Chronic Lyme disease and the 'Axis of evil'

Future Microbiology

Volumn 3, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 621-624

  Stricker, Raphael B ^a,b   Johnson, Lorraine ^b  

^a International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society ^*  (United States)

^b International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society   (United States)

Author keywords

Borrelia burgdorferi; IDSA; ILADS; Internet; Lyme disease

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; PLACEBO;

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; INFORMATION DISSEMINATION; INTERNET; LABORATORY TEST; LYME DISEASE; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT SAFETY; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TICK BITE; TREATMENT DURATION; ANIMAL; PATHOGENICITY; REVIEW;

BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; SPIROCHAETALES;

ANIMALS; BORRELIA BURGDORFERI; HUMANS; LYME DISEASE;

EID: 59849108925     PISSN: 17460913     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/17460913.3.6.621     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Stricker RB, Lautin A, Burrascano JJ: Lyme disease: point/counterpoint. Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther. 3(2), 155-165 (2005).
2. Harvey WT, Salvato P: 'Lyme disease': ancient engine of an unrecognized borreliosis pandemic? Med. Hypotheses 60, 741-759
3. Steere AC, Taylor E, McHugh GL, Logigian EL: The overdiagnosis of Lyme disease. JAMA 269, 1812-1816 (1993).
4. Wormser GP, Dattwyler RJ, Shapiro ED et al.: The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, 1089-1134 (2006).
5. Sigal LH, Hassett AL: Contributions of societal and geographical environments to 'chronic Lyme disease': the psychopathogenesis and aporology of a new 'medically unexplained symptoms' syndrome. Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (Suppl. 4), 607-611 (2002).
6. Cameron D, Gaito A, Harris N et al.: Evidence-based guidelines for the management of Lyme disease. Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther. 2(Suppl. 1), S1-S13 (2004).
7. Feder HM Jr, Johnson BJ, O'Connell S, Shapiro ED, Steere AC, Wormser GP: Ad Hoc International Lyme Disease Group. A critical appraisal of chronic Lyme disease'. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 1422-1430 (2007).
8. Drapkin MS: An appraisal of 'chronic Lyme disease'. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 430 (2008).
9. Johnson L, Sticker RB: Treatment of Lyme disease: a medicolegal assessment. Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther. 2(4), 533-557 (2004).
10. Stricker RB, Johnson L: Lyme disease: a turning point. Expert Rev. Inti-Infect. Ther. 5(5), 759-762 (2007).
11. Stricker RB, Johnson L: The American Academy of Neurology Lyme guidelines: through the looking glass. South Med. J. 101, 672 (2008).
12. Preac-Mursic V, Weber K, Pfister HW et al.: Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in antibiotically treated patients with Lyme borreliosis. Infection 17, 355-359 (1989).
13. Liegner KB, Shapiro JR, Ramsay D, Halperin AJ, Hogrefe W, Kong L: Recurrent erythema migrans despite extended antibiotic treatment with minocycline in a patient with persisting Borrelia burgdorferi infection. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 28 (2 Pt 2), 312-314 (1993).
14. Preac-Mursic V, Pfister HW, Spiegel H et al.: First isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from an iris biopsy. J. Clin. Neuroophthalmol. 13, 155-161 (1993).
15. Battafarano DF, Combs JA, Enzenauer RJ, Fitzpatrick JE: Chronic septic arthritis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 297, 238-241 (1993).
16. Nocton JJ, Dressler F, Rutledge BJ, Rys PN, Persing M, Steere AC: Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 229-234 (1994).
17. Bayer ME, Zhang L, Bayer MH: Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in the urine of treated patients with chronic Lyme disease symptoms. A PCR study of 97 cases. Infection 24, 347-353 (1996).
18. Nocton JJ, Bloom BJ, Rutledge BJ et al.: Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polyrnerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid in Lyme neuroborreliosis. J. Infect. Dis. 174, 623-627 (1996).
19. Frey M, Jaulhac B, Piemont Y et al.: Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in muscle of patients with chronic myalgia related to Lyme disease. Am. J. Med. 104, 591-594 (1999).
20. Oksi J, Marjamäki M, Nikoskelainen J, Viljanen MK: Borrelia burgdorferi detected by culture and PCR in clinical relapse of disseminated Lyme borreliosis. Ann. Med. 31, 225-232 (1999).
21. Breier F, Khanakah G, Stanek G et al.: Isolation and polymerase chain reaction typing of Borrelia afzelii from a skin lesion in a seronegative patient with generalized ulcertating bullous lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Br. J. Dermatol. 144, 387-392 (2001).
22. Phillips SF, Harris NS, Horowitz R, Johnson L, Strickor RB: Lyme disease: scratching the surface. Lancet 366, 1771 (2005).
23. Phillips SE, Burrascano JJ, Harris NS, Johnson L, Smith PV, Stricker RB: Chronic infection in 'post-Lyme borreliosis syndrome'. Int. J. Epidemiol. 34, 1439-1440 (2005).
24. Ekdahl KN, Henningsson AJ, Sandholm K, Forsberg P, Ernerudh J, Ekerfelt C: Immunity in borreliosis with special emphasis on the role of complement. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 598, 198-213 (2007).
25. Stricker RB, Johnson L: Persistent Borrelia burgdorferi infection after treatment with antibiotics and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α. J. Infect. Dis. 197, 1352-1353 (2008).
26. Hodzic E, Feng S, Holden K, Freet KJ, Barthold SW: Persistence of Borrelia burgdorferi following antibiotic treatment in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52, 1728-1736 (2008).
27. Stricker RB, Johnson L: Searching for autoimmunity in 'antibiotic refractory' Lyme arthritis. Mol. Immunol. 45, 3023-3024 (2008).
28. Stricker RB: Counterpoint:long-term antibiotic theraphy improves persistent symptoms associated with Lyme disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45, 149-157 (2007).
29. Fallon BA, Keilp JG, Corbbera KM et al.: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of repeated IV antibiotic therapy for Lyme encephalopathy. Neurology 70, 992-1003 (2008).
30. Cameron D: Severity of Lyme disease with persistent symptoms: Insights from a double blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Minerva Med. 99, 489-496 (2008)
31. Stricker RB, Green CL, Savely VR, Chamallas SN: Safety of intravenous antibiotic therapy in chronic Lyme disease. J. Invest. Med. 56, 190 (2008).
32. Stricker RB, Johnson L: Lyme wars: let's tackle the testing. BMJ 335, 1008 (2007).
33. Tilton RC, Sand MN, Manak M: The western immunoblot for Lvme disease: determination of sensitivity, specificity, and interpretive criteria with use of commercially available performance panels. Clin. Infect. Dis. 25(Suppl. 1), S31-S34 (1997).
34. Binnicker MJ, Jespersen DJ, Harring JA, Rollins LO, Bryant SC, Beito EM; Evaluation of two commercial systems for the automated processing, reading and interpretation of Lyme western blots. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 2216-2221 (2008).
35. Santino I, Berlutti F, Pantanella F, Sessa R, del Piano M: Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA by PCR in serum of patients with clinical symptoms of Lyme borreliosis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 283, 30-35 (2008).
36. Ma B, Christen B, Leung D, Vigo-Pelfrey C: Serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis by western immunoblot: reactivity of various significant antibodies againts Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30, 370-376 (1992).
37. Amerling R, Winchester JF, Ronco C: Guidelines for guidelines, Blood Purif. 25, 36-38 (2007).
38. Krumholz HM: Guideline recommendations and results: the importance of the linkage. Ann. Intern. Med. 147, 342-343 (2007).
39. Holmes KD: An appraisal of 'chronic Lyme disease'. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 429 (2008).