Spatial and temporal variability of snow bulk density and seasonal snow densification behavior in Finland

Geophysica

Volumn 49, Issue 1-2, 2013, Pages 53-74

  Rasmus, Sirpa ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ   (Finland)

Author keywords

Snow; Snow density; Snow surveys; Snow zonation

Indexed keywords

BULK DENSITY; MAPPING; MELTING; SNOW COVER; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TRANSITION ZONE;

FINLAND; JOKIOINEN; KANTA-HAME; KESKI-SUOMI; KITTILA; KONNEVESI; LAPPI [FINLAND];

EID: 84893204712     PISSN: 03674231     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Brown, R.L., M. Barber, M.Q. Edens and A. Sato, 1997. Equitemperature metamorphism of snow. In Izumi, Nakamura and Sack (eds), Snow engineering: Recent Advances, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Snow Engineering 1996.
2. Brooks, P.D. and M.W. Williams, 1999. Snowpack controls on nitrogen cycling and export in seasonally snow-covered catchments, Hydrological Processes, 13, 2177-2190.
3. Colbeck, S.C., 1982. An Overview of Seasonal Snow Metamorphism, Reviews of Geophysics and space physics, 20(1), 45-61.
4. Davis, R.E., J.P. Hardy, W. Ni, W. Woodcock, C.J. McKenzie, R. Jordan, and X. Li, 1997. Variation of snow cover ablation in the boreal forest: A sensitivity study on the effects of conifer canopy, J. of Geophys. Res., 102(N24), 29 389-29 396.
5. Eccard, A.J. and H. Ylönen, 2001. Onset of spring reproduction in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) a matter of food, competition or density? Can. J. Zool., 79, 1743-1753.
6. Essery, R., J. Pomeroy, C. Ellis and T. Link, 2008. Modelling longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopies using hemispherical photography or linear regression, Hydrological Processes, 22, 2788-2800.
7. Fierz, C. and T. Baunach, 2000. Quantifying grain-shape changes in snow subjected to large temperature gradients, Annals of Glaciology, 32, 439-444.
8. Fukuzawa, T. and E. Akitaya, 1993. Depth-hoar crystal growth in the surface layer under high temperature gradient, Annals of Glaciology, 18, 39-45.
9. Hansson, L. and H. Henttonen, 1985. Gradients in cyclicity of small rodents: importance of latitude and snow cover, Oecologia, 67, 394-402.
10. Harding, R.J. and J.W. Pomeroy, 1996. The energy balance of the winter boreal landscape, J. Climate, 9, 2778-2787.
11. Hardy, J.P., R. Melloh, G. Koenig, D. Marks, A. Winstral, J.W. Pomeroy, 2004. Solar radiation transmission through conifer canopies, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 126, 257-270.
12. Hurrell, J.W., H. Van Loon, 1997. Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, Climatic Change, 36, 301-326.
13. IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp.
14. Kellomäki, S., M. Maajärvi, H. Strandman, A. Kilpeläinen and H. Peltola, 2010. Model computations on the climate change effects on snow cover, soil moisture and soil frost in the boreal conditions over Finland, Silva Fennica, 44(2), 213-233.
15. Kumpula, J. and A. Colpaert, 2007. Snow conditions and usability value of pastureland for semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in northern boreal forest area, Rangifer, 27, 25-39.
16. Kuusisto, E., 1984. Snow accumulation and snow melt in Finland, Publications of the Water Research Institute 55, Helsinki.
17. Lindén, H., 1981. Does duration and predictability of the winter affect the wintering success of the capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus? Finnish Game Research, 39, 79-89.
18. Lundberg, A. and H. Koivusalo, 2003. Estimating winter evaporation in boreal forests with operational snow course data, Hydrological Processes, 17, 1479-1493.
19. Marbouty, D., 1980. An experimental study of temperature-gradient metamorphism, Journal of Glaciology, 26(94), 303-312.
20. McKay, G.A. and D.M. Gray, 1981. The distribution of snowcover. In Gray, D.M. and D.H. Male (eds), Handbook of Snow, Pergamon Press, Canada. Reprint by The Blackburn Press, USA, 153-190.
21. Mustonen, S., 1965. Ilmasto-ja maastotekijöiden vaikutuksesta lumen vesiarvoon ja roudan syvyyteen, Acta Forestalia Fennica, 79.
22. Nesje, A., O. Lie, S.O. Dahl, 2000. Is the North Atlantic Oscillation reflected in Scandinavian glacier mass balance records? J. Quaternary Sci., 15, 587-601.
23. Oksanen, T., 1999. Suomen lumipeitteen alueellinen vaihtelu, M. Sc. Thesis, University of Helsinki.
24. Perälä, J. and M. Reuna, 1990. Lumen vesiarvon alueellinen ja ajallinen vaihtelu Suomessa, Publications of Water and Environment Research Institute A 56, Helsinki.
25. Pomeroy, J.W. and K. Dion, 1996. Winter radiation extinction and reflection in a boreal pine canopy: measurements and modeling, Hydrological Processes, 10, 1591-1608.
26. Pomeroy, J.W. and D.M. Gray, 1995. Snow Accumulation, Relocation and Management, National Hydrology Research Institute Science Report 7, Environment Canada, Saskatoon.
27. Pomeroy, J.W. and D.M. Gray, 1990. Saltation of snow, Water Resources Res., 26(7), 1583-1594.
28. Rasmus, S., 2005. Snow pack structure characteristics in Finland-measurements and modeling, Report Series in Geophysics 48, University of Helsinki.
29. Rasmus.S., 1999. Lumipeitteen rakenne ja rakenteen muutos talven aikana Etelä-ja Pohjois-Suomessa, M. Sc. Thesis, University of Helsinki.
30. Repo, T., T. Kalliokoski, T. Domisch, T. Lehto, H. Mannerkoski, S. Sutinen and L. Finér, 2005. Effects of timing of soil frost thawing on Scots pine, Tree Physiol., 25, 1053-1062.
31. Reuna, M., 1994. An operational grid method for estimation of the areal water equivalent of snow, Geophysica, 30(1-2), 107-121.
32. Rowlands A, J. Pomeroy, J. Hardy, D. Marks, K. Elder and R. Melloh, 2002. Smallscale spatial variability of radiant energy for snowmelt in a mid-latitude subalpine forest, Proceedings of the 59th Eastern Snow Conference, 2002, 109-118.
33. Räisänen, J. and 8 others. 2003. GCM driven simulations of recent and future climate with the Rossby Centre coupled atmosphere-Baltic Sea regional climate model RCAO, SMHI Reports of Meteorology and Climatology 101, Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Institut, Norrköping.
34. Simojoki, H. and M. Seppänen, 1963. On the vertical distribution of the density of the snow cover, Geophysica, 7(4).
35. Solantie, R., A. Drebs, E. Hellsten and P. Saurio, 1996. Lumipeitteen tulo-, lähtö-ja kestoajoista Suomessa talvina 1960/61-1992/1993, Meteorologisia julkaisuja 34, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki.
36. Sturm, M. and J. Holmgren, 1998. Differences in compaction behaviour of three climate classes of snow, Annals of Glaciology, 26, 125-130.
37. Sturm, M., J. Holmgren, and G.E. Liston, 1995. A seasonal snow cover classification scheme for local to global applications, J. Climate, 8(5), 1261-1283.
38. Stähli M and D. Gustafsson, 2006. Long-term investigations of the snow cover in a subalpine semi-forested catchment, Hydrological Processes, 20, 411-428.
39. Vajda, A., A. Venäläinen, P. Hänninen, and R. Sutinen. 2006. Effect of snow cover at the northern timberline: a case study in Finnish Lapland, Silva Fennica, 40(2), 195-207.
40. Veatch, W., P.D. Brooks, J.R. Gustafson and N.P. Molotch, 2009. Quantifying the effects of forest canopy cover on net snow accumulation at a continental, midlatitude site, Ecohydrol, 2(2), 115-128.
41. Vehviläinen, B., 1992. Snow cover models in operational watershed forecasting, Publications of Water and Environment Research Institute, 11, Helsinki.
42. Venäläinen, A., H. Tuomenvirta, M. Heikinheimo, S. Kellomäki, H. Peltola, H. Strandman and H. Väisänen, 2001. Impact of climate change on soil frost under snow cover in a forested landscape, Climate Research, 17, 63-72.