메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2013, Pages

Using multiple types of studies in systematic reviews of health care interventions - A systematic review

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; PUBMED; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; RESEARCH DESIGN; REVIEW LITERATURE AS TOPIC;

EID: 84893494232     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085035     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (77)

References (103)
  • 1
    • 0033546954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can it work? Does it work? Is it worth it? The testing of health care interventions is evolving
    • doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7211.652. PubMed: 10480802
    • Haynes B (1999) Can it work? Does it work? Is it worth it? The testing of health care interventions is evolving. BMJ 319: 652-653. doi:10.1136/bmj.319. 7211.652. PubMed: 10480802.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.319 , pp. 652-653
    • Haynes, B.1
  • 2
    • 79956128884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From efficacy to effectiveness in the face of uncertainty: Indication creep and prevention creep
    • PubMed: 21586716
    • Djulbegovic B, Paul A (2011) From efficacy to effectiveness in the face of uncertainty: indication creep and prevention creep. JAMA 305: 2005-2006. PubMed: 21586716.
    • (2011) JAMA , vol.305 , pp. 2005-2006
    • Djulbegovic, B.1    Paul, A.2
  • 3
    • 1442281111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence-Based Public Health: Moving Beyond Randomized Trials
    • Victora CG, Habicht JP, Bryce J (2004) Evidence-based public health: moving beyond randomized trials. Am J Public Health 94: 400-405. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.3.400. PubMed: 14998803. (Pubitemid 38269492)
    • (2004) American Journal of Public Health , vol.94 , Issue.3 , pp. 400-405
    • Victora, C.G.1    Habicht, J.-P.2    Bryce, J.3
  • 4
    • 78751502220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of the principle of question propagation for comparative-effectiveness and "data mining" research
    • doi:10.1001/jama.2010.2013. PubMed: 21245185
    • Djulbegovic M, Djulbegovic B (2011) Implications of the principle of question propagation for comparative-effectiveness and "data mining" research. JAMA 305: 298-299. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.2013. PubMed: 21245185.
    • (2011) JAMA , vol.305 , pp. 298-299
    • Djulbegovic, M.1    Djulbegovic, B.2
  • 5
    • 41549117102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational research, randomised trials, and two views of medical science
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050067. PubMed: 18336067
    • Vandenbroucke JP (2008) Observational research, randomised trials, and two views of medical science. PLoS Med 5: e67. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050067. PubMed: 18336067.
    • (2008) PLoS Med , vol.5
    • Vandenbroucke, J.P.1
  • 6
    • 4243430012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CEBM Oxford: Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM)
    • CEBM (2009) Levels of evidence. Oxford: Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM).
    • (2009) Levels of Evidence
  • 7
    • 77958012441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness research: What kind of studies do we need?
    • PubMed: 20479661
    • Concato J, Peduzzi P, Huang GD, O'Leary TJ, Kupersmith J (2010) Comparative effectiveness research: what kind of studies do we need? J Investig Med 58: 764-769. PubMed: 20479661.
    • (2010) J Investig Med , vol.58 , pp. 764-769
    • Concato, J.1    Peduzzi, P.2    Huang, G.D.3    O'Leary, T.J.4    Kupersmith, J.5
  • 8
    • 66349087345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchy of evidence: Where observational studies fit in and why we need them
    • doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00549. PubMed: 19411493
    • Hoppe DJ, Schemitsch EH, Morshed S, Tornetta P 3rd, Bhandari M (2009) Hierarchy of evidence: where observational studies fit in and why we need them. J Bone Joint Surg Am 91 Suppl 3: 2-9. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.00549. PubMed: 19411493.
    • (2009) J Bone Joint Surg Am , vol.91 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 2-9
    • Hoppe, D.J.1    Schemitsch, E.H.2    Morshed, S.3    Tornetta III, P.4    Bhandari, M.5
  • 9
    • 84893459549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCBI Bethesda: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM)
    • NCBI (2011) MeSH: Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic. Bethesda: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM)
    • (2011) MeSH: Randomized Controlled Trials As Topic
  • 10
    • 84893431220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NCBI Bethesda: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
    • NCBI (2011) MeSH: Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic. Bethesda: National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
    • (2011) MeSH: Epidemiologic Study Characteristics As Topic
  • 11
    • 0034532967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of comparisons of effect sizes derived from randomised and non-randomised studies
    • MacLehose RR, Reeves BC, Harvey IM, Sheldon TA, Russell IT et al. (2000) A systematic review of comparisons of effect sizes derived from randomised and non-randomised studies. Health Technol Assess 4: 1-154.
    • (2000) Health Technol Assess , vol.4 , pp. 1-154
    • MacLehose, R.R.1    Reeves, B.C.2    Harvey, I.M.3    Sheldon, T.A.4    Russell, I.T.5
  • 12
    • 71749113814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applicability and generalisability of published results of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies evaluating four orthopaedic procedures: Methodological systematic review
    • doi:10.1136/bmj.b4538. PubMed: 19920015
    • Pibouleau L, Boutron I, Reeves BC, Nizard R, Ravaud P (2009) Applicability and generalisability of published results of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies evaluating four orthopaedic procedures: methodological systematic review. BMJ 339: b4538. doi:10.1136/bmj.b4538. PubMed: 19920015.
    • (2009) BMJ , vol.339
    • Pibouleau, L.1    Boutron, I.2    Reeves, B.C.3    Nizard, R.4    Ravaud, P.5
  • 13
    • 33748758194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying observational studies of surgical interventions in MEDLINE and EMBASE
    • doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-41. PubMed: 16919159
    • Fraser C, Murray A, Burr J (2006) Identifying observational studies of surgical interventions in MEDLINE and EMBASE. BMC Med Res Methodol 6: 41. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-41. PubMed: 16919159.
    • (2006) BMC Med Res Methodol , vol.6 , pp. 41
    • Fraser, C.1    Murray, A.2    Burr, J.3
  • 14
    • 84861945053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workload and surgeon's specialty for outcome after colorectal cancer surgery
    • CD005391 PubMed: 22419309
    • Archampong D, Borowski D, Wille-Jørgensen P, Iversen LH (2012) Workload and surgeon's specialty for outcome after colorectal cancer surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD005391: CD005391 PubMed: 22419309.
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3
    • Archampong, D.1    Borowski, D.2    Wille-Jørgensen, P.3    Iversen, L.H.4
  • 15
    • 34848821273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creating and synthesizing evidence with decision makers in mind: Integrating evidence from clinical trials and other study designs
    • doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3180616c3f. PubMed: 17909376
    • Atkins D (2007) Creating and synthesizing evidence with decision makers in mind: integrating evidence from clinical trials and other study designs. Med Care 45: S16-S22. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3180616c3f. PubMed: 17909376.
    • (2007) Med Care , vol.45
    • Atkins, D.1
  • 16
    • 0029912547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care
    • doi:10.1136/bmj. 312.7040.1215. PubMed: 8634569
    • Black N (1996) Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care. BMJ 312: 1215-1218. doi:10.1136/bmj. 312.7040.1215. PubMed: 8634569.
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.312 , pp. 1215-1218
    • Black, N.1
  • 18
    • 70350567174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not only randomized controlled trials, but also case series should be considered in systematic reviews of rapidly developing technologies
    • Chambers D, Rodgers M, Woolacott N (2009) Not only randomized controlled trials, but also case series should be considered in systematic reviews of rapidly developing technologies. J Clin Epidemiol 62: 1253-1260 e1254
    • (2009) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.62
    • Chambers, D.1    Rodgers, M.2    Woolacott, N.3
  • 19
    • 73749086405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of non-randomised evidence alongside randomised trials in a systematic review of endovascular aneurysm repair: Strengths and limitations
    • doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.09.010. PubMed: 19836274
    • Chambers D, Fayter D, Paton F, Woolacott N (2010) Use of non-randomised evidence alongside randomised trials in a systematic review of endovascular aneurysm repair: strengths and limitations. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 39: 26-34. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.09.010. PubMed: 19836274.
    • (2010) Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg , vol.39 , pp. 26-34
    • Chambers, D.1    Fayter, D.2    Paton, F.3    Woolacott, N.4
  • 20
    • 77949651908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AHRQ series paper 4: Assessing harms when comparing medical interventions: AHRQ and the effective health-care program
    • doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.06.007. PubMed: 18823754
    • Chou R, Aronson N, Atkins D, Ismaila AS, Santaguida P et al. (2010) AHRQ series paper 4: assessing harms when comparing medical interventions: AHRQ and the effective health-care program. J Clin Epidemiol 63: 502-512. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.06.007. PubMed: 18823754.
    • (2010) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.63 , pp. 502-512
    • Chou, R.1    Aronson, N.2    Atkins, D.3    Ismaila, A.S.4    Santaguida, P.5
  • 21
    • 57049143246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recommendations for research design of telehealth studies
    • doi:10.1089/tmj.2008.0108. PubMed: 19035813
    • Chumbler NR, Kobb R, Brennan DM, Rabinowitz T (2008) Recommendations for research design of telehealth studies. Telemed J E Health 14: 986-989. doi:10.1089/tmj.2008.0108. PubMed: 19035813.
    • (2008) Telemed J E Health , vol.14 , pp. 986-989
    • Chumbler, N.R.1    Kobb, R.2    Brennan, D.M.3    Rabinowitz, T.4
  • 22
    • 78650459345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational methods in comparative effectiveness research
    • doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.04.014. PubMed: 21184862
    • Concato J, Lawler EV, Lew RA, Gaziano JM, Aslan M et al. (2010) Observational methods in comparative effectiveness research. Am J Med 123: e16-e23. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.04.014. PubMed: 21184862.
    • (2010) Am J Med , vol.123
    • Concato, J.1    Lawler, E.V.2    Lew, R.A.3    Gaziano, J.M.4    Aslan, M.5
  • 23
    • 0037810937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trials in evidence-based mental health care: Getting the right answer to the right question
    • Essock SM, Drake RE, Frank RG, McGuire TG (2003) Randomized controlled trials in evidence-based mental health care: getting the right answer to the right question. Schizophr Bull 29: 115-123. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul. a006981. PubMed: 12908666. (Pubitemid 36871062)
    • (2003) Schizophrenia Bulletin , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 115-123
    • Essock, S.M.1    Drake, R.E.2    Frank, R.G.3    McGuire, T.G.4
  • 24
    • 0036964845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of interventions
    • doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00525-5. PubMed: 12547447
    • Fletcher RH (2002) Evaluation of interventions. J Clin Epidemiol 55: 1183-1190. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00525-5. PubMed: 12547447.
    • (2002) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.55 , pp. 1183-1190
    • Fletcher, R.H.1
  • 25
    • 59749086379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controversy over "contradiction": Should randomized trials always trump observational studies?
    • doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.04.024. PubMed: 19217953
    • Fletcher AE (2009) Controversy over "contradiction": Should randomized trials always trump observational studies? Am J Ophthalmol 147: 384-386. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.04.024. PubMed: 19217953.
    • (2009) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.147 , pp. 384-386
    • Fletcher, A.E.1
  • 26
    • 63949083153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are there roles for observational database studies and structured quantification of expert opinion to answer therapy controversies in transplants?
    • doi:10.1038/bmt.2008.447. PubMed: 19182830
    • Gale RP, Eapen M, Logan B, Zhang MJ, Lazarus HM (2009) Are there roles for observational database studies and structured quantification of expert opinion to answer therapy controversies in transplants? Bone Marrow Transplant 43: 435-446. doi:10.1038/bmt.2008.447. PubMed: 19182830.
    • (2009) Bone Marrow Transplant , vol.43 , pp. 435-446
    • Gale, R.P.1    Eapen, M.2    Logan, B.3    Zhang, M.J.4    Lazarus, H.M.5
  • 27
    • 84859754300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigating outcomes associated with medication use during pregnancy: A review of methodological challenges and observational study designs
    • doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.01.006. PubMed: 22329969
    • Grzeskowiak LE, Gilbert AL, Morrison JL (2012) Investigating outcomes associated with medication use during pregnancy: a review of methodological challenges and observational study designs. Reprod Toxicol 33: 280-289. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.01.006. PubMed: 22329969.
    • (2012) Reprod Toxicol , vol.33 , pp. 280-289
    • Grzeskowiak, L.E.1    Gilbert, A.L.2    Morrison, J.L.3
  • 28
    • 78649829808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness of prostate cancer treatments: Evaluating statistical adjustments for confounding in observational data
    • doi:10.1093/jnci/djq393. PubMed: 20944078
    • Hadley J, Yabroff KR, Barrett MJ, Penson DF, Saigal CS et al. (2010) Comparative effectiveness of prostate cancer treatments: evaluating statistical adjustments for confounding in observational data. J Natl Cancer Inst 102: 1780-1793. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq393. PubMed: 20944078.
    • (2010) J Natl Cancer Inst , vol.102 , pp. 1780-1793
    • Hadley, J.1    Yabroff, K.R.2    Barrett, M.J.3    Penson, D.F.4    Saigal, C.S.5
  • 29
  • 30
    • 34547622299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of long-term outcomes in observational and randomised controlled trials
    • DOI 10.1192/bjp.191.50.s78
    • Hodgson R, Bushe C, Hunter R (2007) Measurement of long-term outcomes in observational and randomised controlled trials. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 50: s78-s84. PubMed: 18019049. (Pubitemid 47204560)
    • (2007) British Journal of Psychiatry , vol.191 , Issue.SUPPL. 50
    • Hodgson, R.1    Bushe, C.2    Hunter, R.3
  • 31
    • 77952831095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice-based evidence for clinical practice improvement: An alternative study design for evidence-based medicine
    • PubMed: 20407178
    • Horn SD, Gassaway J, Pentz L, James R (2010) Practice-based evidence for clinical practice improvement: an alternative study design for evidence-based medicine. Stud Health Technol Inform 151: 446-460. PubMed: 20407178.
    • (2010) Stud Health Technol Inform , vol.151 , pp. 446-460
    • Horn, S.D.1    Gassaway, J.2    Pentz, L.3    James, R.4
  • 32
    • 84857397981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational studies versus randomized controlled trials: Avenues to causal inference in nephrology
    • doi:10.1053/j.ackd. 2011.09.004. PubMed: 22364796
    • Kovesdy CP, Kalantar-Zadeh K (2012) Observational studies versus randomized controlled trials: avenues to causal inference in nephrology. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 19: 11-18. doi:10.1053/j.ackd. 2011.09.004. PubMed: 22364796.
    • (2012) Adv Chronic Kidney Dis , vol.19 , pp. 11-18
    • Kovesdy, C.P.1    Kalantar-Zadeh, K.2
  • 33
    • 0033754842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using routine data to complement and enhance the results of randomised controlled trials
    • PubMed: 11074392
    • Lewsey JD, Leyland AH, Murray GD, Boddy FA (2000) Using routine data to complement and enhance the results of randomised controlled trials. Health Technol Assess 4: 1-55. PubMed: 11074392.
    • (2000) Health Technol Assess , vol.4 , pp. 1-55
    • Lewsey, J.D.1    Leyland, A.H.2    Murray, G.D.3    Boddy, F.A.4
  • 34
    • 0036137207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should systematic reviews include non-randomized and uncontrolled studies? The case of acupuncture for chronic headache
    • DOI 10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00422-X, PII S089543560100422X
    • Linde K, Scholz M, Melchart D, Willich SN (2002) Should systematic reviews include non-randomized and uncontrolled studies? The case of acupuncture for chronic headache. J Clin Epidemiol 55: 77-85. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(01) 00422-X. PubMed: 11781125. (Pubitemid 34040997)
    • (2002) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 77-85
    • Linde, K.1    Scholz, M.2    Melchart, D.3    Willich, S.N.4
  • 35
    • 58149375157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where do we find the best evidence?
    • discussion: 19050548
    • McCarthy CM, Collins ED, Pusic AL (2008) Where do we find the best evidence? Plast Reconstr Surg 122: 1942-1951; discussion: 19050548.
    • (2008) Plast Reconstr Surg , vol.122 , pp. 1942-1951
    • McCarthy, C.M.1    Collins, E.D.2    Pusic, A.L.3
  • 36
    • 34547222697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study designs for effectiveness and translation research: Identifying trade-offs
    • doi:10.1016/j.amepre. 2007.04.005. PubMed: 17673103
    • Mercer SL, DeVinney BJ, Fine LJ, Green LW, Dougherty D (2007) Study designs for effectiveness and translation research: identifying trade-offs. Am J Prev Med 33: 139-154. doi:10.1016/j.amepre. 2007.04.005. PubMed: 17673103.
    • (2007) Am J Prev Med , vol.33 , pp. 139-154
    • Mercer, S.L.1    DeVinney, B.J.2    Fine, L.J.3    Green, L.W.4    Dougherty, D.5
  • 37
    • 0029016817 scopus 로고
    • When a randomised controlled trial is needed to assess drug safety. The case of paediatric ibuprofen
    • doi:10.2165/00002018-199513010-00003. PubMed: 8527016
    • Mitchell AA, Lesko SM (1995) When a randomised controlled trial is needed to assess drug safety. The case of paediatric ibuprofen. Drug Saf 13: 15-24. doi:10.2165/00002018-199513010-00003. PubMed: 8527016.
    • (1995) Drug Saf , vol.13 , pp. 15-24
    • Mitchell, A.A.1    Lesko, S.M.2
  • 38
    • 20544462621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges in using nonrandomized studies in systematic reviews of treatment interventions
    • Norris SL, Atkins D (2005) Challenges in using nonrandomized studies in systematic reviews of treatment interventions. Ann Intern Med 142: 1112-1119. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-12-Part-2-200506211-00011. PubMed: 15968036. (Pubitemid 40847714)
    • (2005) Annals of Internal Medicine , vol.142 , Issue.12 II , pp. 1112-1119
    • Norris, S.L.1    Atkins, D.2
  • 39
    • 80053346464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational studies in systemic reviews of comparative effectiveness: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program
    • doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.027. PubMed: 21636246
    • Norris SL, Atkins D, Bruening W, Fox S, Johnson E et al. (2011) Observational studies in systemic reviews of comparative effectiveness: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program. J Clin Epidemiol 64: 1178-1186. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.027. PubMed: 21636246.
    • (2011) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.64 , pp. 1178-1186
    • Norris, S.L.1    Atkins, D.2    Bruening, W.3    Fox, S.4    Johnson, E.5
  • 40
    • 25444511797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic reviews of health effects of social interventions: 2. Best available evidence: How low should you go?
    • DOI 10.1136/jech.2005.034199
    • Ogilvie D, Egan M, Hamilton V, Petticrew M (2005) Systematic reviews of health effects of social interventions: 2. Best available evidence: how low should you go? J Epidemiol Community Health 59: 886-892. doi:10.1136/jech.2005. 034199. PubMed: 16166365. (Pubitemid 41360916)
    • (2005) Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , vol.59 , Issue.10 , pp. 886-892
    • Ogilvie, D.1    Egan, M.2    Hamilton, V.3    Petticrew, M.4
  • 41
    • 33751071330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of the scientific evidence leading to drug withdrawals for pharmacovigilance reasons in France
    • DOI 10.1002/pds.1248
    • Olivier P, Montastruc JL (2006) The nature of the scientific evidence leading to drug withdrawals for pharmacovigilance reasons in France. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 15: 808-812. doi:10.1002/pds.1248. PubMed: 16700082. (Pubitemid 44767097)
    • (2006) Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety , vol.15 , Issue.11 , pp. 808-812
    • Olivier, P.1    Montastruc, J.-L.2
  • 42
    • 23944524841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic reviews incorporating evidence from nonrandomized study designs: Reasons for caution when estimating health effects
    • DOI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602190
    • Reeves BC, van Binsbergen J, van Weel C (2005) Systematic reviews incorporating evidence from nonrandomized study designs: reasons for caution when estimating health effects. Eur J Clin Nutr 59 Suppl 1: S155-S161. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602049. PubMed: 16052184. (Pubitemid 41195197)
    • (2005) European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , vol.59 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Reeves, B.C.1    Van Binsbergen, J.2    Van Weel, C.3
  • 43
    • 0034954379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bridging case-control studies and randomized trials
    • doi:10.1186/ CVM-2-3-109. PubMed: 11806781
    • Rosendaal FR (2001) Bridging case-control studies and randomized trials. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2: 109-110. doi:10.1186/ CVM-2-3-109. PubMed: 11806781.
    • (2001) Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med , vol.2 , pp. 109-110
    • Rosendaal, F.R.1
  • 44
    • 84858190844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explanatory models are needed to integrate RCT and observational data with the patient's unique biology
    • doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110236. PubMed: 22275494
    • Sharma V, Minhas R (2012) Explanatory models are needed to integrate RCT and observational data with the patient's unique biology. J R Soc Med 105: 11-24. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.110236. PubMed: 22275494.
    • (2012) J R Soc Med , vol.105 , pp. 11-24
    • Sharma, V.1    Minhas, R.2
  • 45
    • 35649026444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should meta-analyses of interventions include observational studies in addition to randomized controlled trials? A critical examination of underlying principles
    • DOI 10.1093/aje/kwm189
    • Shrier I, Boivin JF, Steele RJ, Platt RW, Furlan A et al. (2007) Should meta-analyses of interventions include observational studies in addition to randomized controlled trials? A critical examination of underlying principles. Am J Epidemiol 166: 1203-1209. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm189. PubMed: 17712019. (Pubitemid 350022749)
    • (2007) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.166 , Issue.10 , pp. 1203-1209
    • Shrier, I.1    Boivin, J.-F.2    Steele, R.J.3    Platt, R.W.4    Furlan, A.5    Kakuma, R.6    Brophy, J.7    Rossignol, M.8
  • 46
    • 58649083487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From randomized controlled trials to observational studies
    • doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.030. PubMed: 19185083
    • Silverman SL (2009) From randomized controlled trials to observational studies. Am J Med 122: 114-120. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.09.030. PubMed: 19185083.
    • (2009) Am J Med , vol.122 , pp. 114-120
    • Silverman, S.L.1
  • 47
    • 0031805377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational research and evidence-based medicine: What should we teach young physicians?
    • doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00025-0. PubMed: 9635995
    • Vandenbroucke JP (1998) Observational research and evidence-based medicine: What should we teach young physicians? J Clin Epidemiol 51: 467-472. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00025-0. PubMed: 9635995.
    • (1998) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.51 , pp. 467-472
    • Vandenbroucke, J.P.1
  • 48
    • 2442649987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When are observational studies as credible as randomised trials?
    • doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16261-2. PubMed: 15158638
    • Vandenbroucke JP (2004) When are observational studies as credible as randomised trials? Lancet 363: 1728-1731. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16261-2. PubMed: 15158638.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 1728-1731
    • Vandenbroucke, J.P.1
  • 49
    • 64049113146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The HRT controversy: Observational studies and RCTs fall in line
    • doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60708-X. PubMed: 19362661
    • Vandenbroucke JP (2009) The HRT controversy: observational studies and RCTs fall in line. Lancet 373: 1233-1235. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60708-X. PubMed: 19362661.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.373 , pp. 1233-1235
    • Vandenbroucke, J.P.1
  • 50
    • 82755165041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do the results of randomised and observational studies differ?
    • doi:10.1136/bmj.d7020. PubMed: 22065658
    • Vandenbroucke JP (2011) Why do the results of randomised and observational studies differ? BMJ 343: d7020. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7020. PubMed: 22065658.
    • (2011) BMJ , vol.343
    • Vandenbroucke, J.P.1
  • 51
    • 0035000904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rare diseases and the assessment of intervention: What sorts of clinical trials can we use?
    • doi:10.1023/A:1010387522195. PubMed: 11405347
    • Wilcken B (2001) Rare diseases and the assessment of intervention: what sorts of clinical trials can we use? J Inherit Metab Dis 24: 291-298. doi:10.1023/A:1010387522195. PubMed: 11405347.
    • (2001) J Inherit Metab Dis , vol.24 , pp. 291-298
    • Wilcken, B.1
  • 52
    • 29044451082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common pitfalls in the conduct of clinical research
    • DOI 10.1159/000089379
    • Zlowodzki M, Jonsson A, Bhandari M (2006) Common pitfalls in the conduct of clinical research. Med Princ Pract 15: 1-8. doi:10.1159/000089379. PubMed: 16340221. (Pubitemid 41790159)
    • (2006) Medical Principles and Practice , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-8
    • Zlowodzki, M.1    Jonsson, A.2    Bhandari, M.3
  • 53
    • 0032585188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unpredictability paradox: Review of empirical comparisons of randomised and non-randomised clinical trials
    • Kunz R, Oxman AD (1998) The unpredictability paradox: review of empirical comparisons of randomised and non-randomised clinical trials. BMJ 317: 1185-1190. doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7167.1185. PubMed: 9794851. (Pubitemid 28488507)
    • (1998) British Medical Journal , vol.317 , Issue.7167 , pp. 1185-1190
    • Kunz, R.1    Oxman, A.D.2
  • 54
    • 38349121134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials
    • MR: 000012. PubMed: 2149141517443633
    • Kunz R, Vist G, Oxman AD (2007) Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: MR: 000012. PubMed: 2149141517443633.
    • (2007) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Kunz, R.1    Vist, G.2    Oxman, A.D.3
  • 56
    • 84868308325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomized, controlled trials
    • doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-6-201209180-00537. PubMed: 22945832
    • Savović J, Jones HE, Altman DG, Harris RJ, Jüni P et al. (2012) Influence of reported study design characteristics on intervention effect estimates from randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 157: 429-438. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-6-201209180-00537. PubMed: 22945832.
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med , vol.157 , pp. 429-438
    • Savović, J.1    Jones, H.E.2    Altman, D.G.3    Harris, R.J.4    Jüni, P.5
  • 57
    • 22144431885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research
    • doi:10.1001/jama. 294.2.218. PubMed: 16014596
    • Ioannidis JP (2005) Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research. JAMA 294: 218-228. doi:10.1001/jama. 294.2.218. PubMed: 16014596.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 218-228
    • Ioannidis, J.P.1
  • 58
    • 0035880296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies
    • doi:10.1001/jama. 286.7.821. PubMed: 11497536
    • Ioannidis JP, Haidich AB, Pappa M, Pantazis N, Kokori SI et al. (2001) Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies. JAMA 286: 821-830. doi:10.1001/jama. 286.7.821. PubMed: 11497536.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.286 , pp. 821-830
    • Ioannidis, J.P.1    Haidich, A.B.2    Pappa, M.3    Pantazis, N.4    Kokori, S.I.5
  • 60
    • 70049099036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies
    • JPT HigginsS Green. Version 510 [updated March 2011]: The Cochrane Collaboration
    • Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC (2011) Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: JPT HigginsS Green. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 510 [updated March 2011]: The Cochrane Collaboration
    • (2011) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions
    • Higgins, J.P.T.1    Altman, D.G.2    Sterne, J.A.C.3
  • 61
    • 68549091011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can observational studies provide a realistic alternative to randomized controlled trials in palliative care?
    • doi:10.1080/15360280902899921. PubMed: 19492211
    • Hadley G, Derry S, Moore RA, Wee B (2009) Can observational studies provide a realistic alternative to randomized controlled trials in palliative care? J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 23: 106-113. doi:10.1080/ 15360280902899921. PubMed: 19492211.
    • (2009) J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother , vol.23 , pp. 106-113
    • Hadley, G.1    Derry, S.2    Moore, R.A.3    Wee, B.4
  • 62
    • 76049101224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of well-designed nonrandomized comparative studies of surgical procedures is as good as randomized controlled trials
    • doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.04.005. PubMed: 19716267
    • Abraham NS, Byrne CJ, Young JM, Solomon MJ (2010) Meta-analysis of well-designed nonrandomized comparative studies of surgical procedures is as good as randomized controlled trials. J Clin Epidemiol 63: 238-245. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.04.005. PubMed: 19716267.
    • (2010) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.63 , pp. 238-245
    • Abraham, N.S.1    Byrne, C.J.2    Young, J.M.3    Solomon, M.J.4
  • 63
    • 84860467522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: A systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials
    • doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70112-2. PubMed: 22440112
    • Algra AM, Rothwell PM (2012) Effects of regular aspirin on long-term cancer incidence and metastasis: a systematic comparison of evidence from observational studies versus randomised trials. Lancet Oncol 13: 518-527. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70112-2. PubMed: 22440112.
    • (2012) Lancet Oncol , vol.13 , pp. 518-527
    • Algra, A.M.1    Rothwell, P.M.2
  • 64
    • 0021843172 scopus 로고
    • Selection bias in clinical trials
    • Antman K, Amato D, Wood W, Carson J, Suit H et al. (1985) Selection bias in clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 3: 1142-1147. PubMed: 4020412. (Pubitemid 15004838)
    • (1985) Journal of Clinical Oncology , vol.3 , Issue.8 , pp. 1142-1147
    • Antman, K.1    Amato, D.2    Wood, W.3
  • 65
    • 77956873794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does mesh offer an advantage over tissue in the open repair of umbilical hernias? A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • doi:10.1007/s10029-010-0705-9. PubMed: 20635190
    • Aslani N, Brown CJ (2010) Does mesh offer an advantage over tissue in the open repair of umbilical hernias? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hernia 14: 455-462. doi:10.1007/s10029-010-0705-9. PubMed: 20635190.
    • (2010) Hernia , vol.14 , pp. 455-462
    • Aslani, N.1    Brown, C.J.2
  • 66
    • 0042969081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are pacifiers associated with early weaning from breastfeeding?
    • doi:10.1016/S1536-0903(02)70003-9. PubMed: 12881939
    • Benis MM (2002) Are pacifiers associated with early weaning from breastfeeding? Adv Neonatal Care 2: 259-266. doi:10.1016/S1536-0903(02)70003-9. PubMed: 12881939.
    • (2002) Adv Neonatal Care , vol.2 , pp. 259-266
    • Benis, M.M.1
  • 67
    • 0034702233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJM200006223422506
    • Benson K, Hartz AJ (2000) A comparison of observational studies and randomized, controlled trials. N Engl J Med 342: 1878-1886. doi:10.1056/ NEJM200006223422506. PubMed: 10861324. (Pubitemid 30419053)
    • (2000) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.342 , Issue.25 , pp. 1878-1886
    • Benson, K.1    Hartz, A.J.2
  • 68
    • 1342326075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchy of evidence: Differences in results between non-randomized studies and randomized trials in patients with femoral neck fractures
    • DOI 10.1007/s00402-003-0559-z
    • Bhandari M, Tornetta P 3rd, Ellis T, Audige L, Sprague S et al. (2004) Hierarchy of evidence: differences in results between non-randomized studies and randomized trials in patients with femoral neck fractures. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 124: 10-16. doi:10.1007/s00402-003-0559-z. PubMed: 14576955. (Pubitemid 38263421)
    • (2004) Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery , vol.124 , Issue.1 , pp. 10-16
    • Bhandari, M.1    Tornetta III, P.2    Ellis, T.3    Audige, L.4    Sprague, S.5    Kuo, J.C.6    Swiontkowski, M.F.7
  • 69
    • 0030468314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomization is important in studies with pain outcomes: Systematic review of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in acute postoperative pain
    • Carroll D, Tramèr M, McQuay H, Nye B, Moore A (1996) Randomization is important in studies with pain outcomes: systematic review of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in acute postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 77: 798-803. doi:10.1093/bja/77.6.798. PubMed: 9014639. (Pubitemid 27023321)
    • (1996) British Journal of Anaesthesia , vol.77 , Issue.6 , pp. 798-803
    • Carroll, D.1    Trame, M.2    McQuay, R.H.3    Nye, B.4    Moore, A.5
  • 70
    • 0021362321 scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery surgery study (CASS): A randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery. Comparability of entry characteristics and survival in randomized patients and nonrandomized patients meeting randomization criteria
    • doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80437-4. PubMed: 6361099
    • (1984) Coronary artery surgery study (CASS): a randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery. Comparability of entry characteristics and survival in randomized patients and nonrandomized patients meeting randomization criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol 3: 114-128. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(84)80437-4. PubMed: 6361099.
    • (1984) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.3 , pp. 114-128
  • 71
    • 84867700269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laparoscopic vs. Open cholecystectomy for cirrhotic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • PubMed: 22193435
    • Cheng Y, Xiong XZ, Wu SJ, Lin YX, Cheng NS (2012) Laparoscopic vs. open cholecystectomy for cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatogastroenterology 59: 1727-1734. PubMed: 22193435.
    • (2012) Hepatogastroenterology , vol.59 , pp. 1727-1734
    • Cheng, Y.1    Xiong, X.Z.2    Wu, S.J.3    Lin, Y.X.4    Cheng, N.S.5
  • 72
    • 84858967875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surfactant lavage therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • doi:10.1159/000329822. PubMed: 22067375
    • Choi HJ, Hahn S, Lee J, Park BJ, Lee SM et al. (2012) Surfactant lavage therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neonatology 101: 183-191. doi:10.1159/000329822. PubMed: 22067375.
    • (2012) Neonatology , vol.101 , pp. 183-191
    • Choi, H.J.1    Hahn, S.2    Lee, J.3    Park, B.J.4    Lee, S.M.5
  • 73
    • 0021722761 scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic cervical bruit and abnormal ocular pneumoplethysmography: A prospective study comparing two approaches to management
    • Clagett GP, Youkey JR, Brigham RA, Orecchia PM, Salander JM et al. (1984) Asymptomatic cervical bruit and abnormal ocular pneumoplethysmography: a prospective study comparing two approaches to management. Surgery 96: 823-830. PubMed: 6387988. (Pubitemid 15209009)
    • (1984) Surgery , vol.96 , Issue.5 , pp. 823-830
    • Clagett, G.P.1    Youkey, J.R.2    Brigham, R.A.3
  • 74
    • 0024600423 scopus 로고
    • How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical
    • Colditz GA, Miller JN, Mosteller F (1989) How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical. Stat Med 8: 441-454. doi:10.1002/sim.4780080408. PubMed: 2727468. (Pubitemid 19105892)
    • (1989) Statistics in Medicine , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. 441-454
    • Colditz, G.A.1    Miller, J.N.2    Mosteller, F.3
  • 75
    • 3843053580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in adults: A systematic review of observational studies and comparison with results from randomised controlled trials
    • doi:10.1016/j.vaccine. 2003.08.050. PubMed: 15297076
    • Conaty S, Watson L, Dinnes J, Waugh N (2004) The effectiveness of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in adults: a systematic review of observational studies and comparison with results from randomised controlled trials. Vaccine 22: 3214-3224. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine. 2003.08.050. PubMed: 15297076.
    • (2004) Vaccine , vol.22 , pp. 3214-3224
    • Conaty, S.1    Watson, L.2    Dinnes, J.3    Waugh, N.4
  • 76
    • 0034702175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJM200006223422507
    • Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI (2000) Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med 342: 1887-1892. doi:10.1056/NEJM200006223422507. PubMed: 10861325. (Pubitemid 30419054)
    • (2000) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.342 , Issue.25 , pp. 1887-1892
    • Concato, J.1    Shah, N.2    Horwitz, R.I.3
  • 78
    • 84863523148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analytic comparison of randomized and nonrandomized studies of breast cancer surgery
    • doi:10.1503/cjs. 023410. PubMed: 22449722
    • Edwards JP, Kelly EJ, Lin Y, Lenders T, Ghali WA et al. (2012) Meta-analytic comparison of randomized and nonrandomized studies of breast cancer surgery. Can J Surg 55: 155-162. doi:10.1503/cjs. 023410. PubMed: 22449722.
    • (2012) Can J Surg , vol.55 , pp. 155-162
    • Edwards, J.P.1    Kelly, E.J.2    Lin, Y.3    Lenders, T.4    Ghali, W.A.5
  • 79
    • 34248157118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: Consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60747-8, PII S0140673607607478
    • Flossmann E, Rothwell PM, British Doctors Aspirin T, the UKTIAAT (2007) Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies. Lancet 369: 1603-1613. (Pubitemid 46710123)
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.369 , Issue.9573 , pp. 1603-1613
    • Flossmann, E.1    Rothwell, P.M.2
  • 80
    • 0033820411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of exposure and ritual prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: Randomized compared with nonrandomized samples
    • doi:10.1037/0022-006X. 68.4.594. PubMed: 10965635
    • Franklin ME, Abramowitz JS, Kozak MJ, Levitt JT, Foa EB (2000) Effectiveness of exposure and ritual prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomized compared with nonrandomized samples. J Consult Clin Psychol 68: 594-602. doi:10.1037/0022-006X. 68.4.594. PubMed: 10965635.
    • (2000) J Consult Clin Psychol , vol.68 , pp. 594-602
    • Franklin, M.E.1    Abramowitz, J.S.2    Kozak, M.J.3    Levitt, J.T.4    Foa, E.B.5
  • 81
    • 40049090521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Comparing results of randomized trials and nonrandomized studies of interventions for low back pain
    • (Phila Pa 1976) PubMed: 18303468
    • Furlan AD, Tomlinson G, Jadad AA, Bombardier C (2008) Examining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: comparing results of randomized trials and nonrandomized studies of interventions for low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 33: 339-348. PubMed: 18303468.
    • (2008) Spine , vol.33 , pp. 339-348
    • Furlan, A.D.1    Tomlinson, G.2    Jadad, A.A.3    Bombardier, C.4
  • 82
    • 38349143676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodological quality and homogeneity influenced agreement between randomized trials and nonrandomized studies of the same intervention for back pain
    • doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.04.019. PubMed: 18226744
    • Furlan AD, Tomlinson G, Jadad AA, Bombardier C (2008) Methodological quality and homogeneity influenced agreement between randomized trials and nonrandomized studies of the same intervention for back pain. J Clin Epidemiol 61: 209-231. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.04.019. PubMed: 18226744.
    • (2008) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.61 , pp. 209-231
    • Furlan, A.D.1    Tomlinson, G.2    Jadad, A.A.3    Bombardier, C.4
  • 83
    • 79957995000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analyses of adverse effects data derived from randomised controlled trials as compared to observational studies: Methodological overview
    • PubMed: 21559325
    • Golder S, Loke YK, Bland M (2011) Meta-analyses of adverse effects data derived from randomised controlled trials as compared to observational studies: methodological overview. PLoS Med 8: e1001026. PubMed: 21559325.
    • (2011) PLoS Med , vol.8
    • Golder, S.1    Loke, Y.K.2    Bland, M.3
  • 84
    • 12944296619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The generalizability of observational data to elderly patients was dependent on the research question in a systematic review
    • DOI 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.10.001, PII S0895435604002501
    • Gross CP, Garg PP, Krumholz HM (2005) The generalizability of observational data to elderly patients was dependent on the research question in a systematic review. J Clin Epidemiol 58: 130-137. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004. 10.001. PubMed: 15680745. (Pubitemid 40174920)
    • (2005) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.58 , Issue.2 , pp. 130-137
    • Gross, C.P.1    Garg, P.P.2    Krumholz, H.M.3
  • 85
    • 0034113388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trials versus observational studies in adolescent pregnancy prevention
    • DOI 10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00160-2, PII S0895435699001602
    • Guyatt GH, DiCenso A, Farewell V, Willan A, Griffith L (2000) Randomized trials versus observational studies in adolescent pregnancy prevention. J Clin Epidemiol 53: 167-174. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(99)00160-2. PubMed: 10729689. (Pubitemid 30151222)
    • (2000) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-174
    • Guyatt, G.H.1    Dicenso, A.2    Farewell, V.3    Willan, A.4    Griffith, L.5
  • 86
    • 44949157858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized clinical trials and observational studies: Guidelines for assessing respective strengths and limitations
    • doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2008.01.008. PubMed: 19463302
    • Hannan EL (2008) Randomized clinical trials and observational studies: guidelines for assessing respective strengths and limitations. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 1: 211-217. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2008.01.008. PubMed: 19463302.
    • (2008) JACC Cardiovasc Interv , vol.1 , pp. 211-217
    • Hannan, E.L.1
  • 87
    • 0023902189 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of predictions based on observational data with the results of randomized controlled clinical trials of coronary artery bypass surgery
    • Hlatky MA, Califf RM, Harrell FE Jr., Lee KL, Mark DB et al. (1988) Comparison of predictions based on observational data with the results of randomized controlled clinical trials of coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 11: 237-245. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(88)90086-1. PubMed: 3276752. (Pubitemid 18051344)
    • (1988) Journal of the American College of Cardiology , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 237-245
    • Hlatky, M.A.1    Califf, R.M.2    Harrrell Jr., F.E.3    Lee, K.L.4    Mark, D.B.5    Pryor, D.B.6
  • 88
    • 80052038237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatments effects from randomized trials and propensity score analyses were similar in similar populations in an example from cardiac surgery
    • doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.005. PubMed: 21482068
    • Kuss O, Legler T, Börgermann J (2011) Treatments effects from randomized trials and propensity score analyses were similar in similar populations in an example from cardiac surgery. J Clin Epidemiol 64:1076-1084. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.005. PubMed: 21482068.
    • (2011) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.64 , pp. 1076-1084
    • Kuss, O.1    Legler, T.2    Börgermann, J.3
  • 89
    • 2442678802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Those confounded vitamins: What can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence?
    • DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16260-0, PII S0140673604162600
    • Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Kundu D, Bruckdorfer KR, Ebrahim S (2004) Those confounded vitamins: what can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence? Lancet 363: 1724-1727. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16260-0. PubMed: 15158637. (Pubitemid 38670332)
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , Issue.9422 , pp. 1724-1727
    • Lawlor, D.A.1    Smith, G.D.2    Kundu, D.3    Bruckdorfer, K.R.4    Ebrahim, S.5
  • 90
    • 78349270196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reported effects in randomized controlled trials were compared with those of nonrandomized trials in cholecystectomy
    • doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.12.009. PubMed: 20346627
    • Müeller D, Sauerland S, Neugebauer EA, Immenroth M (2010) Reported effects in randomized controlled trials were compared with those of nonrandomized trials in cholecystectomy. J Clin Epidemiol 63: 1082-1090. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.12.009. PubMed: 20346627.
    • (2010) J Clin Epidemiol , vol.63 , pp. 1082-1090
    • Müeller, D.1    Sauerland, S.2    Neugebauer, E.A.3    Immenroth, M.4
  • 91
    • 79958167513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antidepressant response in major depressive disorder: A meta-regression comparison of randomized controlled trials and observational studies
    • doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020811. PubMed: 21687681
    • Naudet F, Maria AS, Falissard B (2011) Antidepressant response in major depressive disorder: a meta-regression comparison of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. PLOS ONE 6: e20811. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0020811. PubMed: 21687681.
    • (2011) PLOS ONE , vol.6
    • Naudet, F.1    Maria, A.S.2    Falissard, B.3
  • 92
    • 33644752689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of evidence on harms of medical interventions in randomized and nonrandomized studies
    • doi:10.1503/cmaj. 050873. PubMed: 16505459
    • Papanikolaou PN, Christidi GD, Ioannidis JP (2006) Comparison of evidence on harms of medical interventions in randomized and nonrandomized studies. CMAJ 174: 635-641. doi:10.1503/cmaj. 050873. PubMed: 16505459.
    • (2006) CMAJ , vol.174 , pp. 635-641
    • Papanikolaou, P.N.1    Christidi, G.D.2    Ioannidis, J.P.3
  • 93
    • 0032731973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of observational databases to evaluate the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: Comparison of cohort studies with randomized trials
    • DOI 10.1097/00002030-199910220-00010
    • Phillips AN, Grabar S, Tassie JM, Costagliola D, Lundgren JD et al. (1999) Use of observational databases to evaluate the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection: comparison of cohort studies with randomized trials. EuroSIDA, the French Hospital Database on HIV and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study Groups. AIDS 13: 2075-2082. doi:10.1097/00002030-199910220- 00010. PubMed: 10546860. (Pubitemid 29509584)
    • (1999) AIDS , vol.13 , Issue.15 , pp. 2075-2082
    • Phillips, A.N.1    Grabar, S.2    Tassie, J.-M.3    Costagliola, D.4    Lundgren, J.D.5    Egger, M.6
  • 94
    • 0027942992 scopus 로고
    • Worldwide collaborative observational study and meta-analysis on allogenic leukocyte immunotherapy for recurrent spontaneous abortion
    • Recurrent Miscarriage Immunotherapy Trialists Group
    • (1994) Worldwide collaborative observational study and meta-analysis on allogenic leukocyte immunotherapy for recurrent spontaneous abortion. Recurrent Miscarriage Immunotherapy Trialists Group. Am J Reprod Immunol 32: 55-72.
    • (1994) Am J Reprod Immunol , vol.32 , pp. 55-72
  • 95
    • 0034894575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generalizability of trial results based on randomized versus nonrandomized allocation of OME infants to ventilation tubes or watchful waiting
    • DOI 10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00340-7, PII S0895435601003407
    • Rovers MM, Straatman H, Ingels K, van der Wilt GJ, van den Broek P et al. (2001) Generalizability of trial results based on randomized versus nonrandomized allocation of OME infants to ventilation tubes or watchful waiting. J Clin Epidemiol 54: 789-794. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00340-7. PubMed: 11470387. (Pubitemid 32722182)
    • (2001) Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , vol.54 , Issue.8 , pp. 789-794
    • Rovers, M.M.1    Straatman, H.2    Ingels, K.3    Van Der, W.G.-J.4    Van Den, B.P.5    Zielhuis, G.A.6
  • 96
    • 42649089469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence from nonrandomized studies: A case study on the estimation of causal effects
    • DOI 10.1093/aje/kwn010
    • Schmoor C, Caputo A, Schumacher M (2008) Evidence from nonrandomized studies: a case study on the estimation of causal effects. Am J Epidemiol 167: 1120-1129. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn010. PubMed: 18334500. (Pubitemid 351601242)
    • (2008) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.167 , Issue.9 , pp. 1120-1129
    • Schmoor, C.1    Caputo, A.2    Schumacher, M.3
  • 97
    • 77951934362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of randomization to weight loss on total mortality in older overweight and obese adults: The ADAPT Study
    • PubMed: 20080875
    • Shea MK, Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Messier SP, Davis CC et al. (2010) The effect of randomization to weight loss on total mortality in older overweight and obese adults: the ADAPT Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 65: 519-525. PubMed: 20080875.
    • (2010) J Gerontol a Biol Sci Med Sci , vol.65 , pp. 519-525
    • Shea, M.K.1    Houston, D.K.2    Nicklas, B.J.3    Messier, S.P.4    Davis, C.C.5
  • 98
    • 33750344926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of effects in randomized controlled trials with observational studies in digestive surgery
    • DOI 10.1097/01.sla.0000225356.04304.bc, PII 0000065820061100000009
    • Shikata S, Nakayama T, Noguchi Y, Taji Y, Yamagishi H (2006) Comparison of effects in randomized controlled trials with observational studies in digestive surgery. Ann Surg 244: 668-676. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000225356.04304. bc. PubMed: 17060757. (Pubitemid 44629938)
    • (2006) Annals of Surgery , vol.244 , Issue.5 , pp. 668-676
    • Shikata, S.1    Nakayama, T.2    Noguchi, Y.3    Taji, Y.4    Yamagishi, H.5
  • 99
    • 82755165006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic effect size of cardiovascular biomarkers in datasets from observational studies versus randomised trials: Meta-epidemiology study
    • doi:10.1136/bmj.d6829. PubMed: 22065657
    • Tzoulaki I, Siontis KC, Ioannidis JP (2011) Prognostic effect size of cardiovascular biomarkers in datasets from observational studies versus randomised trials: meta-epidemiology study. BMJ 343: d6829. doi:10.1136/bmj. d6829. PubMed: 22065657.
    • (2011) BMJ , vol.343
    • Tzoulaki, I.1    Siontis, K.C.2    Ioannidis, J.P.3
  • 100
    • 36448963769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overall Survival in the Intervention Arm of a Randomized Controlled Screening Trial for Prostate Cancer Compared with a Clinically Diagnosed Cohort
    • DOI 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.06.001, PII S0302283807007786
    • Vis AN, Roemeling S, Reedijk AM, Otto SJ, Schröder FH (2008) Overall survival in the intervention arm of a randomized controlled screening trial for prostate cancer compared with a clinically diagnosed cohort. Eur Urol 53: 91-98. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2007.06.001. PubMed: 17583416. (Pubitemid 350166711)
    • (2008) European Urology , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-98
    • Vis, A.N.1    Roemeling, S.2    Reedijk, A.M.J.3    Otto, S.J.4    Schroder, F.H.5
  • 101
    • 55049135606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of patients who participate in randomized controlled trials compared to similar patients receiving similar interventions who do not participate
    • MR: 000009
    • Vist GE, Bryant D, Somerville L, Birminghem T, Oxman AD (2008) Outcomes of patients who participate in randomized controlled trials compared to similar patients receiving similar interventions who do not participate. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: MR: 000009.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev
    • Vist, G.E.1    Bryant, D.2    Somerville, L.3    Birminghem, T.4    Oxman, A.D.5
  • 102
    • 77950933699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bisphosphonates and osteoporotic fractures: A cross-design synthesis of results among compliant/persistent postmenopausal women in clinical practice versus randomized controlled trials
    • doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0991-1. PubMed: 19572092
    • Wilkes MM, Navickis RJ, Chan WW, Lewiecki EM (2010) Bisphosphonates and osteoporotic fractures: a cross-design synthesis of results among compliant/persistent postmenopausal women in clinical practice versus randomized controlled trials. Osteoporos Int 21: 679-688. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0991-1. PubMed: 19572092.
    • (2010) Osteoporos Int , vol.21 , pp. 679-688
    • Wilkes, M.M.1    Navickis, R.J.2    Chan, W.W.3    Lewiecki, E.M.4
  • 103
    • 7044227565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why results of clinical trials and observational studies of antitumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy differ: Methodological and interpretive issues
    • DOI 10.1136/ard.2004.028530
    • Wolfe F, Michaud K, Dewitt EM (2004) Why results of clinical trials and observational studies of antitumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy differ: methodological and interpretive issues. Ann Rheum Dis 63 Suppl 2: ii13-ii17. PubMed: 15479864. (Pubitemid 39424652)
    • (2004) Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases , vol.63 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Wolfe, F.1    Michaud, K.2    DeWitt, E.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.