Hyperthyroidism and psychiatric morbidity: Evidence from a Danish nationwide register study

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 170, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 341-348

  Brandt, Frans ^a   Thvilum, Marianne ^a   Almind, Dorthe ^b   Christensen, Kaare ^a,b   Green, Anders ^b   Hegedüs, Laszlo ^a   Brix, Thomas Heiberg ^a  

^a ODENSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84893665155     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: 1479683X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-13-0708     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Bernal J. Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function. Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism 2007 3 249-259. (doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0424)
2. Guandano-Ferraz A, Obregon MJ, St-Germanin D & Bernal J. The type 2 iodothyronine deidonase is expressed primarily in glial cells in the neonatal rat brain. PNAS 1997 94 10391-10396. (doi:10.1073/pnas.94.19.10391)
3. Hernandez A, Martinez ME, Fiering S, Galton VA & St Germanin D. Type 3 deiodinase is critical for the maturation and function of the thyroid axis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006 116 476-484. (doi:10.1172/JCI26240)
4. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, Williams JR, Knight GJ, Gagnon J, O'Heir CE, Mitchell ML, Hermos RJ,Waisbren SE et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development in the child. New England Journal of Medicine 1999 341 549-555. (doi:10.1056/ NEJM199908193410801)
5. Watt T, Groenvold M, Rasmussen AK, Bonnema SJ, Hegedüs L, Bjorner JB & Feldt-Rasmussen U. Quality of life in patients with benign thyroid disorders. A review. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006 154 501-510. (doi:10.1530/eje.1.02124)
6. Bauer M, Goetz T, Glenn T & Whybrow PC. The thyroid-brain interaction in thyroid disorders and mood disorders. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2008 20 1101-1114. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826. 2008.01774.x)
7. Krishnan V & Nestler EJ. The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature 2008 455 894-902. (doi:10.1038/nature07455)
8. Argyropoulus SV, Bell CJ & Nutt DJ. Brain function in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2001 24 707-722. (doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70259-8)
9. Brandt F, Thvilum M, Almind D, Christensen K, Green A, Hegedüs L & Brix TH. Morbidity before and after the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. A nationwide register-based study. PLoS ONE 2013 8 e66711. (doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0066711)
10. Thvilum M, Brandt F, Almind D, Christensen K, Brix TH & Hegedüs L. Type and extent of morbidity before and after the diagnosis of hypothyroidism. A nationwide register study. PLoS ONE 2013 8 e75789. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075789)
11. ThvilumM, Brandt F, Brix TH & Hegedüs L. A review of the evidence for and against increased mortality in hypothyroidism. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 2012 6 417-424. (doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.29)
12. Thvilum M, Brandt F, Almind D, Christensen K, Hegedüs L & Brix TH. Excess mortality in patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism. A nationwide cohort study of singletons and twins. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013 98 1069-1075. (doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3375)
13. Brandt F, Green A, Hegedüs L & Brix TH. A critical review and meta-Analysis of the association between overt hyperthyroidism and mortality. European Journal of Endocrinology 2011 165 491-497. (doi:10.1530/EJE-11-0299)
14. Brandt F, Almind D, Christensen K, Green A, Brix TH & Hegedüs L. Excess mortality in hyperthyroidism: the influence of preexisting comorbidity and genetic confounding: a Danish nationwide registerbased cohort study of twins and singletons. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012 97 4123-4129. (doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2268)
15. Brandt F, Thvilum M, Almind D, Christensen K, Green A, Hegedüs L & Brix TH. Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiter are both associated with increased mortality but differ with respect to the cause of death: a Danish population-based register study. Thyroid 2013 23 408-413. (doi:10.1089/thy. 2012.0500)
16. Williams MD, Harris R, Dayan CM, Evans J, Gallacher J & Ben-Shlomo Y. Thyroid function and the natural history of depression: findings from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS) and a metaanalysis. Clinical Endocrinology 2009 70 484-492. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03352.x)
17. Pop VJ, Maartens LH, Leusink G, van SonMJ, Knottnerus AA, Ward AM, Metcalfe R & Weetman AP. Are autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and depression related. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1998 83 3194-3197. (doi:10.1210/jc.83.9.3194)
18. Carta MG, Loviselli A, Hardoy MC, Massa S, Cadedda M, Sardu C, Carpiniello B, Dell'Osso L & Mariotti S. The link between thyroid autoimmunity (antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies) with anxiety and mood disorders in the community: a field of interest for public health in future. BMC Psychiatry 2004 4 25. (doi:10.1186/1471-244X-4-25)
19. Eaton WW, Pedersen MG, Nielsen PR & Mortensen PB. Autoimmune diseases, bipolar disorder, and non-Affective psychosis. Bipolar Disorders 2010 12 638-646. (doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2010.00853.x)
20. Thomsen AF, Kvist TK, Andersen PK & Kessing LV. Increased risk of affective disorder following hospitalization with hyperthyroidism -A register-based study. Thyroid 2005 152 535-543.
21. Whybrow PC, Prange AJ & Treadway CR. Mental changes accompanying thyroid gland dysfunction. A reappraisal using objective psychological measurement. Archives of General Psychiatry 1969 20 48-63. (doi:10.1001/ archpsyc.1969.01740130050004)
22. Bunevicius R & Prange AJ. Thyroid disease and mental disorders: cause and effect or only comorbidity? Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2010 23 363-368. (doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283387b50)
23. Samuels MH. Cognitive function in untreated hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity 2008 15 429-433. (doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e32830eb84c)
24. Engum A, Bjøro T, Mykletum A & Dahl AA. An association between depression, anxiety and thyroid function -A clinical fact or an artefact. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002 106 27-34. (doi:10.1034/j.1600- 0447.2002.01250.x)
25. Engum A, Bjøro T, Mykletum A & Dahl AA. Thyroid autoimmunity, depression and anxiety; are there any connections An epidemiological study of a large population Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2005 59 263-268. (doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.04.002)
26. Sauvage MF, Marquet P, Rousseau A, Raby C, Buxeraud J & Lachatre G. Relationship between psychotropic drugs and thyroid function: a review. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2008 149 127-135. (doi:10.1006/taap.1998. 8367)
27. Thomsen AF & Kessing LV. Increased risk of hyperthyroidism among patients hospitalized with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 2005 7 351-357. (doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00205.x)
28. Brix TH, Kyvik KO, Christensen K & Hegedüs L. Evidence for a major role of heredity in Graves' disease: a population-based study of two Danish twin cohorts. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 930-934. (doi:10.1210/jc.86.2.930)
29. Brix TH, Kyvik KO & Hegedüs L. Major role of genes in the etiology of simple goiter in females: a Population-Based Twin Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 3071-3075. (doi:10.1210/jc.84.9. 3071)
30. Domschke K & Dechert J. Genetics of anxiety disorders -status qou and qou vadis. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2012 18 5691-5698. (doi:10.2174/138161212803530781)
31. McGuffin P, Perroud N, Uher R, Butler A, Aitchinson KJ, Craig I, Lewis C & Farmer A. The genetics of affective disorders and suicide. European Psychiatry 2010 25 275-277. (doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.12.012)
32. Sullivan PF, Kendler KS & Neale MC. Schizophrenia as a complex trait: evidence from a meta-Analysis of twin studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003 60 1187-1192. (doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.12.1187)
33. Ekedahl A, Lidbeck J, Lithman T, Noreen D & Melander A. Benzodiazepine prescribing patterns in a high-prescribing Scandinavian community. Clinical Pharmacology 1993 44 141-146. (doi:10.1007/BF00315471)
34. Nakagawa S, Pedersen L, Olsen ML, Mortensen PB, Sørensen HT & Johnsen SP. Antipsychotics and risk of first-time hospitalization for myocardial infarction: a population-population case-control study. Journal of Internal Medicine 2006 260 451-458. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01708.x)
35. Suppli NP, Deltour I, Damkjaer LH, Christensen J, Jensen AB, Kroman NT, Johansen C & Dalton SO. Factors associated with the prescription of antidepressive medication to breast cancer patients. Acta Oncologica 2011 50 243-251. (doi:10.3109/0284186X. 2010.531049)
36. Madsen M, Andersen PK, Gerster M, Nybo Andersen AM, Christensen K & Osler M. Does the association of education with breast cancer replicate within twin pairs A register-based study on Danish female twins. British Journal of Cancer 2011 104 520-523. (doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6606090)
37. Bagnasco M, Bossert I & Pesce G. Stress and autoimmune thyroid disease. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006 13 309-317. (doi:10.1159/000104859)
38. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM & Prescott CA. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999 156 837-841.
39. Berkson J. Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics Bulletin 1946 2 126-135. (doi:10.2307/3002000)
40. Franklyn JA & Boelaert K. Thyrotoxicosis. Lancet 2012 379 1155-1166. (doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60782-4)
41. Biondi B & Kahaley GJ. Cardiovascular involvement in patients with different causes of hyperthyroidism. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 2010 6 431-443. (doi:10.1038/nrendo.2010.105)
42. Mors O, Perto GP & Mortensen PB. The Danish psychiatric central research registers. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2011 39 54-57. (doi:10.1177/1403494810395825)