.19 , pp. 697-700
    • Bensch, J.1    Olcen, P.2    Hagberg, L.3
  • 128
    • 0023229821 scopus 로고
    • Chronic progressive neurological involvement in Borrelia burgdorferi infection
    • Weder B, Wiedersheim P, Matter L, Steck A, Otto F. Chronic progressive neurological involvement in Borrelia burgdorferi infection. J Neurol 1987; 234: 40-3.
    • (1987) J Neurol , vol.234 , pp. 40-43
    • Weder, B.1    Wiedersheim, P.2    Matter, L.3    Steck, A.4    Otto, F.5
  • 129
    • 0023649469 scopus 로고
    • Tick-borne borreliosis. A case of chronic meningoencephalitis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
    • Bogsrud TV, Odegaard B. Tick-borne borreliosis. A case of chronic meningoencephalitis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1987; 107: 25-7.
    • (1987) Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen , vol.107 , pp. 25-27
    • Bogsrud, T.V.1    Odegaard, B.2
  • 131
    • 0024289760 scopus 로고
    • Meningoradicu-loencephalitis in Lyme disease. A case with major regressive mental disorders
    • Ferroir JP, Reignier A, Nicolle MH, Guillard A. Meningoradicu-loencephalitis in Lyme disease. A case with major regressive mental disorders. Presse Med 1988; 17: 697.
    • (1988) Presse Med , vol.17 , pp. 697
    • Ferroir, J.P.1    Reignier, A.2    Nicolle, M.H.3    Guillard, A.4
  • 132
    • 0024965669 scopus 로고
    • Meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi: A case without epidemiologic history or chronic migratory erythema
    • Ponz E, Graus F, Alvarez R, Sarmiento X, Vidal J, Grau JM. Meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi: a case without epidemiologic history or chronic migratory erythema. Med Clin 1989; 93: 218-20.
    • (1989) Med Clin , vol.93 , pp. 218-220
    • Ponz, E.1    Graus, F.2    Alvarez, R.3    Sarmiento, X.4    Vidal, J.5    Grau, J.M.6
  • 133
    • 0024519288 scopus 로고
    • Borrelia encephalitis and catatonia in adolescence
    • Neumarker KJ, Dudeck U, Plaza P. Borrelia encephalitis and catatonia in adolescence. Nervenarzt 1989; 60: 115-9.
    • (1989) Nervenarzt , vol.60 , pp. 115-119
    • Neumarker, K.J.1    Dudeck, U.2    Plaza, P.3
  • 134
    • 0025057542 scopus 로고
    • Recurrent and relapsing course of borreliosis of the nervous system
    • Omasits M, Seiser A, Brainin M. Recurrent and relapsing course of borreliosis of the nervous system. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1990; 102: 4-12.
    • (1990) Wien Klin Wochenschr , vol.102 , pp. 4-12
    • Omasits, M.1    Seiser, A.2    Brainin, M.3
  • 137
    • 0042835815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lyme-associated parkinsonism: A neuropathologic case study and review of the literature
    • Cassarino DS, Quezado MM, Ghatak NR, Duray PH. Lyme-associated parkinsonism: a neuropathologic case study and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127: 1204-6.
    • (2003) Arch Pathol Lab Med , vol.127 , pp. 1204-1206
    • Cassarino, D.S.1    Quezado, M.M.2    Ghatak, N.R.3    Duray, P.H.4
  • 138
    • 0142153207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute severe leukoencephalitis with posterior lesions due to Borrelia burgdorferi infection
    • Drouet A, Meyer X, Guilloton L, et al. Acute severe leukoencephalitis with posterior lesions due to Borrelia burgdorferi infection. Presse Med 2003; 32: 1607-9.
    • (2003) Presse Med , vol.32 , pp. 1607-1609
    • Drouet, A.1    Meyer, X.2    Guilloton, L.3
  • 141
    • 67650391991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motor neuron disease features in a patient with neuroborreliosis and a cervical anterior horn lesion
    • De Cauwer H, Declerck S, De Smet J, et al. Motor neuron disease features in a patient with neuroborreliosis and a cervical anterior horn lesion. Acta clinica Belgica 2009; 64: 225-7.
    • (2009) Acta Clinica Belgica , vol.64 , pp. 225-227
    • de Cauwer, H.1    Declerck, S.2    de Smet, J.3
  • 142
    • 77952132841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case of Bor-relia brainstem encephalitis presenting with severe dysphagia
    • Kawano Y, Shigeto H, Shiraishi Y, Ohyagi Y, Kira J. Case of Bor-relia brainstem encephalitis presenting with severe dysphagia. Clin Neurol 2010; 50: 265-7.
    • (2010) Clin Neurol , vol.50 , pp. 265-267
    • Kawano, Y.1    Shigeto, H.2    Shiraishi, Y.3    Ohyagi, Y.4    Kira, J.5
  • 144
    • 1842855905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolated monolateral neurosen-sory hearing loss as a rare sign of neuroborreliosis
    • Iero I, Elia M, Cosentino FI, et al. Isolated monolateral neurosen-sory hearing loss as a rare sign of neuroborreliosis. Neurol Sci 2004; 25: 30-3.
    • (2004) Neurol Sci , vol.25 , pp. 30-33
    • Iero, I.1    Elia, M.2    Cosentino, F.I.3
  • 145
    • 0030014712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The clinical spectrum of early Lyme borreliosis in patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans
    • Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Forseter G, et al. The clinical spectrum of early Lyme borreliosis in patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans. Am J Med 1996; 100: 502-8.
    • (1996) Am J Med , vol.100 , pp. 502-508
    • Nadelman, R.B.1    Nowakowski, J.2    Forseter, G.3
  • 146
    • 0032605838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Clinico-pathological correlation of three post-mortem cases
    • Bertrand E, Szpak GM, Pilkowska E, et al. Central nervous system infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Clinico-pathological correlation of three post-mortem cases. Folia neuropathologica 1999; 37: 43-51.
    • (1999) Folia Neuropathologica , vol.37 , pp. 43-51
    • Bertrand, E.1    Szpak, G.M.2    Pilkowska, E.3
  • 147
    • 0002048696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lyme disease and the clinical spectrum of antibiotic responsive chronic meningoence-phalomyelitides
    • Liegner KB, Duray P, Agricola M, et al. Lyme disease and the clinical spectrum of antibiotic responsive chronic meningoence-phalomyelitides. J Spirochetal Tick-borne Dis 1997; 4: 61-73.
    • (1997) J Spirochetal Tick-borne Dis , vol.4 , pp. 61-73
    • Liegner, K.B.1    Duray, P.2    Agricola, M.3
  • 148
    • 0024413536 scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system manifestations of Lyme disease
    • Pachner AR, Duray P, Steere AC. Central nervous system manifestations of Lyme disease. Arch Neurol 1989; 46: 790-5.
    • (1989) Arch Neurol , vol.46 , pp. 790-795
    • Pachner, A.R.1    Duray, P.2    Steere, A.C.3
  • 149
    • 0023184636 scopus 로고
    • Concurrent neocortical borreliosis and Alzheimer's disease
    • MacDonald AB, Miranda JM. Concurrent neocortical borreliosis and Alzheimer's disease. Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 759-61.
    • (1987) Hum Pathol , vol.18 , pp. 759-761
    • Macdonald, A.B.1    Miranda, J.M.2
  • 151
    • 79961122181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer's disease - A neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch's and Hill's criteria
    • Miklossy J. Alzheimer's disease - a neurospirochetosis. Analysis of the evidence following Koch's and Hill's criteria. J Neuroinflam-mation 2011; 8: 90.
    • (2011) J Neuroinflam-mation , vol.8 , pp. 90
    • Miklossy, J.1
  • 152
    • 0028239679 scopus 로고
    • Further ultrastructural evidence that spirochaetes may play a role in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease
    • Miklossy J, Kasas S, Janzer RC, Ardizzoni F, Van der Loos H. Further ultrastructural evidence that spirochaetes may play a role in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 1994; 5: 1201-4.
    • (1994) Neuroreport , vol.5 , pp. 1201-1204
    • Miklossy, J.1    Kasas, S.2    Janzer, R.C.3    Ardizzoni, F.4    Van der Loos, H.5
  • 153
    • 0025322355 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral atrophy in Lyme disease
    • Aasly J, Nilsen G. Cerebral atrophy in Lyme disease. Neuroradiology 1990; 32: 252.
    • (1990) Neuroradiology , vol.32 , pp. 252
    • Aasly, J.1    Nilsen, G.2
  • 155
    • 33645210497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfection Junk DNA - a link to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease?
    • MacDonald AB. Transfection Junk DNA - a link to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease? Med Hypotheses 2006; 66: 1140-1.
    • (2006) Med Hypotheses , vol.66 , pp. 1140-1141
    • Macdonald, A.B.1
  • 156
    • 33745272257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plaques of Alzheimer's disease originate from cysts of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete
    • MacDonald AB. Plaques of Alzheimer's disease originate from cysts of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67: 592-600.
    • (2006) Med Hypotheses , vol.67 , pp. 592-600
    • Macdonald, A.B.1
  • 159
    • 52049095513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral vasculitis and stroke in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Two case reports and review of current knowledge
    • Topakian R, Stieglbauer K, Nussbaumer K, Aichner FT. Cerebral vasculitis and stroke in Lyme neuroborreliosis. Two case reports and review of current knowledge. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008; 26: 455-61.
    • (2008) Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.26 , pp. 455-461
    • Topakian, R.1    Stieglbauer, K.2    Nussbaumer, K.3    Aichner, F.T.4
  • 161
    • 0035879283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 for cellular activation by soluble tuberculosis factor and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein: Role of Toll-interacting protein and IL-1 receptor signaling molecules in Toll-like receptor 2 signaling
    • Bulut Y, Faure E, Thomas L, Equils O, Arditi M. Cooperation of Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 for cellular activation by soluble tuberculosis factor and Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A lipoprotein: role of Toll-interacting protein and IL-1 receptor signaling molecules in Toll-like receptor 2 signaling. J Immunol 2001; 167: 987-94.
    • (2001) J Immunol , vol.167 , pp. 987-994
    • Bulut, Y.1    Faure, E.2    Thomas, L.3    Equils, O.4    Arditi, M.5
  • 162
    • 15444352709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides activate monocytic cells via a CD14-dependent pathway distinct from that used by lipopolysaccharide
    • Sellati TJ, Bouis DA, Kitchens RL, et al. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides activate monocytic cells via a CD14-dependent pathway distinct from that used by lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 1998; 160: 5455-64.
    • (1998) J Immunol , vol.160 , pp. 5455-5464
    • Sellati, T.J.1    Bouis, D.A.2    Kitchens, R.L.3
  • 163
    • 1642320438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., and Leptospira interrogans in isolated rat Kupffer cells
    • Marangoni A, Aldini R, Sambri V, Giacani L, Di Leo K, Cevenini R. Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., and Leptospira interrogans in isolated rat Kupffer cells. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2004; 40: 187-91.
    • (2004) FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol , vol.40 , pp. 187-191
    • Marangoni, A.1    Aldini, R.2    Sambri, V.3    Giacani, L.4    Di Leo, K.5    Cevenini, R.6
  • 165
    • 22644433305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complement escape of human pathogenic bacteria by acquisition of complement regulators
    • Kraiczy P, Wurzner R. Complement escape of human pathogenic bacteria by acquisition of complement regulators. Mol Immunol 2006; 43: 31-44.
    • (2006) Mol Immunol , vol.43 , pp. 31-44
    • Kraiczy, P.1    Wurzner, R.2
  • 166
    • 0037443666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum-resistant strains of Borrelia burgdorferi evade complement-mediated killing by expressing a CD59-like complement inhibitory molecule
    • Pausa M, Pellis V, Cinco M, et al. Serum-resistant strains of Borrelia burgdorferi evade complement-mediated killing by expressing a CD59-like complement inhibitory molecule. J Immunol 2003; 170: 3214-22.
    • (2003) J Immunol , vol.170 , pp. 3214-3222
    • Pausa, M.1    Pellis, V.2    Cinco, M.3
  • 167
    • 0029041384 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of outer membranes isolated from Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete
    • Radolf JD, Goldberg MS, Bourell K, Baker SI, Jones JD, Norgard MV. Characterization of outer membranes isolated from Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 2154-63.
    • (1995) Infect Immun , vol.63 , pp. 2154-2163
    • Radolf, J.D.1    Goldberg, M.S.2    Bourell, K.3    Baker, S.I.4    Jones, J.D.5    Norgard, M.V.6
  • 168
    • 0036709022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Borrelia burgdorferi induces inflammatory mediator production by murine microglia
    • Rasley A, Anguita J, Marriott I. Borrelia burgdorferi induces inflammatory mediator production by murine microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 130: 22-31.
    • (2002) J Neuroimmunol , vol.130 , pp. 22-31
    • Rasley, A.1    Anguita, J.2    Marriott, I.3
  • 169
    • 0141650488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis: Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins induce both proliferation and apoptosis in rhesus monkey astrocytes
    • Ramesh G, Alvarez AL, Roberts ED, et al. Pathogenesis of Lyme neuroborreliosis: Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins induce both proliferation and apoptosis in rhesus monkey astrocytes. Eur J Immunol 2003; 33: 2539-50.
    • (2003) Eur J Immunol , vol.33 , pp. 2539-2550
    • Ramesh, G.1    Alvarez, A.L.2    Roberts, E.D.3
  • 171
    • 0036010892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and immunological evidence of oral Treponema in the human brain and their association with Alzheimer's disease
    • Riviere GR, Riviere KH, Smith KS. Molecular and immunological evidence of oral Treponema in the human brain and their association with Alzheimer's disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2002; 17: 113-8.
    • (2002) Oral Microbiol Immunol , vol.17 , pp. 113-118
    • Riviere, G.R.1    Riviere, K.H.2    Smith, K.S.3
  • 172
    • 20844452375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasion of human tissue ex vivo by Borrelia burgdorferi
    • Duray PH, Yin SR, Ito Y, et al. Invasion of human tissue ex vivo by Borrelia burgdorferi. The J infect dis 2005; 191: 1747-54.
    • (2005) The J Infect Dis , vol.191 , pp. 1747-1754
    • Duray, P.H.1    Yin, S.R.2    Ito, Y.3
  • 173
    • 0026567630 scopus 로고
    • The challenge of intracellular pathogens
    • Mahmoud AA. The challenge of intracellular pathogens. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 761-2.
    • (1992) N Engl J Med , vol.326 , pp. 761-762
    • Mahmoud, A.A.1
  • 174
    • 0035377823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association and linkage of leprosy phenotypes with HLA class II and tumour necrosis factor genes
    • Shaw MA, Donaldson IJ, Collins A, et al. Association and linkage of leprosy phenotypes with HLA class II and tumour necrosis factor genes. Genes Immun 2001; 2: 196-204.
    • (2001) Genes Immun , vol.2 , pp. 196-204
    • Shaw, M.A.1    Donaldson, I.J.2    Collins, A.3
  • 175
    • 0028795671 scopus 로고
    • Inoculation of nonhuman primates with the N40 strain of Borrelia burgdorferi leads to a model of Lyme neuroborreliosis faithful to the human disease
    • Pachner AR, Delaney E, O'Neill T, Major E. Inoculation of nonhuman primates with the N40 strain of Borrelia burgdorferi leads to a model of Lyme neuroborreliosis faithful to the human disease. Neurology 1995; 45: 165-72.
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 165-172
    • Pachner, A.R.1    Delaney, E.2    O'Neill, T.3    Major, E.4
  • 176
    • 14344282765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental induction of chronic borreliosis in adult dogs exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks and treated with dexamethasone
    • Chang YF, Novosel V, Chang CF, et al. Experimental induction of chronic borreliosis in adult dogs exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks and treated with dexamethasone. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 1104-12.
    • (2001) Am J Vet Res , vol.62 , pp. 1104-1112
    • Chang, Y.F.1    Novosel, V.2    Chang, C.F.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.