Load Induced Blindness

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1078-1091

  Macdonald, James S P ^a   Lavie, Nilli ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

attention; awareness; distractors; inattentional blindness; perceptual load

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEMORY; PATTERN RECOGNITION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REACTION TIME;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION; AWARENESS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MEMORY; PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL; REACTION TIME;

EID: 54949088207     PISSN: 00961523     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0096-1523.34.5.1078     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Allport A. Attention and control: Have we been asking the wrong questions? A critical review of twenty-five years. In: Meyer D.E., and Kornblum S. (Eds). Attention and performance XIV: Synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience (1993), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 183-218
2. Baddeley A.D. Working memory (1986), Clarendon Press, Oxford, England
3. Bahrami B., Lavie N., and Rees G. Attentional load modulates responses of human primary visual cortex to invisible stimuli. Current Biology 17 (2007) 509-513
4. Barber P.J., and Folkard S. Reaction time under stimulus uncertainty with response certainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology 93 (1972) 138-142
5. Bashinski H.S., and Bacharach V.R. Enhancement of perceptual sensitivity as the result of selectively attending to spatial locations. Perception & Psychophysics 28 (1980) 241-248
6. Beck D.M., and Lavie N. Look here but ignore what you see: Effects of distractors at fixation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 31 (2005) 592-607
7. Bonnel A.M., Stein J.F., and Bertucci P. Does attention modulate the perception of luminance changes?. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 44A (1992) 601-626
8. Brand-D'Abrescia M., and Lavie N. Distractor effects during processing of words under load. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14 6 (2007) 1153-1157
9. Braun J., and Sagi D. Vision outside the focus of attention. Perception & Psychophysics 48 (1990) 45-58
10. Braun J., and Sagi D. Texture-based tasks are little affected by second tasks requiring peripheral or central attentive fixation. Perception 20 (1991) 483-500
11. Brawn P.T., and Snowden R.J. Attention to overlapping objects: Detection and discrimination of orientation signals in visual search. Vision Research 40 (2000) 1293-1300
12. Broadbent D.E. Perception and communication (1958), Pergamon, London
13. Cartwright-Finch U., and Lavie N. The role of perceptual load in inattentional blindness. Cognition 102 (2007) 321-340
14. Cherry E.C. Some experiments on the recognition of speech with one and with two ears. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 25 (1953) 975-979
15. Conrad R. Acoustic confusions in immediate memory. British Journal of Psychology 55 (1964) 75-84
16. Corteen R.S., and Dunn D. Shock-associated words in a non-attended message: A test for momentary awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology 102 (1974) 1143-1144
17. Davis E.T., Kramer P., and Graham N. Uncertainty about spatial frequency, spatial position, or contrast of visual patterns. Perception & Psychophysics 33 (1983) 20-28
18. De Fockert J.W., Rees G., Frith C.D., and Lavie N. The role of working memory in visual selective attention. Science 291 (2001) 1803-1806
19. Deutsch J.A., and Deutsch D. Attention: Some theoretical considerations. Psychological Review 70 (1963) 80-90
20. Downing C.J. Expectancy and visual spatial-attention: Effects on perceptual quality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 14 (1988) 188-202
21. Driver J., and Tipper S.P. On the nonselectivity of "selective" seeing: Contrasts between interference and priming in selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15 (1989) 304-314
22. Duncan J. The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli. Psychological Review 87 (1980) 272-300
23. Duncan J., Emslie H., Williams P., Johnson R., and Freer C. Intelligence and the frontal lobe: The organization of goal-directed behavior. Cognitive Psychology 30 (1996) 257-303
24. Eriksen B.A., and Eriksen C.W. Effects of noise-letters on identification of a target letter in a non-search task. Perception & Psychophysics 16 (1974) 143-149
25. Eriksen C.W., and Hoffman J.E. Temporal and spatial characteristics of selective encoding from visual displays. Perception & Psychophysics 12 (1972) 201-204
26. Gatti S.W., and Egeth H. Failure of spatial selectivity in vision. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11 (1978) 181-184
27. Graham N., Kramer P., and Haber N. Attending to the spatial frequency and spatial position of near-threshold visual patterns. In: Posner M.I., and Marin O.S.M. (Eds). Mechanisms of attention: Attention and performance XI (1985), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 269-283
28. Hawkins H.L., Hillyard S.A., Luck S.I., Mouloua M., Downing C.J., and Woodward D.P. Visual attention modulates signal detectability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16 (1990) 801-811
29. Joseph J.S., Chun M.M., and Nakayama K. Attentional requirements in a preattentive feature search task. Nature 387 (1997) 805-808
30. Lavie N. Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 21 (1995) 451-468
31. Lavie N. Selective attention and cognitive control: Dissociating attentional functions through different types of load. In: Monsell S., and Driver J. (Eds). Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII (2000), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
32. Lavie N. Distracted and confused?: Selective attention under load. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9 (2005) 75-82
33. Lavie N. Attention and consciousness. The Blackwell companion to consciousness (2006), Blackwell, Oxford, England
34. Lavie N., and Cox S. On the efficiency of attentional selection: Efficient visual search results in inefficient rejection of distraction. Psychological Science 8 (1997) 395-398
35. Lavie N., and De Fockert J.W. Contrasting effects of sensory limits and capacity limits in visual selective attention. Perception & Psychophysics 65 (2003) 202-212
36. Lavie N., and De Fockert J.W. The role of working memory in attentional capture. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 12 (2005) 669-674
37. Lavie N., and Fox E. The role of perceptual load in negative priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 26 (2000) 1038-1052
38. Lavie N., Hirst A., De Fockert J.W., and Viding E. Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133 (2004) 339-354
39. Lavie N., Ro T., and Russell C. The role of perceptual load in processing distractor faces. Psychological Science 14 (2003) 510-515
40. Lavie N., and Tsal Y. Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention. Perception & Psychophysics 56 (1994) 183-197
41. Lewis J. Semantic processing of unattended messages using dichotic listening. Journal of Experimental Psychology 85 (1970) 225-228
42. Luck S.J., Hillyard S.A., Mouloua M., Woldorff M.G., Clark V.P., and Hawkins H.L. Effects of spatial cuing on luminance detectability: Psychophysical and electrophysiological evidence for early selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 20 (1994) 887-904
43. Macdonald, J. S. P. (2008). Load induced blindness. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
44. Moray N. Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 11 (1959) 56-60
45. Muller H.J., and Findlay J.M. Sensitivity and criterion effects in the spatial cueing of attention. Perception & Psychophysics 42 (1987) 383-399
46. Muller H.J., and Humphreys G.W. Luminance increment detection: Capacity limited or not?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17 (1991) 107-124
47. Neisser U., and Becklen R. Selective looking: Attending to visually specified events. Cognitive Psychology 7 (1975) 480-494
48. Norman D.A. Toward a theory of memory and attention. Psychological Review 75 (1968) 522-536
49. O'Connor G.H., Fukui M.M., Pinsk M.A., and Kastner S. Attention modulates responses in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002) 1203-1209
50. Palmer J. Attentional limits on the perception and memory of visual information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16 (1990) 332-350
51. Palmer J., Ames C.T., and Lindsey D.T. Measuring the effect of attention on simple visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 19 (1993) 108-130
52. Pelli D. Uncertainty explains many aspects of visual contrast detection and discrimination. Journal of the Optical Society of America 2A (1985) 1508-1531
53. Pinsk M.A., Doniger G.M., and Kastner S. Push-pull mechanism of selective attention in human extrastriate cortex. Journal of Neurophysiology 92 (2003) 622-629
54. Posner M.I. Orienting of attention. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 32 (1980) 3-25
55. Posner M.I., and Keele S.W. Decay of visual information from a single letter. Science 158 (1967) 137-139
56. Posner M.I., Snyder C.R.R., and Davidson B.J. Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 109 (1980) 160-174
57. Rees G., Frith C.D., and Lavie N. Modulating irrelevant motion perception by varying attentional load in an unrelated task. Science 278 (1997) 1616-1619
58. Rock I., and Gutman D. The effect of inattention on form perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7 (1981) 275-285
59. Sagi D., and Julesz B. Detection and discrimination in visual orientation. Perception 14 (1985) 619-628
60. Sagi D., and Julesz B. "Where" and "what" in vision. Science 228 (1985) 1217-1219
61. Schwartz S., Vuilleumier P., Hutton C., Maravita A., Dolan R.J., and Driver J. Attentional load and sensory competition in human vision: Modulation of fMRI responses by load at fixation during task-irrelevant stimulation in the peripheral visual field. Cerebral Cortex 15 (2005) 770-786
62. Shaw M.L. Attending to multiple sources of information: 1. The integration of information in decision making. Cognitive Psychology 14 (1982) 353-409
63. Smith P.L. Attention and luminance detection: A quantitative analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance 24 (1998) 105-133
64. Sperling G. A unified theory of attention and signal detection. In: Parasuraman R., and Davies D.R. (Eds). Varieties of attention (1984), Academic Press, London 103-181
65. Sperling G., and Dosher B.A. Strategy and optimization in human information processing. In: Boff K., Kaufman L., and Thomas J. (Eds). Handbook of perception and performance 1 (1986), Wiley, New York 2.1-2.65
66. Teichner W.H., and Krebs M.J. Laws of visual choice reaction time. Psychological Review 81 (1974) 75-98
67. Theeuwes J., Kramer A.F., and Belopolsky A. Attentional set interacts with perceptual load in visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 11 (2004) 697-702
68. Tipper S.P. The negative priming effect: Inhibitory effects of ignored primes. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 37A (1985) 571-590
69. Todd J.J., Fougnie D., and Marois R. Visual short-term memory load suppresses temporo-parietal junction activity and induces inattentional blindness. Psychological Science 16 (2005) 965-972
70. Treisman A. Contextual cues in selective listening. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12 (1960) 242-248
71. Treisman A. Strategies and models of selective attention. Psychological Review 76 (1969) 282-299
72. Treisman A., and Geffen G. Selective attention: Perception or response?. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 19 (1967) 1-18
73. Treisman A., and Riley J. Is selective attention selective perception or selective response? A further test. Journal of Experimental Psychology 79 (1969) 27-34
74. Wolfe J.M. Inattentional amnesia. In: Coltheart V. (Ed). Fleeting memories: Cognition of brief visual stimuli (1999), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 71-94
75. Yantis S., and Johnston J.C. On the locus of visual selection: Evidence from focused attention tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16 (1990) 135-149
76. Yi D.-J., Woodman G.F., Widders D., Marois R., and Chun M.M. Neural fate of ignored stimuli: Dissociable effects of perceptual and working memory load. Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004) 992-996