The influence of cognitive load on spatial search performance

Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics

Volumn 76, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 49-63

  Longstaffe, Kate A ^a   Hood, Bruce M ^a   Gilchrist, Iain D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attention; Executive function; Inhibition; Memory; Search

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); MALE; MEMORY; NORMAL HUMAN; PATTERN RECOGNITION; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION; COGNITION; DATA DISPLAY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS; HUMANS; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); MALE; MEMORY; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; PHOTIC STIMULATION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84893601163     PISSN: 19433921     EISSN: 1943393X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13414-013-0575-1     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Baddeley, A. (2002). Fractionating the central executive. In D. Stuss & R. Knight (Eds.), Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 246-260). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
2. Bancaud, J., Henriksen, O., Rubiodonnadieu, F., Seino, M., Dreifuss, F. E., & Penry, J. K. (1981). Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia, 22, 489-501.
3. Boot, W. R., Brockmole, J. R., & Simons, D. J. (2005). Attention capture is modulated in dual-task situations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 662-668. doi: 10. 3758/BF03196755.
4. Burgess, N., Barry, C., & O'Keefe, J. (2007). An oscillatory interference model of grid cell firing. Hippocampus, 17, 801-812.
5. Cheng, K., & Newcombe, N. S. (2005). Is there a geometric module for spatial orientation? Squaring theory and evidence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Reviews, 12, 1-23. doi: 10. 3758/BF03196346.
6. Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87-114. doi: 10. 1017/S0140525X01003922. disc. 114-185.
7. Cowan, N. (2011). The focus of attention as observed in visual working memory tasks: Making sense of competing claims. Neuropsychologia, 49, 1401-1406. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuropsychologia. 2011. 01. 035.
8. de Fockert, J. W., & Bremner, A. J. (2011). Release of inattentional blindness by high working memory load: Elucidating the relationship between working memory and selective attention. Cognition, 121, 400-408. doi: 10. 1016/j. cognition. 2011. 08. 016.
9. de Fockert, J. W., Rees, G., Frith, C. D., & Lavie, N. (2001). The role of working memory in visual selective attention. Science, 291, 1803-1806. doi: 10. 1126/science. 1056496.
10. Dittrich, K., & Stahl, C. (2012). Selective impairment of auditory selective attention under concurrent cognitive load. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38, 618-627.
11. Fecteau, J. H., & Munoz, D. P. (2006). Salience, relevance, and firing: A priority map for target selection. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 382-390. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2006. 06. 011.
12. Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Johnston, J. C. (1992). Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 1030-1044. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 18. 4. 1030.
13. Foulsham, T., & Kingstone, A. (2012, March). Goal-driven and bottom-up gaze in an active real-world search task. Paper presented at the 2012 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications, Santa Barbara, CA.
14. Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Corley, R. P., Young, S. E., Defries, J. C., & Hewitt, J. K. (2006). Not all executive functions are related to intelligence. Psychological Science, 17, 172-179. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-9280. 2006. 01681. x.
15. Gillner, S., & Mallot, H. A. (1998). Navigation and acquisition of spatial knowledge in a virtual maze. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 445-463.
16. Han, S. H., & Kim, M. S. (2004). Visual search does not remain efficient when executive working memory is working. Psychological Science, 15, 623-628.
17. Hayhoe, M. M., Ballard, D. H., Triesch, J., Shinoda, H., Aivar, P., & Sullivan, B. (2002, March). Vision in natural and virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 2002 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (pp. 7-13). New York, NY: ACM Press.
18. Hills, T. T., & Pachur, T. (2012). Dynamic search and working memory in social recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 218-228. doi: 10. 1037/a0025161.
19. Hills, T. T., Todd, P. M., & Goldstone, R. L. (2010). The central executive as a search process: Priming exploration and exploitation across domains. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139, 590-609. doi: 10. 1037/a0020666.
20. Houtkamp, R., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2009). Matching of visual input to only one item at any one time. Psychological Research, 73, 317-326. doi: 10. 1007/s00426-008-0157-3.
21. Humphreys, G. W., Yoon, E. Y., Kumar, S., Lestou, V., Kitadono, K., Roberts, K. L., & Riddoch, M. J. (2010). The interaction of attention and action: From seeing action to acting on perception. British Journal of Psychology, 101, 185-206. doi: 10. 1348/000712609x458927.
22. Igloi, K., Doeller, C. F., Berthoz, A., Rondi-Reig, L., & Burgess, N. (2010). Lateralized human hippocampal activity predicts navigation based on sequence or place memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 14466-14471.
23. Ingram, J. N., & Wolpert, D. M. (2011). Naturalistic approaches to sensorimotor control. Progress in Brain Research, 191, 3-29.
24. Irwin, D. E., Colcombe, A. M., Kramer, A. F., & Hahn, S. (2000). Attentional and oculomotor capture by onset, luminance and color singletons. Vision Research, 40, 1443-1458.
25. Itti, L., & Koch, C. (2000). A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention. Vision Research, 40, 1489-1506. doi: 10. 1016/S0042-6989(99)00163-7.
26. Kane, M. J., Bleckley, M. K., Conway, A. R. A., & Engle, R. W. (2001). A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 169-183. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 130. 2. 169.
27. Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., Tuholski, S. W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T. W., & Engle, R. W. (2004). The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 189-217. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 133. 2. 189.
28. Kingstone, A., Smilek, D., & Eastwood, J. D. (2008). Cognitive Ethology: A new approach for studying human cognition. British Journal of Psychology, 99, 317-340. doi: 10. 1348/000712607X251243.
29. Lavie, N. (2005). Distracted and confused? Selective attention under load. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 75-82. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2004. 12. 004.
30. Lavie, N. (2010). Attention, distraction, and cognitive control under load. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 143-148. doi: 10. 1177/0963721410370295.
31. Lavie, N., & de Fockert, J. W. (2005). The role of working memory in attentional capture. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 669-674.
32. Lavie, N., Hirst, A., de Fockert, J. W., & Viding, E. (2004). Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 339-354. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 133. 3. 339.
33. Lee, S. A., & Spelke, E. S. (2008). Children's use of geometry for reorientation. Developmental Science, 11, 743-749.
34. Ludwig, C. J. H., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2002). Measuring saccade curvature: A curve fitting approach. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34, 618-624.
35. Ludwig, C. J. H., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2003). Goal-driven modulation of oculomotor capture. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 1243-1251. doi: 10. 3758/BF03194849.
36. Macdonald, J. S. P., & Lavie, N. (2008). Load induced blindness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 1078-1091. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 34. 5. 1078.
37. Macdonald, J. S. P., & Lavie, N. (2011). Visual perceptual load induces inattentional deafness. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73, 1780-1789. doi: 10. 3758/s13414-011-0144-4.
38. MacGregor, J. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (1996). Human performance on the traveling salesman problem. Perception & Psychophysics, 58, 527-539.
39. Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional blindness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
40. Matsukura, M., Brockmole, J. R., Boot, W. R., & Henderson, J. M. (2011). Oculomotor capture during real-world scene viewing depends on cognitive load. Vision Research, 51, 546-552.
41. Miller, J., & Carlson, L. (2011). Selecting landmarks in novel environments. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 184-191. doi: 10. 3758/s13423-010-0038-9.
42. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P., & Hegarty, M. (2001). How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 621-640. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 130. 3. 621.
43. Morein-Zamir, S., Soto-Faraco, S., & Kingstone, A. (2003). The capture of vision by audition: Deconstructing temporal ventriloquism. Cognitive Brain Research, 17, 154-163.
44. Newell, B. R., Rakow, T., Weston, N. J., & Shanks, D. R. (2004). Search strategies in decision making: The success of "success. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 17, 117-137.
45. O'Keefe, J. (1976). Place units in hippocampus of freely moving rat. Experimental Neurology, 51, 78-109.
46. O'Keefe, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The hippocampus as a cognitive map (Vol. 3). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, Clarendon Press.
47. Olivers, C. N. L., Meijer, F., & Theeuwes, J. (2006). Feature-based memory-driven attentional capture: Visual working memory content affects visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 1243-1265. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 32. 5. 1243.
48. Olivers, C. N. L., Peters, J., Houtcamp, R., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2011). Different states in visual working memory: When it guides attention and when it does not. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 327-334. doi: 10. 1016/j. tics. 2011. 05. 004.
49. Pellicano, E., Smith, A. D., Cristino, F., Hood, B. M., Briscoe, J., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2011). Children with autism are neither systematic nor optimal foragers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 421-426. doi: 10. 1073/pnas. 1014076108.
50. Peterson, M. S., Beck, M. R., & Wong, J. H. (2008). Were you paying attention to where you looked? The role of executive working memory in visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 372-377. doi: 10. 3758/PBR. 15. 2. 372.
51. Recanzone, G. H. (2003). Auditory influences on visual temporal rate perception. Journal of Neurophysiology, 89, 1078-1093. doi: 10. 1152/jn. 00706. 2002.
52. Rosen, V. M., & Engle, R. W. (1997). The role of working memory capacity in retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 126, 211-227. doi: 10. 1037/0096-3445. 126. 3. 211.
53. Rosetti, M. F., Pacheco-Cobos, L., Larralde, H., & Hudson, R. (2010). An experimental and theoretical model of children's search behavior in relation to target conspicuity and spatial distribution. Physica A, 389, 5163-5172.
54. Ruddle, R. A., & Lessels, S. (2006). For efficient navigational search, humans require full physical movement, but not a rich visual scene. Psychological Science, 17, 460-465.
55. Santangelo, V., Finoia, P., Raffone, A., Belardinelli, M. O., & Spence, C. (2008). Perceptual load affects exogenous spatial orienting while working memory load does not. Experimental Brain Research, 184, 371-382.
56. Scharf, B., Quigley, S., Aoki, C., Peachey, N., & Reeves, A. (1987). Focused auditory attention and frequency selectivity. Perception & Psychophysics, 42, 215-223.
57. Shams, L., Kamitani, Y., & Shimojo, S. (2000). Illusions: What you see is what you hear. Nature, 408, 788. doi: 10. 1038/35048669.
58. Shams, L., Kamitani, Y., & Shimojo, S. (2002). A visual illusion induced by sound. Cognitive Brain Research, 14, 147-152. doi: 10. 1016/S0926-6410(02)00069-1.
59. Shinoda, H., Hayhoe, M. M., & Shrivastava, A. (2001). What controls attention in natural environments? Vision Research, 41, 3535-3545.
60. Smith, A. D., Gilchrist, I. D., & Hood, B. M. (2005). Children's search behavior in large-scale space: Developmental components of exploration. Perception, 34, 1221-1229.
61. Smith, A. D., Hood, B. M., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2008). Visual search and foraging compared in a large-scale search task. Cognitive Processing, 9, 121-126. doi: 10. 1007/s10339-007-0200-0.
62. Smith, A. D., Hood, B. M., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2010). Probabilistic cueing in large-scale environmental search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 605-618. doi: 10. 1037/a0018280.
63. Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., & Koeppe, R. A. (1996). Dissociating verbal and spatial working memory using PET. Cerebral Cortex, 6, 11-20.
64. Spelke, E., Lee, S. A., & Izard, V. (2010). Beyond core knowledge: Natural geometry. Cognitive Science, 34, 863-884. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1551-6709. 2010. 01110. x.
65. Tellinghuisen, D. J., & Nowak, E. J. (2003). The inability to ignore auditory distractors as a function of visual task perceptual load. Perception & Psychophysics, 65, 817-828.
66. Theeuwes, J. (1991). Exogenous and endogenous control of attention: The effect of visual onsets and offsets. Perception & Psychophysics, 49, 83-90. doi: 10. 3758/BF03211619.
67. Theeuwes, J. (1992). Perceptual selectivity for color and form. Perception & Psychophysics, 51, 599-606. doi: 10. 3758/BF03211656.
68. Theeuwes, J. (1994). Stimulus-driven capture and attentional set: Selective search for color and visual abrupt onsets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 20, 799-806. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 20. 4. 799.
69. Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97-136. doi: 10. 1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5.
70. van Rooij, I., Schactman, A., Kadlec, H., & Stege, U. (2006). Perceptual or analytical processing? Evidence from children's and adult's performance on the Euclidean traveling salesperson problem. Journal of Problem Solving, 1, 44-73.
71. Wang, R. F., & Spelke, E. S. (2000). Updating egocentric representations in human navigation. Cognition, 77, 215-250.
72. Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
73. Wolfe, J. M. (1994). Guided Search 2. 0: A revised model of visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 202-238. doi: 10. 3758/BF03200774.
74. Yantis, S., & Jonides, J. (1984). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Evidence from visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 601-621. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 10. 5. 601.
75. Yantis, S., & Jonides, J. (1990). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Voluntary versus automatic allocation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 16, 121-134. doi: 10. 1037/0096-1523. 16. 1. 121.
76. Zingale, C. M., & Kowler, E. (1987). Planning sequences of saccades. Vision Research, 27, 1327-1341.