Predation control of zooplankton dynamics: A review of observations and models

ICES Journal of Marine Science

Volumn 71, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 254-271

  Daewel, Ute ^a   Hjøllo, Solfrid Sætre ^b   Huret, Martin ^c   Ji, Rubao ^d   Maar, Marie ^e   Niiranen, Susa ^f   Travers Trolet, Morgane ^c   Peck, Myron A ^g   Van De Wolfshaar, Karen E ^h  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b INSTITUTE OF MARINE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^c IFREMER   (France)

^d WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^e AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^f STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^g UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^h WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

ecosystem models; regional Atlantic ecosystems; trophic control; zooplankton; zooplankton closure term

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; LITERATURE REVIEW; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; MORTALITY; NUMERICAL MODEL; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PREDATION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; TROPHIC CONTROL; ZOOPLANKTON;

ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 84893048112     PISSN: 10543139     EISSN: 10959289     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fst125     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. Aksnes, D. L.; and Blindheim, J. 1996. Circulation patterns in the North Atlantic and possible impact on population dynamics of Calanus finmarchicus. Ophelia, 44: 7-28.
2. Aksnes, D. L.; and Ohman, M. D. 1996. Avertical life table approach to zooplankton mortality estimation. Limnology and Oceanography, 41: 1461-1469.
3. Albaina, A.; and Irigoien, X. 2004. Relationships between frontal structures and zooplankton communities along a cross-shelf transect in the Bay of Biscay (1995 to 2003). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 284: 65-75.
4. Alheit, J.;Möllmann, C.; Dutz, J.;Kornilovs, G.; Loewe, P.;Mohrholz, V.; andWasmund, N. 2005. Synchronous ecological regime shifts in the central Baltic and the North Sea in the late 1980s. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 1205-1215.
5. Arrhenius, F.; and Hansson, S. 1993. Food consumption of larval, young and adult herring and sprat in the Baltic Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 96: 125-137.
6. Aydin, K.; McFarlane, G.; King, J.; Megrey, B.; and Myers, K. 2005. Linking oceanic food webs to coastal production and growth rates of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), using models on three scales. Deep Sea Research II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 52: 339-359.
7. Baird, M. E.; and Suthers, I. M. 2007. A size-resolved pelagic ecosystem model. Ecological Modelling, 203: 185-203.
8. Beaugrand, G.; Brander, K. M.; Alistair Lindley, J.; Souissi, S.; and Reid, P. C. 2003. Plankton effect on cod recruitment in the North Sea. Nature, 426: 661-664.
9. Beaugrand, G.; and Ibanez, F. 2000. Spatial, seasonal and long-term fluctuations of plankton in relation to hydroclimatic features in the English Channel, Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 200: 93-102.
10. Beaugrand, G.; Ibanez, F.; and Lindley, J.A. 2001. Geographical distribution and seasonal and diel changes in the diversity of calanoid copepods in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 219: 189-203.
11. Beaugrand, G.; and Reid, P. C. 2003. Long-term changes in phytoplankton, zooplankton and salmon related to climate. Global Change Biology, 9: 801-817.
12. Bigelow, H. B. 1924. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. In Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, pp. 1-507. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
13. Blanchard, J. L.; Jennings, S.; Law, R.; Castle, M. D.; McCloghrie, P.; Rochet, M.-J.; and Benoît, E. 2009. How does abundance scale with body size in coupled size-structured food webs? Journal of Animal Ecology, 78: 270-280.
14. Brooks, J. L.; and Dodson, S. I. 1965. Predation, body size, and composition of plankton. Science, 150: 28-35.
15. Bryant, A. D.; Heath, M. R.; Broekhuizen, N.; Ollason, J. G.; Gurney, W. S. C.; and Greenstreet, S. P. R. 1995. Modeling the predation, growth and population dynamics of fish within a spatially-resolved shelf-sea ecosystem model. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 33: 407-421.
16. Carlotti, F.; and Poggiale, J. C. 2009. Towards methodological approaches to implement the zooplankton component in "end to end" food-web models. Progress in Oceanography, 84: 20-38.
17. Casini, M.; Hjelm, J.; Molinero, J-M.; Lövgren, J.; Cardinale, M.; Bartolino, V.; Belgrano, A.; et al. 2009. Trophic cascades promote threshold-like shifts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 106: 197-202.
18. Casini, M.; Lövgren, J.; Hjelm, J.; Cardinale, M.; Molinero, J-C.; and Kornilovs, G. 2008. Multi-level trophic cascades in a heavily exploited open marine ecosystem. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B: Biological Sciences, 275: 1793-1801.
19. Christensen, V.; Ferdana, Z.; and Steenbeek, J. 2009. Spatial optimization of protected area placement incorporating ecological, social and economical criteria. Ecological Modelling, 220: 2583-2593.
20. Christensen, V.; and Pauly, D. 1992. ECOPATH II-a software for balancing steady-state ecosystem models and calculating network characteristics. Ecological Modelling, 61: 169-185.
21. Christensen, V.; andWalters, C. J. 2004. Ecopath with Ecosim: methods, capabilities and limitations. Ecological Modelling, 172: 109-139.
22. Colebrook, J. M.; Environment, N.; Place, P.; and Hoe, T. 1984. Continuous plankton records: relationships between species of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the seasonal cycle. Marine Biology, 323: 313-323.
23. Courant, R.; Friedrichs, K.; and Lewy, H. 1928. Ü ber die partiellen Differenzengleichungen der mathematischen Physik. Mathematische Annalen, 100: 32-74.
24. Cury, P.; Bakun, A.; Crawford, R. J. M.; Jarre, A.; Quinones, R. A.; Shannon, L. J.; and Verheye, H. M. 2000. Small pelagics in upwelling systems: patterns of interaction and structural changes in "waspwaist" ecosystems. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 603-618.
25. Daan, N.; Bromley, P. J.; Hislop, J.R. G.; and Nielsen, N. A. 1990. Ecology of North Sea fish. The Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 26: 343-386.
26. Daewel, U.; Peck, M. A.; Kühn, W.; St. John, M. A.; Alekseeva, I.; and Schrum, C. 2008a. Coupling ecosystem and individual-based models to simulate the influence of environmental variability on potential growth and survival of larval sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.) in the North Sea. Fisheries Oceanography, 17: 333-351.
27. Daewel, U.; Peck, M. A.; and Schrum, C. 2011. Life history strategy and impacts of environmental variability on early life stages of two marine fishes in the North Sea: an individual-based modelling approach. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 68: 426-443.
28. Daewel, U.;Peck, M.A.; Schrum, C.; and St. John, M.A. 2008b.Howbest to include the effects of climate-driven forcing on prey fields in larval fish individual-based models. Journal of PlanktonResearch, 30: 1-5.
29. Daewel, U.; and Schrum, C. 2013. Simulating long-term dynamics of the coupled North Sea and Baltic Sea ecosystem with ECOSMO II: model description and validation. Journal of Marine Systems, 119-120: 30-49.
30. Davis, C. S. 1984. Predatory control of copepod seasonal cycles on Georges Bank. Marine Biology, 82: 31-40.
31. Davis, C. S. 1987. Zooplankton life cycles. In Georges Bank, pp. 256-267. Ed. by R. H. Backus, and D. W. Bourne. MIT Press
32. Cambridge, MA. deYoung, B.; Heath, M.;Werner, F.; Chai, F.;Megrey, B.; and Monfray, P. 2004. Challenges of modeling ocean basin ecosystems. Science, 304: 1463-1466.
33. Dickmann, M.; Möllmann, C.; and Voss, R. 2007. Feeding ecology of central Baltic sprat Sprattus sprattus larvae in relation to zooplankton dynamics?: implications for survival. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 342: 277-289.
34. Dinasquet, J.; Titelman, J.; Møller, L.; Setälä, O.; Granhag, L.; Andersen, T.; Bamstedt, U.; et al. 2012. Cascading effects of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi on the planktonic food web in a nutrient-limited estuarine system. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 460: 49-61.
35. Dulvy, N. K.; Rogers, S. I.; Jennings, S.; Stelzenmller, V.; Dye, S. R.; and Skjoldal, H. R. 2008. Climate change and deepening of the North Sea fish assemblage: a biotic indicator of warming seas. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45: 1029-1039.
36. Dupuy, C.; Talarmin, A.; Hartmann, H. J.; Delmas,D.; Courties, C.; and Marquis, E. 2011. Community structure and grazing of the nanomicrozooplankton on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 95: 1-13.
37. Durbin, E. G.; Campbell, R. G.; Casas, M. C.; Niehoff, B.; Runge, J. A.; and Wagner, M. 2003. Interannual variation in phytoplankton blooms and zooplankton productivity and abundance in the Gulf of Maine during winter. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 254: 81-100.
38. Durbin, E. G.; and Casas, M. C. 2006. Abundance and spatial distribution of copepods on Georges Bank during the winter/spring period. Deep Sea Research II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 53: 2537-2569.
39. Edwards, A. M. 2001. Adding detritus to a nutrient- phytoplanktonzooplankton model: a dynamical-systems approach. Journal of Plankton Research, 23: 389-413.
40. Edwards, A. M.; and Yool, A. 2000. The role of higher predation in plankton population models. Journal of Plankton Research, 22: 1085-1112.
41. Edwards, M.; Beaugrand, G.;Reid, P. C.; Rowden, A. A.; and Jones, M. B. 2002. Ocean climate anomalies and the ecology of the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 239: 1-10.
42. Edwards, M.; Beaugrand, G.;Reid, P. C.; Rowden, A. A.; and Jones, M. B. 2010. Ocean climate anomalies and the ecology of the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 239: 1-10.
43. Eilola, K.; Meier, H. E. M.; and Almroth, E. 2009. On the dynamics of oxygen, phosphorus and cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea; a model study. Journal of Marine Systems, 75: 163-184.
44. Fasham,M.J. R.; Ducklow,H.W.; andMcKelvie, S.M.1990.Anitrogenbased model of plankton dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer. Journal of Marine Research, 48: 591-639.
45. Fennel, W. 2008. Towards bridging biogeochemical and fishproduction models. Journal of Marine Systems, 71: 171-194.
46. Fennel, W. 2009. Parameterizations of truncated food web models from the perspective of an end-to-end model approach. Journal of Marine Systems, 76: 171-185.
47. Fennel, W. 2010. A nutrient to fish model for the example of the Baltic Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 81: 184-195.
48. Fennel, W.; and Neumann, T. 2003. Variability of copepods as seen in a coupled physical-biological model of the Baltic Sea. ICES Marine Science Symposia, 219: 208-219.
49. Fernández, E.; Alvarez, F.; Anadon, R.; Barquero, S.; Bode, A.; Garcia, A.; Garcia-Soto, C.; et al. 2004. The spatial distribution of plankton communities in a Slope Water anticyclonic Oceanic eDDY (SWODDY) in the southern Bay of Biscay. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 84: 501-517.
50. Frank, K. T.; Petrie, B.; Choi, J. S.; and Leggett, W. C. 2005. Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science, 308: 1621-1623.
51. Frank, K.T.; Petrie, B.; Fisher, J.A.D.; and Leggett, W. C. 2011.Transient dynamics of an altered large marine ecosystem. Nature, 477: 86-89.
52. Frank, K. T.; Petrie, B.; and Shackell, N. L. 2007. The ups and downs of trophic control in continental shelf ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22: 236-242.
53. Frank, K. T.; Petrie, B.; Shackell, N. L.; and Choi, J. S. 2006. Reconciling differences in trophic control in mid-latitude marine ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 9: 1096-1105.
54. Fransz, H. G.; Colebrook, J. M.; Gamble, J. C.; and Krause, M. 1991. The zooplankton of the North Sea. Journal of Sea Research, 28: 1-52.
55. Fromentin, J.-M.; and Planque, B. 1996. Calanus and environment in the eastern North Atlantic. 2. Role of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Calanus finmarchicus and C. helgolandicus. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 134: 11-118.
56. Fulton, E. A. 2010. Approaches to end-to-end ecosystem models. Journal of Marine Systems, 81: 171-183.
57. Fulton, E. A.; Smith, A. D.; and Johnson, C. R. 2004. Biogeochemical marine ecosystem models I:IGBEM-amodel of marine bay ecosystems. Ecological Modelling, 174: 267-307.
58. Fulton, E. A.; Smith, A. D. M.; and Johnson, C. R. 2003. Mortality and predation in ecosystem models: is it important how these are expressed? Ecological Modelling, 169: 157-178.
59. Gislason, A.; and Astthorsson, O. S. 2002. The food of Norwegian spring-spawning herring in the western Norwegian Sea in relation to the annual cycle of zooplankton. Sarsia: North Atlantic Marine Science, 87: 236-247.
60. GLOBEC. 1992. Northwest Atlantic Implementation Plan. U.S. Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics Report, 6.
61. Godø, O. R.; Samuelsen, A.; Macaulay, G. J.; Patel, R.; Hjøllo, S. S.; Horne, J.; Kaartvedt, S.; et al. 2012. Mesoscale eddies are oases for higher trophic marine life. PLoS One, 7: e30161.
62. Gordon, A. L.; and Haxby, W. F. 1990. Agulhas eddies invade the south Atlantic: evidence from Geosat altimeter and shipboard conductivity-temperature- depth survey. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95: 3117.
63. Greene, C. H.; and Pershing, A. J. 2007. Climate drives sea change. Science (New York, NY), 315: 1084-1085.
64. Gustafsson, B. 1997. Interaction between Baltic Sea and North Sea. Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 49: 165-183.
65. Hall, D. J.; Threlkeld, S. T.; Burns, C.W.; and Crowley, P. H. 1976. The size-efficiency hypothesis and the size structure of zooplankton communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 7: 177-208.
66. Hansen, F. C. 2005. Spatio-temporal distribution and production of calanoid copepods in the central Baltic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 28: 39-54.
67. Hansen, J. W.; and Petersen, D. L. J. 2011. Marine omra°der 2010: NOVANA. Tilstand og udvikling i miljø-og naturkvaliteten. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 6. AVidenskabeAarhus Universitet, DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, Copenhagen, Denmark.
68. Hare, J. A.; and Kane, J. 2012. Zooplankton of the Gulf of Maine-a changing perspective. In Advancing an Ecosystem Approach in the Gulf of Maine. Ed. by R. Stephenson, J. Annala, J. Runge, and M. Hall-Arber. Am. Fisheries Soc. Symposium.
69. Harvey, C. J.; Cox, S. P.; Essington, T. E.; Hansson, S.; and Kitchell, J. F. 2003. An ecosystem model of food web and fisheries interactions in the Baltic Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 60: 939-950.
70. Heath, M. 2005. Changes in the structure and function of the North Sea fish foodweb, 1973-2000, and the impacts of fishing and climate. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 62: 847-868.
71. Heath, M. R. 2007. The consumption of zooplankton by early life stages of fish in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1650-1663.
72. Herbland, A.; Delmas, D.; Laborde, P.; Sautour, B.; and Artigas, F. 1998. Phytoplankton spring bloom of the Gironde plume waters in the Bay of Biscay: early phosphorus limitation and food-web consequences. Oceanologica Acta, 21: 279-291.
73. Hirst, A. G.; Bonnet, D.; and Harris, R. P. 2007. Seasonal dynamics and mortality rates of Calanus helgolandicus over two years at a station in the English Channel. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 340: 189-205.
74. Hirst, A. G.; and Kiørboe, T. 2002. Mortality of marine planktonic copepods: global rates and patterns. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 230: 195-209.
75. Hjøllo, S. S.; Huse, G.; Skogen, M. D.; and Melle, W. 2012. Modelling secondary production in the Norwegian Sea with a fully coupled physical/primary production/individual-based Calanus finmarchicus model system. Marine Biology Research, 8: 508-526.
76. Holling, C. S. 1959. The components of predation as revealed by a study of small-mammal predation of the European Pine Sawfly. The Canadian Entomologist, 91: 293-320.
77. Huret, M.; Sourisseau, M.; Petitgas, P.; Struski, C.; Léger, F.; and Lazure, P. 2013. A multi-decadal hindcast of a physical-biogeochemical model and derived oceanographic indices in the Bay of Biscay. Journal of Marine Systems, 109-110: S77-S94.
78. Huse, G. 2005. Artificial evolution of Calanus' life history strategies under different predation levels. GLOBEC International Newsletter, 11: 19.
79. Huse, G.; Holst, J. C.; Utne, K.; Nøttestad, L.; Melle, W.; Slotte, A.; Ottersen, G.; et al. 2012a. Effects of interactions between fish populations on ecosystem dynamics in the Norwegian Sea-results of the INFERNO project. Marine Biology Research, 8: 415-419.
80. Huse, G.; Utne, K. R.; and Fernö, A. 2012b. Vertical distribution of herring and blue whiting in the Norwegian Sea. Marine Biology Research, 8: 488-501.
81. Hutchings, L. 1992. Fish harvesting in a variable, productive environment- searching for rules or searching for exceptions? South African Journal of Marine Science, 12: 297-318.
82. Hutchings, L.; Verheye, H. M.; Mitchell-Innes, B. A.; Peterson, W. T.; Huggett, J. A.; and Painting, S. J. 1995. Copepod production in the southern Benguela system. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 52: 439-455.
83. Irigoien, X.; Fernandes, J. A.; Grosjean, P.; Denis, K.; Albaina, A.; and Santos, M. 2009. Spring zooplankton distribution in the Bay of Biscay from 1998 to 2006 in relation with anchovy recruitment. Journal of Plankton Research, 31: 1-17.
84. Jarre-Teichmann, A.; Shannon, L. J.; Moloney, C. L.; andWickens, P. A. 1998. Comparing trophic flows in the southern Benguela to those in other upwelling ecosystems. South African Journal of Marine Science, 19: 391-414.
85. Ji, R.; Ashjian, C. J.; Campbell, R. G.; Chen, C.; Gao, G.; Davis, C. S.; Cowles, G. W.; et al. 2012a. Life history and biogeography of Calanus copepods in the Arctic ocean: an individual-based modeling study. Progress in Oceanography, 96: 40-56.
86. Ji, R.; Davis, C.; Chen, C.; and Beardsley, R. C. 2009. Life history traits and spatiotemporal distributional patterns of copepod populations in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 384: 187-205.
87. Ji, R.; Stegert, C.; and Davis, C. S. 2012b. Sensitivity of copepod populations to bottom-up and top-down forcing: a modeling study in the Gulf of Maine region. Journal of Plankton Research, 35: 66-79.
88. Kane, J. 2007. Zooplankton abundance trends on Georges Bank, 1977- 2004. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 909-919.
89. Kearney, K. A.; Kearney, K.; Stock, C.; Aydin, K.; and Sarmiento, J. 2012. Coupling planktonic ecosystem and fisheries food web models for a pelagic ecosystem: description and validation for the Subarctic Pacific. Ecological Modelling, 237-238: 43-62.
90. Kiørboe, T.; and Nielsen, T. G. 1994.Regulation of zooplankton biomass and production in a temperate, coastal ecosystem. 1. Copepods. Limnology and Oceanography, 39: 493-507.
91. Koné, V.;Machu, E.; Penven, P.; Andersen, V.; Garçon, V.; Fréon, P.; and Demarcq, H. 2005.Modeling the primary and secondary productions of the southern Benguela upwelling system: a comparative study through two biogeochemical models. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19: GB4021.
92. Krause, M.; Dippner, J.W.; and Bell, J. 1995. A review of hydrographic controls on the distribution of zooplankton biomass and species in the North Sea with particular reference to a survey conducted in January-March 1987. Science, 35: 81-152.
93. Lassalle, G.; Lobry, J.; Le Loc'h, F.; Bustamante, P.; Certain, G.; Delmas, D.; Dupuy, C.; et al. 2011. Lower trophic levels and detrital biomass control the Bay of Biscay continental shelf food web: implications for ecosystem management. Progress in Oceanography, 91: 561-575.
94. Lindegren, M.; Diekmann, R.; and Möllmann, C. 2010. Regime shifts, resilience and recovery of a cod stock. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 402: 239-253.
95. Lindley, J. A.; and Batten, S. D. 2010. Long-term variability in the diversity of North Sea zooplankton. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 82: 31-40.
96. Link, J. S.; Brodziak, J. K.; Edwards, S. F.;Overholtz, W. J.;Mountain, D.; Jossi, J.W.; Smith, T.D.; et al. 2002. Marine ecosystem assessment in a fisheries management context. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59: 1429-1440.
97. Lough, R. G.; Broughton, E. A.; Buckley, L. J.; Incze, L. S.; Edwards, K. P.; Converse, R.; Aretxabaleta, A.; et al. 2006. Modeling growth of Atlantic cod larvae on the southern flank of Georges Bank in the tidal-front circulation during May 1999. Deep Sea Research, 53: 2771-2788.
98. Maar, M.; Friis, E.; Larsen, J.; Skovgaard, K.;Wan, Z.; She, J.; Jonasson, L.; et al. 2011. Ecosystem modelling across a salinity gradient from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea. Ecological Modelling, 222: 1696-1711.
99. Maar, M.; Møller, E. F.; Gürkan, Z.; Jó nasdó ttir, S. H.; and Nielsen, T. G. 2013. Sensitivity of Calanus copepods to environmental changes in the North Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 111: 24-37.
100. Maar, M.; Nielsen, T. G.; Bolding, K.; Burchard, H.; and Visser, A. W. 2007. Grazing effects of blue mussel Mytilus edulis on the pelagic food web under different turbulence conditions. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 339: 199-213.
101. Maar, M.; Nielsen, T. G.; Gooding, S.; Tönnesson, K.; Tiselius, P.; Zervoudaki, S.; Christou, E.; et al. 2004. Trophodynamic function of copepods, appendicularians and protozooplankton in the late summer zooplankton community in the Skagerrak. Marine Biology, 144: 917-933.
102. Marquis, E.; Niquil, N.; Delmas, D.; Hartmann, H. J.; Bonnet, D.; Carlotti, F.; Herbland, A.; et al. 2007. Inverse analysis of the planktonic food web dynamics related to phytoplankton bloom development on the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay, French coast. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 73: 223-235.
103. Marquis, E.; Niquil, N.; Vezina, A. F.; Petitgas, P.; and Dupuy, C. 2011. Influence of planktonic foodweb structure on a system's capacity to support pelagic production: an inverse analysis approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 803-812.
104. Maury, O.; Faugeras, B.; Shin, Y-J.; Poggiale, J-C.; Ari, T. B.; and Marsac, F. 2007. Modeling environmental effects on the size-structured energy flow through marine ecosystems. Part 1: the model. Progress in Oceanography, 74: 479-499.
105. Megrey, B. A.; Rose, K. A.; Klumb, R. A.; Hay, D. E.; Werner, F. E.; Eslinger, D. L.; and Smith, S. L. 2007. A bioenergetics-based population dynamics model of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) coupled to a lower trophic level nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton model: description, calibration, and sensitivity analysis. Ecological Modelling, 202: 144-164.
106. Meier, H. E. M.; Andersson, H. C.; Arheimer, B.; Blenckner, T.; Chubarenko, B.; Donnelly, C.; Eilola, K.; et al. 2012. Comparing reconstructed past variations and future projections of the Baltic Sea ecosystem-first results from multi-model ensemble simulations. Environmental Research Letters, 7: 034005.
107. Melle, V.; Ellertsen, B.; and Skjoldal, H. 2004. Zooplankton: the link to higher trophic levels. In The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem, pp. 137-202. Ed. by H. R. Skjoldal. Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim.
108. MERCINAWorking Group. 2012. Recent Arctic climate change and its remote forcing of Northwest Atlantic shelf ecosystems. Oceanography, 25: 208-213.
109. Mitra, A. 2009. Are closure terms appropriate or necessary descriptors of zooplankton loss in nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton type models? Ecological Modelling, 220: 611-620.
110. Mitra, A.; and Davis, C. 2010. Defining the "to" in end-to-end models. Progress in Oceanography, 84: 39-42.
111. Moll, A.; and Radach, G. 2003. Review of three-dimensional ecological modelling related to the North Sea shelf system Part 1: models and their results. Progress in Oceanography, 57: 175-217.
112. Moll, A.; and Stegert, C. 2007. Modelling Pseudocalanus elongatus stagestructured population dynamics embedded in a water column ecosystem model for the northern North Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 64: 35-46.
113. Möllmann, C.; Diekmann, R.;Müller-Karulis, B.;Kornilovs, G.; Plikshs, M.; andAxe, P. 2009.Reorganization of a large marine ecosystem due to atmospheric and anthropogenic pressure: a discontinuous regime shift in the central Baltic Sea. Global Change Biology, 15: 1377-1393.
114. Möllmann, C.;Kornilovs, G.; and Sidrevics, L. 2000. Long-term dynamics of main mesozooplankton species in the central Baltic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 22: 2015-2038.
115. Möllmann, C.; andKöster, F.W. 2002. Population dynamics of calanoid copepods and the implications of their predation by clupeid fish in the Central Baltic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 24: 959-978.
116. Möllmann, C.; Müller-Karulis, B.; Kornilovs, G.; and St. John, M. A. 2008. Effects of climate and overfishing on zooplankton dynamics and ecosystem structure: regime shifts, trophic cascade, and feedback loops in a simple ecosystem. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 302-310.
117. Mountain, D.; and Kane, J. 2010. Major changes in the Georges Bank ecosystem, 1980s to the 1990s. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 398: 81-91.
118. Mueter, F. J.; Broms, C.; Drinkwater, K. F.; Friedland, K. D.; Hare, J. A.; Hunt, G. L.; Melle, W.; et al. 2009. Ecosystem responses to recent oceanographic variability in high-latitude northern hemisphere ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography, 81: 93-110.
119. Mullin, M. M. 1975. An experimentalist's view of zooplankton models. CALCOFI Reports, 120: 120-124.
120. Munk, P.; and Nielsen, T. G. 1994. Trophodynamics of the plankton community at Dogger Bank: predatory impact by larval fish. Journal of Plankton Research, 16: 1225-1245.
121. Neuheimer, A. B.; Gentleman, W. C.; Galloway, C. L.; and Johnson, C. L. 2009. Modeling larval Calanus finmarchicus on Georges Bank: timevarying mortality rates and a cannibalism hypothesis. Fisheries Oceanography, 18: 147-160.
122. Neuheimer, A. B.; Gentleman, W. C.; Pepin, P.; and Head, E. J. H. 2010. Explaining regional variability in copepod recruitment: implications for a changing climate. Progress in Oceanography, 87: 94-105.
123. Nielsen, T.; and Maar, M. 2007. Effects of a blue mussel Mytilus edulis bed on vertical distribution and composition of the pelagic food web. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 339: 185-198.
124. Nielsen, T. G.; andMunk, P. 1998. Zooplankton diversity and the predatory impact by larval and small juvenile fish at the Fisher Banks in the North Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 20: 2313-2332.
125. Nogueira, E.; Gonzaleznuevo, G.; Bode, A.; Varela, M.; Moran, X.; and Valdes, L. 2004. Comparison of biomass and size spectra derived from optical plankton counter data and net samples: application to the assessment of mesoplankton distribution along the Northwest and North Iberian Shelf. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61: 508-517.
126. Oguz, T.; Salihoglu, B.; and Fach, B. 2008.Acoupled plankton-anchovy population dynamics model assessing nonlinear controls of anchovy and gelatinous biomass in the Black Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 369: 229-256.
127. Ohman, M.; Eiane, K.; Durbin, E.; Runge, J.; and Hirche, H. 2004. A comparative study of Calanus finmarchicus mortality patterns at five localities in the North Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 61: 687-697.
128. Ohman, M.D.; and Hsieh, C.-H. 2008. Spatial differences in mortality of Calanus pacificus within the California Current System. Journal of Plankton Research, 30: 359-366.
129. Okey, T.; Vargob, G. A.; Mackinsonc, S.; Vasconcellosd, M.; Mahmoudie, B.; and Meyere, C. A. 2004. Simulating community effects of sea floor shading by plankton blooms over the West Florida Shelf. Ecological Modelling, 172: 339-359.
130. Peck, M. A.; and Hufnagl, M. 2012. Can IBMs tell us why most larvae die in the sea? Model sensitivities and scenarios reveal research needs. Journal of Marine Systems, 93: 77-93.
131. Pershing, A. J.; Head, E. H. J.;Greene, C. H.; and Jossi, J.W. 2010.Pattern and scale of variability among Northwest Atlantic Shelf plankton communities. Journal of Plankton Research, 32: 1661-1674.
132. Pitois, S.; and Fox, C. 2006. Long-term changes in zooplankton biomass concentration and mean size over the Northwest European shelf inferred from Continuous Plankton Recorder data. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 63: 785-798.
133. Plaganyi, E. E.; and Butterworth, D. S. 2004. A critical look at the potential of Ecopath with Ecosim to assist in practical fisheries management. African Journal of Marine Science, 26: 261-287.
134. Platt, T.; and Denman, K. 1977. Organisation in the pelagic ecosystem. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 30: 575-581.
135. Plourde, S.; Pepin, P.; and Head, E. J. H. 2009. Long-term seasonal and spatial patterns in mortality and survival of Calanus finmarchicus across the Atlantic Zone Monitoring Programme region, Northwest Atlantic. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1942-1958.
136. Polovina, J. J. 1984. An overview of the ECOPATH model. ICLARM Fishbyte, 2: 5-7.
137. Poulet, S. A.; Laabir, M.; and Chaudron, Y. 1996. Characteristic features of zooplankton in the Bay of Biscay. Scientia Marina, 60: 79-95.
138. Rae, C. D. 2005. A demonstration of the hydrographic partition of the Benguela upwelling ecosystem at 26840′S. African Journal of Marine Science, 27: 617-628.
139. Rey, F. 2004. Phytoplankton: the grass of the sea. In The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem, pp. 97-136. Ed. by H. R. Skjoldal. Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim, Norway.
140. Rydberg, L.Artebjerg, G.Edler L. 2006. Fifty years of primary production measurements in the Baltic entrance region, trends and variability in relation to land-based input of nutrients. Journal of Sea Research, 56: 1-16.
141. Sala, E. 2006. Top predators provide insurance against climate change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21: 479-480.
142. Samuelsen, A.; Hjøllo, S. S.; Johannessen, J. A.; and Patel, R. 2012. Particle aggregation in anticyclonic eddies and implications for distribution of biomass. Ocean Science Discussions, 9: 187-213.
143. Sautour, B.; Artigas, L. F.; Delmas, D.; Herbland, A.; and Laborde, P. 2000. Grazing impact of micro- and mesozooplankton during a spring situation in coastal waters off the Gironde estuary. Journal of Plankton Research, 22: 531-552.
144. Schrum, C.; Alekseeva, I.; and St. John, M. 2006. Development of a coupled physical-biological ecosystem model ECOSMO. Journal of Marine Systems, 61: 79-99.
145. Schulz, J.; Peck, M. A.; Barz, K.; Schmidt, J. O.; Hansen, F. C.; Peters, J.; Renz, J.; et al. 2012. Spatial and temporal habitat partitioning by zooplankton in the Bornholm Basin (central Baltic Sea). Progress in Oceanography, 107: 3-30.
146. Shannon, L. V. 1985. The Benguela ecosystem, I.; evolution of the Benguela, physical features and processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology, 23: 105-182.
147. Sherman, K.; Smith, W. G.; Green, J. R.; Cohen, E. B.; Berman, M. S.; Marti, K. A.; and Goulet, J. R. 1987. Zooplankton production and the fisheries of the northeastern shelf. In Georges Bank, pp. 268-282. Ed. by B. D.W. Backus. MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
148. Shin, Y.; and Cury, P. 2001. Exploring fish community dynamics through size-dependent trophic interactions using a spatialized individual-based model. Aquatic Living Resources, 14: 65-80.
149. Shin, Y.; and Cury, P. 2004. Using an individual-based model of fish assemblages to study the response of size spectra to changes in fishing. Methods, 431: 414-431.
150. Skjoldal, H.; and Sætre, R. 2004. Climate and ecosystem variability. In The Norwegian Sea Ecosystem, pp. 507-534. Ed. by H. Skjoldal. Tapir Academic Press, Trondheim.
151. Skogen, M. D.; Søiland, H.; and Svendsen, E. 2004. Effects of changing nutrient loads to the North Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 46: 23-38.
152. Sourisseau, M.; and Carlotti, F. 2006. Spatial distribution of zooplankton size spectra on the French continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay during spring 2000 and 2001. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111: 1-12.
153. Steele, J. H.; and Henderson, E.W. 1992. The role of predation in plankton models. Journal of Plankton Research, 14: 157-172.
154. Stegert, C.; Ji, R.; Na, L.; and Davis, C. S. 2012. Processes controlling seasonality and spatial distribution of Centropages typicus a modeling study in the Gulf of Maine Georges Bank region. Journal of Plankton Research, 34: 18-35.
155. Stenseth, N. C.; Llope, M.; Anadó n, R.; Ciannelli, L.; Chan, K-S.; Hjermann, D. Ø.; Bagøien, E.; et al. 2006. Seasonal plankton dynamics along a cross-shelf gradient. Proceedings Of the Royal Society, Series B: Biological Sciences, 273: 2831-2838.
156. Suthers, I. M.; Taggart, C. T.; Rissik, D.; and Baird, M. E. 2006. Day and night ichthyoplankton assemblages and zooplankton biomass size spectrum in a deep ocean island wake. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 322: 225-238.
157. Tiselius, P.; Borg, M.; Hansen, B.; Hansen, P.; Nielsen, T.; and Vismann, B. 2008. High reproduction, but low biomass: mortality estimates of the copepod Acartia tonsa in a hyper-eutrophic estuary. Aquatic Biology, 2: 93-103.
158. Tomczak, M.; Niiranen, S.; Hjerne, O.; and Blenckner, T. 2012. Ecosystem flow dynamics in the Baltic Proper-using a multitrophic dataset as a basis for food-web modelling. Ecological Modelling, 230: 123-147.
159. Tönnesson, K.; Nielsen, T.; and Tiselius, P. 2006. Feeding and production of the carnivorous copepod Paraeuchaeta norvegica in the Skagerrak. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 314: 213-225.
160. Tönnesson, K.; and Tiselius, P. 2005. Diet of the chaetognaths Sagitta setosa and S. elegans in relation to prey abundance and vertical distribution. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 289: 177-190.
161. Travers, M.; and Shin, Y-J. 2010. Spatio-temporal variability in fishinduced predation mortality on plankton: a simulation approach using a coupled trophic model of the Benguela ecosystem. Progress in Oceanography, 84: 118-120.
162. Travers, M.; Shin, Y-J.; Jennings, S.; and Cury, P. 2007. Towards end-to-end models for investigating the effects of climate and fishing in marine ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography, 75: 751-770.
163. Travers, M.; Shin, Y. J.; Jennings, S.; Machu, E.;Huggett, J. A.; Field, J. G.; and Cury, P.M. 2009. Two-way coupling versus one-way forcing of plankton and fish models to predict ecosystem changes in the Benguela. Ecological Modelling, 220: 3089-3099.
164. Travers, M.; Shin, Y-J.; Shannon, L.; and Cury, P. 2006. Simulating and testing the sensitivity of ecosystem-based indicators to fishing in the southern Benguela ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 63: 943-956.
165. Utne, K. R.; Hjøllo, S. S.; Huse, G.; and Skogen, M.2012a. Estimating the consumption of Calanus finmarchicus by planktivorous fish in the Norwegian Sea using a fully coupled 3D model system. Marine Biology Research, 8: 527-547.
166. Utne, K. R.; and Huse, G. 2012. Estimating the horizontal and temporal overlap of pelagic fish distribution in the Norwegian Sea using individual-based modelling. Marine Biology Research, 8: 548-567.
167. Utne, K. R.; Huse, G.; Ottersen, G.; Holst, J. C.; Zabavnikov, V.; Jacobsen, J. A.;O ́ skarsson, G. J.; et al. 2012b. Horizontal distribution and overlap of planktivorous fish stocks in the Norwegian Sea during summers 1995-2006. Marine Biology Research, 8: 420-441.
168. Valdés, L.; Ló pez-Urrutia, A.; Cabal, J.; Alvarez-Ossorio, M.; Bode, A.; Miranda, A.; Cabanas, M.; et al. 2007. A decade of sampling in the Bay of Biscay: what are the zooplankton time series telling us? Progress in Oceanography, 74: 98-114.
169. Van der Lingen, C. D.; Coetzee, J. C.; and Hutchings, L. 2002. Temporal shifts in the spatial distribution of anchovy spawners and their eggs in the Southern Benguela: implications for recruitment. GLOBEC Report, 16.
170. Van der Lingen, C.D.; Shannon, L. J.; Cury, P.; Kreiner, A.; and Moloney, C. L. 2006. Resource and ecosystem variability, including regime shifts, in the Benguela Current System. Large Marine Ecosystems, 14: 147-184.
171. Verheye, H. M. 2000. Decadal-scale trends across several marine trophic levels in the southern Benguela upwelling system off South Africa. AMBIO: a Journal of the Human Environment, 29: 30-34.
172. Verheye, H. M.; and Richardson, A. J. 1998. Long-term increase in crustacean zooplankton abundance in the southern Benguela upwelling region (1951-1996): bottom-up or top-down control? ICES Journal of Marine Science, 55: 803-807.
173. Verheye, H. M.; Richardson, A. J.; Hutchings, L.; Marska, G.; and Gianakouras, D. 1998. Long-term trends in the abundance and community structure of coastal zooplankton in the southern Benguela system, 1951-1996. South African Journal of Marine Science, 19: 317-332.
174. Viherluoto, M.; Kuosa, H.; Flinkman, J.; and Viitasalo, M. 2000. Food utilisation of pelagic mysids, Mysis mixta and M. relicta, during their growing season in the northern Baltic Sea. Marine Biology, 136: 553-559.
175. Vikebø, F.; Jørgensen, C.; Kristiansen, T.; and Fiksen, Ø. 2007. Drift, growth, and survival of larval Northeast Arctic cod with simple rules of behaviour. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 347: 207-219.
176. Voss, R.; Köster, F.W.; and Dickmann, M. 2003. Comparing the feeding habits of co-occurring sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and cod (Gadus morhua) larvae in the Bornholm Basin, Baltic Sea. Fisheries Research, 63: 97-111.
177. Walters, C. 1997. Structuring dynamic models of exploited ecosystems from trophic mass-balance assessments.Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 7: 139-172.
178. Wasmund, N.; Nausch, G.; and Matthäus, W. 1998. Phytoplankton spring blooms in the southern Baltic Sea-spatio-temporal development and long-term trends. Journal of Plankton Research, 20: 1099-1117.
179. Williams, R.; and Lindley, J. 1992. Factors determining plankton abundance in the North Sea, Final Report. North East Atlantic Marine Research Programme, Great Britain. 104 pp.
180. Zarauz, L.; Irigoien, X.; and Fernandes, J. A. 2008. Modelling the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on plankton distribution in the Bay of Biscay, during three consecutive years (2004-06). Journal of Plankton Research, 30: 857-872.
181. Zervoudaki, S.; Nielsen, T. G.; and Carstensen, J. 2009. Seasonal succession and composition of the zooplankton community along an eutrophication and salinity gradient exemplified by Danish waters. Journal of Plankton Research, 31: 1475-1492.
182. Zhang, Y.; and Chen, Y. 2007. Modeling and evaluating ecosystem in 1980s and 1990s for American lobster (Homarus americanus) in the Gulf of Maine. Ecological Modelling, 203: 475-489.
183. Zhou, M.; Carlotti, F.; and Zhu, Y. 2010. A size-spectrum zooplankton closure model for ecosystem modelling. Journal of Plankton Research, 32: 1147-1165.
184. Zhou, M.; and Huntley, M. E. 1997. Population dynamics theory of plankton based on biomass spectra. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 159: 61-73.