The importance of large-diameter trees to forest structural heterogeneity

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 12, 2013, Pages

  Lutz, James A ^a   Larson, Andrew J ^b   Freund, James A ^c   Swanson, Mark E ^d   Bible, Kenneth J ^c  

^a UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DOUGLAS FIR; FOREST STRUCTURE; NONHUMAN; SCRUB; SPECIES COMPOSITION; SPECIES RICHNESS; THUJA; THUJA PLICATA; TREE; TSUGA; TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA; WOODY STEM; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; FOREST; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; UNITED STATES;

FORESTS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; TREES; WASHINGTON;

EID: 84893360885     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082784     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Franklin JF, Spies TA, Van Pelt R, Carey AB, Thornburgh DA, et al. (2002) Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management 155: 399-423. (Pubitemid 34107916)
2. Franklin JF, Van Pelt R (2004) Spatial aspects of complexity in old-growth forests. Journal of Forestry 102: 22-28.
3. Lindenmayer DB, Laurence WF, Franklin JF (2012) Global decline in large old trees. Science 338: 1305-1306.
4. Lindenmayer DB, Blanchard W, McBurney L, Blair D, Banks S, et al. (2012) Interacting factors driving a major loss of large trees with cavities in a forest ecosystem. PLOS ONE 7(10): e41864.
5. Clark DB, Clark DA (1996) Abundance, growth, and mortality of very large trees in a Neotropical lowland rain forest. Forest Ecology and Management 80: 235-244.
6. Lutz JA, Larson AJ, Swanson ME, Freund JA (2012) Ecological importance of large-diameter trees in a temperate mixed-conifer forest. PLoS ONE 7(5): e36131.
7. Kane VR, Gersonde RF, Lutz JA, McGaughey RJ, Bakker JD, et al. (2011) Patch dynamics and the development of structural and spatial heterogeneity in Pacific Northwest forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41: 2276-2291.
8. Larson AJ, Churchill D (2012) Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments. Forest Ecology and Management 267: 74-92.
9. Kane VR, North M, Lutz JA, Churchill D, Roberts SL, et al. (in press) Assessing fire-mediated change to forest spatial structure using a fusion of Landsat and airborne LiDAR data in Yosemite National Park. Remote Sensing of Environment.
10. Van Pelt R, Nadkarni NM (2004) Development of canopy structure in Pseudotsuga menziesii forests in the southern Washington Cascades. Forest Science 50: 326-341. (Pubitemid 39009359)
11. Kane VR, Bakker JD, McGaughey RJ, Lutz JA, Gersonde R, et al. (2010) Examining conifer canopy structural complexity across forest ages and zones with LiDAR data. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40: 774-787.
12. Van Pelt R, Sillett SC (2008) Crown development of coastal Pseudotsuga menziesii, including a conceptual model for tall conifers. Ecological Monographs 78: 283-311.
13. Sillett SC, Van Pelt R (2007) Trunk reiteration promotes epiphytes and water storage in an old-growth redwood forest canopy. Ecological Monographs 77: 335-359. (Pubitemid 351342488)
14. Larson AJ, Franklin JF (2010) The tree mortality regime in temperate old-growth coniferous forests: the role of physical damage. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40: 2091-2103.
15. Asner GP, Powell GVN, Mascaro J, Knapp DE, Clark JK, et al. (2010) Highresolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 16738-16742.
16. Chisholm RA, Muller-Landau HC, Abd. Rahman K, Bebber DP, Bin Y, et al. (2013) Scale-dependent relationships between species richness and ecosystem function in forests. Journal of Ecology 101: 1214-1224.
17. Chen J, Song B, Moeur M, Rudnicki M, Bible K, et al. (2004) Spatial relationships of production and species distribution in an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest. Forest Science 50: 364-375. (Pubitemid 39009362)
18. North M, Chen J, Oakley B, Song B, Rudnicki M, et al. (2004) Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests. Forest Science 50: 299-311. (Pubitemid 39009357)
19. Kolden CA, Lutz JA, Key CH, Kane JT, van Wagtendonk JW (2012) Mapped versus actual burned area within wildfire perimeters: characterizing the unburned. Forest Ecology and Management 286: 38-47.
20. Condit R, Ashton PS, Baker P, Bunyavejchewin S, Gunatilleke S, et al. (2000) Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species. Science 288: 1414-1418. (Pubitemid 30366326)
21. Kenkel NC (1988) Pattern of self-thinning in jack pine: testing the random mortality hypothesis. Ecology 69: 1017-1024.
22. Getzin S, Dean C, He F, Trofymow JA, Wiegand K, et al. (2006) Spatial patterns and competition of tree species in a Douglas-fir chronosequence on Vancouver Island. Ecography 29: 671-682. (Pubitemid 44630194)
23. Franklin JF, Johnson KN (2012) A restoration framework for federal forests in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Forestry 110: 429-439.
24. Grier CC, Logan RS (1977) Old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii communities of a western Oregon watershed: biomass distribution and production budgets. Ecological Monographs 47: 373-400.
25. Van Pelt, R. and N.M. Nadkarni. 2004. Development of canopy structure in Pseudotsuga menziesii forests in the southern Washington Cascades. Forest Science 50: 326-341. (Pubitemid 39009359)
26. Braun DM, Runcheng B, Shaw DC, VanScoy M (2002) Folivory of vine maple in an old-growth Douglas-fir - western hemlock forest. Northwest Science 76: 315-321. (Pubitemid 36029196)
27. Ruchty A, Rosso AL, McCune B (2001) Changes in epiphyte communities as the shrub, Acer circinatum, develops and ages. The Bryologist 104(2): 274-281. (Pubitemid 32653053)
28. Canham CD, LePage PT, Coates KD (2004) A neighborhood analysis of canopy tree competition: effects of shading versus crowding. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 778-787. (Pubitemid 38818982)
29. Parish R, Antos JA (2004) Structure and dynamics of an ancient montane forest in coastal British Columbia. Oecologia 141: 562-576. (Pubitemid 40033024)
30. Antos JA, Guest HJ, Parish R (2005) The tree seedling bank in an ancient montane forest: stress tolerators in a productive habitat. Journal of Ecology 93: 536-543. (Pubitemid 40801920)
31. Larson AJ, Churchill D (2008) Spatial patterns of overstory trees in late-successional conifer forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38: 2814-2825.
32. Das A, Battles J, Stephenson NL, van Mantgem PJ (2011) The contribution of competition to tree mortality in old-growth coniferous forests. Forest Ecology and Management 261: 1203-1213.
33. Franklin JF, DeBell DS (1988) Thirty-six years of tree population change in an old-growth Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18: 633-639. (Pubitemid 19320873)
34. Shaw DC, Franklin JF, Bible K, Klopatek J, Feeman E, et al. (2004) Ecological setting of the Wind River old-growth forest. Ecosystems 7: 427-439. (Pubitemid 39104309)
35. Das AJ, Stephenson NL, Flint A, Das T, van Mantgem PJ (2013) Climatic correlates of tree mortality in water- and energy-limited forests. PLoS ONE 8(7): e69917.
36. Larson AJ, Franklin JF (2006) Structural segregation and scales of spatial dependency in Abies amabilis forests. Journal of Vegetation Science 17: 489-498.
37. Van Pelt, R., and J.F. Franklin. 1999. Response of understory trees to experimental gaps in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applications 9: 504-512. (Pubitemid 29221229)
38. Wiegand T, Moloney KA (2004) Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos 104: 209-229. (Pubitemid 38143430)
39. Slik JWF, Paoli G, McGuire K, Amaral I, Barroso J, et al. (2013) Large trees drive forest aboveground biomass variation in moist lowland forests across the tropics. Global Ecology and Biogeography. doi: 10.1111/geb.12092.
40. Fortin MJ, Dale M (2005) Spatial analysis: a guide for ecologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
41. Franklin JF, Dyrness CT (1988) Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
42. Topik C, Halversen NM, Brockway DG (1986) Plant association and management guide for the western hemlock zone, Gifford Pinchot National Forest. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, R6-ECOL-230A-1986.
43. Halpern CB, Lutz JA (2013) Canopy closure exerts weak controls on understory dynamics: a 30-year study of overstory-understory interactions. Ecological Monographs 83(2): 19-35.
44. Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. (1993 +) Flora of North America North of Mexico. 16+ vols. New York and Oxford.
45. PRISM (2004) 800-m Climate Normals (1971-2000). PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
46. Daly C, Halbleib M, Smith JI, Gibson WP, Dogett MK, et al. (2008) Physiographically-sensitive mapping of temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United State. International Journal of Climatology 28: 2031-2064.
47. Lutz JA, van Wagtendonk JW, Franklin JF (2010) Climatic water deficit, tree species ranges, and climate change in Yosemite National Park. Journal of Biogeography 37: 936-950.
48. Winter LE, Brubaker LB, Franklin JF, Miller EA, DeWitt DQ (2002) Canopy disturbance over the five-century lifetime of an old-growth Douglas-fir stand in the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32: 1057-1070. (Pubitemid 35409704)
49. Lutz JA, Halpern CB (2006) Tree mortality during early forest development: a long-term study of rates, causes, and consequences. Ecological Monographs 76: 257-275.
50. Furniss RL, Carolin VM (1977) Western Forest Insects. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1339, Washington DC.
51. Edmonds RL, Agee JK, Gara RI (2000) Forest health and protection. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
52. Swanson ME, Shaw DC, Marosi TK (2006) Distribution of western hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium tsugense [Rosendahl] G.N. Jones subsp. tsugense) in mature and old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) forests. Northwest Science 80: 207-217. (Pubitemid 46141006)
53. Hawksworth FG, Wiens D (1996) Dwarf mistletoes: biology, pathology, and systematics. USDA Agriculture Handbook 709, USDS Forest Service, Washington DC.
54. Condit R (1998) Tropical forest census plots. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Georgetown: R.G. Landes Company. 211 p.
55. Diggle P (2003) Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns. Arnold, London, UK.
56. Goreaud F, Pélissier R (2003) Avoiding misinterpretation of biotic interactions with the intertype K12-function: population independence vs. random labeling hypotheses. Journal of Vegetation Science 14: 681-692. (Pubitemid 37353675)
57. Loosmore NL, Ford ED (2006) Statistical inference using the G or K point pattern spatial statistics. Ecology 87: 1925-1931.
58. R Development Core Team (2011) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/.
59. Baddeley A, Turner R (2005) Spatstat: an R package for analyzing spatial point patterns. Journal of Statistical Software 12(6): 1-42. (Pubitemid 40218000)