Simulating community effects of sea floor shading by plankton blooms over the West Florida Shelf

Ecological Modelling

Volumn 172, Issue 2-4, 2004, Pages 339-359

  Okey, Thomas A ^a   Vargo, Gabriel A ^b   MacKinson, Steven ^c   Vasconcellos, Marcelo ^d   Mahmoudi, Behzad ^e   Meyer, Cynthia A ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^c CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT   (United Kingdom)

^d Federal Institute of Science Education and Technology   (Brazil)

^e FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecopath with Ecosim; Eutrophication; Habitat; Irradiance; Microphytobenthos; Primary production; Shading

Indexed keywords

ALGAL BLOOM; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; EUTROPHICATION; PHYTOBENTHOS; PRIMARY PRODUCTION; SHADING;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; GULF OF MEXICO; WEST FLORIDA SHELF;

ALGAE; INVERTEBRATA; PISCES; TRICHECHIDAE;

EID: 1242298738     PISSN: 03043800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.09.015     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Allen R.R. Relation between production and biomass. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 28:1971;1573-1581.
2. Anderson, D.M. (Ed.), 1995. ECOHAB, The Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms: A National Research Agenda. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 66 pp.
3. Anderson D.M., Glibert P.M., Burkholder J.M. Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrient sources, composition, and consequences. Estuaries. 25:2002;704-726.
4. Banner A.H. Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: urban pollution and a coral reef ecosystem. Proc. Second Int. Coral Reef Symp. 2:1974;682-702.
5. Blanchard G.F., Montagna P.A. Photosynthetic response of natural assemblages of marine benthic microalgae to short-term and long-term variations of incident irradiance in Baffin Bay, Texas. J. Phycol. 28(1):1992;7-14.
6. Blanchard G.F., Montagna P.A. Assessment of a brown tide impact on microalgal benthic communities in Baffin Bay (Texas) in 1990 using a primary production simulation model. Oceanol. Acta. 18(3):1995;371-377.
7. Boesch, D.F., Anderson, D.M., Horner, R.A., Shumway, S.E., Testor, P.A., Whitledge, R.E., 1997. Harmful algae blooms in coastal waters: options for prevention, control and mitigation. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program Decision Analysis Series No. 10. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office, Silver Spring, MD, 46 pp.
8. Boyer J.N., Fourqurean J.W., Jones R.D. Seasonal and long-term trends in the water quality of Florida Bay (1989-1997). Estuaries. 22(2B):1999;417-430.
9. Browder, J.A., 1993. A pilot model of the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. In: Christensen, V., Pauly, D. (Eds.), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM Conf. Proc., vol. 26, pp. 279-284, 390 p.
10. Bunt J.S., Lee C.C., Lee E. Primary production and related data from tropical and subtropical marine sediments. Mar. Biol. 16:1972;28-36.
11. Butler M.J.I.V., Hunt J.H., Herrnkind W.F., Childress M.J., Sharp R., Mathiews T., Field J.M., Marshall H.G. Cascading disturbances in Florida Bay, USA: cyanobacteria blooms, sponge mortality, and implications for juvenile spiny lobsters Panulirus argus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 129(1-3):1995;119-125.
12. Cahoon L.B., Cooke J.E. Benthic microalgal production in Onslow Bay, North Carolina, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 84:1992;185-196.
13. Cahoon L.B., Redman R.S., Tronzo C.R. Benthic microalgal biomass in sediments of Onslow Bay, North Carolina. Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci. 31(6):1990;805-816.
14. Carpenter, S.R. (Ed.), 1988. Complex Interactions in Lake Communities. Springer-Verlag, New York, 283 p.
15. Carpenter, S.R., Kitchell, J.F. (Eds.), 1996. The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge University Press, New York, 399 p.
16. CENR, 2000. National assessment of harmful algal blooms in U.S. waters. National Science and Technology Council Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Washington, DC.
17. Chambers P.A., Kalff J. Depth distribution and biomass of submersed aquatic macrophyte communities in relation to Secchi depth. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 42(4):1985;701-709.
18. Christensen V., Pauly D. ECOPATH II - a system for balancing steady-state ecosystem models and calculating network characteristics. Ecol. Model. 61:1992;169-185.
19. Christensen, V., Walters, C.J., Pauly, D., 2000. Ecopath with Ecosim - A User's Guide. University of British Columbia, Fisheries Centre, Vancouver, Canada and ICLARM, Penang, Malaysia, 131 p.
20. Clavier J., Garrigue C. Annual sediment primary production and respiration in a large coral reef lagoon (SW, New Caledonia). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 191:1999;79-89.
21. Colijn F., de Jonge V.N. Primary production of microphytobenthos in the Ems-Dollard Estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 14:1984;185-196.
22. Conley D.J., Markager S., Andersen J., Ellermann T., Svendsen L.M. Coastal eutrophication and the Danish National Aquatic Monitoring and Assessment Program. Estuaries. 25:2002;848-861.
23. Cushing, D.H., 1984. Do discards affect the production of shrimps in the Gulf of Mexico? In: Gulland, J.A., Rothschild, B.J. (Eds.), Penaeid Shrimps - Their Biology and Management. Fishing News Books, Farnham, Surrey, UK, pp. 254-257.
24. Daviescolley R.J., Hickey C.W., Quinn J.M., Ryan P.A. Effects of clay discharges on streams.1. Optical properties and epilithon. Hydrobiology. 248(3):1992;215-234.
25. Del Castillo C.E., Gilbes F., Coble P.G., Mueller-Karger F.E. On the dispersal of riverine colored dissolved organic matter over the West Florida Shelf. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45(6):2000;1425-1432.
26. Duggins D.O., Simenstad S.A., Estes J.A. Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems. Science. 245:1989;170-173.
27. Durbin A.G., Durbin E.G. Effects of menhaden predation on plankton populations in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Estauries. 21(3):1998;449-465.
28. Earle, S.A., 1972. Benthic algae and seagrasses. In: El-Sayed, S.Z., Sackett, W.M., Jeffrey, L.M., Fredericks, A.D., Saunders, R.P., Conger, P.S., Fryxell, G.A., Steidinger, K.A., Earle, S.A. (Eds.), Serial Atlas of the Marine Environment: Chemistry, Primary Productivity, and Benthic Algae of the Gulf of Mexico. American Geographical Society, New York.
29. El-Sayed, S.Z., 1972. Introduction. In: El-Sayed, S.Z., Sackett, W.M., Jeffrey, L.M., Fredericks, A.D., Saunders, R.P., Conger, P.S., Fryxell, G.A., Steidinger, K.A., Earle, S.A. (Eds.), Serial Atlas of the Marine Environment: Chemistry, Primary Productivity, and Benthic Algae of the Gulf of Mexico. American Geographical Society, New York.
30. ESE, et al., 1987. Southwest Florida Shelf Ecosystems Study, Vol. II - Data Synthesis Report. Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., Gainsville, Florida, LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc., Bryan, Texas, and Continental Shelf Associates, Inc., Tequesta, Florida (prepared for Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, Louisiana, US Department of the Interior/Minerals Management Service, April 1987).
31. Estes J.A., Duggins D.O. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecol. Monogr. 65(1):1995;75-100.
32. Estes J.A., Palmisano J.F. Sea otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science. 185:1974;1058-1060.
33. Estes J.A., Smith N.S., Palmisano J.F. Sea otter predation and community organization in the western Aleutian Islands. Ecology. 59:1974;822-833.
34. Fager E.W. A sand bottom epifaunal community of invertebrates in shallow water. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13:1968;448-464.
35. Fong P., Harwell M.A. Modeling seagrass communities in tropical and subtropical bays and estuaries: a mathematical model synthesis of current hypotheses. Bull. Mar. Sci. 54(3):1994;757-781.
36. Fourqurean J.W., Robblee M.B. Florida Bay: a history of recent ecological changes. Estuaries. 22(2B):1999;345-357.
37. Gilbes F., Tomas C., Walsh J.J., Muller-Karger F.E. An episodic chlorophyll plume on the West Florida Shelf. Cont. Shelf Res. 16(9):1996;1201-1224.
38. Gomez I. Ecophysiology of Antarctic macroalgae: effects of environmental light conditions on photosynthetic metabolism. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. 74(2):2001;251-271.
39. Gunderson L.H. Managing surprising ecosystems in southern Florida. Ecol. Econ. 37(3):2001;371-378.
40. Hall M.O., Durako M.J., Fourqurean J.W., Zieman J.C. Decadal changes in seagrass distribution and abundance in Florida Bay. Estuaries. 22(2B):1999;445-449.
41. Hallock P., Schlager W. Nutrient excess and the demise of coral reefs and carbonate platforms. Palaios. 1:1986;389-398.
42. Hallock P. Fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum: a factor in global diversity cycles? Paleoceanography. 2:1987;457-471.
43. Hallock P. The role of nutrient availability in bioerosion: consequences to carbonate buildups. Palaeo. 63:1988;275-291.
44. Hallock P. Symbiont-bearing foraminifera: harbingers of global change. Micropaleontology. 46(Suppl. 1):2000;95-104.
45. Hallock P., Müller-Karger F.E., Halas J.C. Coral reef decline-anthropogenic nutrients and the degradation of western Atlantic and Caribbean coral reefs. Res. Explor. 9(3):1993;358-378.
46. Hartwig E.O. Factors affecting respiration and photosynthesis by the benthic community of a subtidal siliceous sediment. Mar. Biol. 46:1978;283-293.
47. Hauxwell J., Cebrian J., Valiela I. Eelgrass Zostera marina loss in temperate estuaries: relationship to land-derived nitrogen loads and effect of light limitation imposed by algae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 247:2003;59-73.
48. Hillman K., McComb A.J., Walker D.I. The distribution, biomass and primary producers of the seagrass Halophila ovalis in the Swan-Canning estuary, western Australia. Aquat. Bot. 51(1/2):1995;1-54.
49. Holmquist J.G. Benthic macroalgae as a dispersal mechanism for fauna: influence of a marine tumbleweed. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 180(2):1994;235-251.
50. Humm, H.J., 1973. Seagrasses. In: Jones, J.I., Ring, R.E., Rinkel, M.O., Smith, R.E. (Eds.), A Summary of Knowledge of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico. The State University System of Florida, Institute of Oceanography, St. Petersburg, FL.
51. Hunter C.L., Evans C.W. Coral reefs in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii: two centuries of western influence and two decades of data. Bull. Mar. Sci. 57:1995;501-515.
52. Jackson J.B.C., Kirby M.X., Berger W.H., Bjorndal K.A., Botsford L.W., Bourque B.J., Bradbury R.H., Cooke R., Erlandson J., Estes J.A., Hughes T.P., Kidwell S., Lange C.B., Lenihan H.S., Pandolfi J.M., Peterson C.H., Steneck R.S., Tegner M.J., Warner R.R. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science. 293:2001;629-638.
53. Jennings S., Dinmore T.A., Duplisea D.E., Warr K.J., Lancaster J.E. Trawling disturbance can modify benthic production processes. J. Anim. Ecol. 70:2001a;459-475.
54. Jennings S., Pinnegar J.K., Polunin N.V.C., Warr K.J. Impacts of trawling disturbance on the trophic structure of benthic invertebrate communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 213:2001b;127-142.
55. Johansson G., Snoeijs P. Macroalgal photosynthetic responses to light in relation to thallus morphology and depth zonation. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 244:2002;63-72.
56. Koslow J.A., Gowlett-Holmes K., Lowry J.K., O'Hara T., Poore G.C.B., Williams A. Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: community structure and impacts of trawling. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 213:2001;111-125.
57. Landsberg, J.H., Steidinger, K.A., 1998. A historical review of Gymnodinium breve red tides implicated in mass mortalities of the manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Florida, USA. In: Reguera, B., Blanco, J., Fernandez, M.L., Wyatt, T. (Eds.), Proceedings of Eighth International Conference on Harmful Algae. Xunta de Galicia and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Vigo, Spain.
58. Lapointe B.E., Tomasko D.A., Matzie W.R. Eutrophication and trophic state classification of seagrass communities in the Florida Keys. Bull. Mar. Sci. 54:1994;696-717.
59. Laws E.A., Redalje D.G. Effect of sewage enrichment on the phytoplankton populations of a tropical estuary. Pac. Sci. 33:1979;129-144.
60. Lenes J.M., Darrow B.D., Cattrall C., Heil C.A., Callahan M., Vargo G.A., Byrne R.H., Prospero J.M., Bates D.E., Fanning K.A., Walsh J.J. Iron fertilization and the Trichodesmium response on the West Florida Shelf. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46(6):2001;1261-1277.
61. Lenihan H.S. Physical-biological coupling on oyster reefs: how habitat structure influences individual performance. Ecol. Monogr. 69(3):1999;251-275.
62. Lenihan H.S., Peterson C.H. How habitat degradation by fishery disturbances enhances impacts of hypoxia on oyster reefs. Ecol. Appl. 8(1):1998;128-140.
63. Levin P.S., Hay M.E. Responses of temperate reef fishes to alterations in algal structure and species composition. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 134(1-3):1996;37-47.
64. Littler M.M., Littler D.S., Blair S.M., Norris J.M. Deepest known plant life discovered on uncharted seamount. Science. 227:1985;57-59.
65. Littler M.M., Littler D.S., Hanisak M.D. Deep-water rhodolith distribution, productivity, and growth history at sites of formation and subsequent degradation. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 150(2):1991;163-182.
66. Livingston, R.J., 1984. The ecology of the Apalachicola Bay system: an estuarine profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-82/05, 145 p.
67. Livingston, R.J., 2001. Eutrophication processes in coastal systems: origin and succession of plankton blooms and effects on secondary production in Gulf Coast estuaries. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 327 p.
68. Loya Y. Effects of water turbidity and sedimentation on the community structure of Puerto Rican Corals. Bull. Mar. Sci. 26:1976;450-466.
69. Luning, K., 1990. Seaweeds: Their Environment, Biogeography, and Ecophysiology. Wiley, New York, pp. 355-370.
70. Macintyre H.L., Cullen J.J. Fine-scale vertical resolution of chlorophyll and photosynthetic parameters in shallow-water benthos. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 122(1-3):1995;227-237.
71. MacIntyre H.L., Geider R.J., Miller D.C. Microphytobenthos: the ecological role of the "secret garden" of unvegetated, shallow-water marine habitats. I. Distribution abundance and primary production. Estuaries. 19(2A):1996;186-201.
72. Mahmoudi, B., Mackinson, S., Vasconcellos, M., Vidal-Hernandez, L., Okey, T.A., 2002. An Ecosystem Model of the West Florida Shelf for Use in Fisheries Management and Ecological Research: Volume I. Summary and Analyses. Florida Marine Research Institute-Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, 39 p.
73. Malakoff D. Death by suffocation in the Gulf of Mexico. Science. 281(5374):1998;190-192.
74. Mann K.H. Ecological energetics of the seaweed zone in a marine bay on the Atlantic coast of Canada. II. Productivity of the seaweeds. Mar. Biol. 14:1972;199-209.
75. Maristo L. Die Seetypen Finnlands auf floristischer und vegetations-physiognomischer Grundlage. Ann. Bot. Soc. Vanamo. 15:1941;1-314.
76. Meyercordt J., Meyer-Reil L.A. Primary production of benthic microalgae in two shallow coastal lagoons of different trophic status in the southern Baltic Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 178:1999;179-191.
77. Meyers S.D., Siegel E.M., Weisberg R.H. Observations of currents on the West Florida Shelf break. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28(10):2001;2037-2040.
78. Miller D.C., Geider R.J., MacIntyre H.L. Microphytobenthos: the ecological role of the "secret garden" of unvegetated, shallow-water marine habitats. II. Role in sediment stability and shallow-water food webs. Estuaries. 19(2A):1996;202-212.
79. Muller-Karger F.E., Walsh J.J., Evans R.H., Meyers M.B. On the seasonal phytoplankton concentration and sea surface temperature cycles of the Gulf of Mexico as determined by satellites. J. Geophys. Res. 96:1991;2645-2665.
80. National Research Council (NRC), 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
81. Nelson J.R., Eckman J.E., Robertson C.Y., Marinelli R.L., Jahnke R.A. Benthic microalgal biomass and irradiance at the sea floor on the continental shelf of the South Atlantic Bight: spatial and temporal variability and storm effects. Cont. Shelf Res. 19(4):1999;477-505.
82. Nielsen S.L., Sand-Jensen K., Borum J., Geertz-Hansen O. Depth colonization of eelgrass (Zostera marina) and macroalgae as determined by water transparency in Danish coastal waters. Estuaries. 25:2002;1025-1032.
83. Okey T.A. Macrobenthic colonist guilds and renegades in Monterey Canyon drift algae: partitioning multidimensions. Ecol. Monogr. 73(3):2003;415-440.
84. Okey T.A. Sediment flushing observations, earthquake slumping, and benthic community changes in Monterey Canyon head. Cont. Shelf Res. 17(8):1997;877-897.
85. Okey, T.A., 2002. Primary producers. In: Okey, T.A., Mahmoudi, B. (Eds.), An Ecosystem Model of the West Florida Shelf for Use in Fisheries Management and Ecological Research: Volume II. Model Construction. Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg.
86. Okey, T.A., Mahmoudi, B. (Eds.), 2002. An Ecosystem Model of the West Florida Shelf for Use in Fisheries Management and Ecological Research: Volume II. Model Construction. Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg.
87. Overholtz, W.J., Link, J.S., Suslowicz, L.E., 1999. Consumption and harvest of pelagic fishes and squids in the Gulf of Maine - Georges Bank ecosystem. In: Ecosystem Approaches for Fisheries Management. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-99-01, Fairbanks, pp. 163-186.
88. Paine R.T. Food web complexity and species diversity. Am. Nat. 100:1966;65-75.
89. Paluszkiewicz T., Atkinson L.P., Posmentier E.S., McClain C.R. Observations of a loop current frontal eddy intrusion onto the West Florida Shelf. J. Geophys. Res. (C. Oceans Atmos.). 88(C14):1983;9639-9651.
90. Parsons, T.R., Takahashi, M., Hargrave, B., 1977. Biological Oceanographic Processes. Permagon Press, New York, 332 p.
91. Pauly D., Christensen V. Primary production required to sustain global fisheries. Nature. 374:1995;255-257.
92. Pauly D., Christensen V., Walters C. Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace as tools for evaluating ecosystem impacts of fisheries. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57:2000;697-706.
93. Pearson T.H., Rosenberg R. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 16:1978;229-311.
94. Phillips, N.W., Thompson, M.J., 1990. Offshore benthic communities. In: Phillips, N.W., Larson, K.S., Alevison, W.S., Bannerot, S.P., Bogenreider, P. (Eds.), Synthesis of Available Biological, Geological, Chemical, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Resources Information for the South Florida Area, pp. 155-193 (prepared by Continental Shelf Associates for Minerals Management Service, OCS Study-MMS 90-0019, May 1990).
95. Phillips N.W., Gettleson D.A., Spring K.D. Benthic biological studies of the Southwest Florida Shelf. Am. Zool. 30(1):1990;65-75.
96. Polovina J.J. Model of a coral reef ecosystem. I. The ECOPATH model and its applications to French Frigate Shoals. Coral Reefs. 3:1984;1-11.
97. Power M.E. Effects of fish in river food webs. Science. 250(4982):1990;811-814.
98. Rabalais N.N., Turner R.E., Wiseman W.J. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, aka "the dead zone" Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 33:2002;235-263.
99. Rogers C.S. The effects of shading on coral reef structure and function. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 41:1979;269-288.
100. Scheffer M., Carpenter S., Foley J.A., Folke C., Walker B. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature. 413:2001;591-596.
101. Sears J.R., Cooper R.A. Descriptive ecology of offshore, deep-water, benthic algae in the temperate western North Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol. 44(4):1978;309-314.
102. Sklar, F.H., 1976. Primary productivity in the Mississippi delta bight near a shallow bay estuarine system in Louisiana. M.S. thesis. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 96 p.
103. Smith S.V. Marine macrophytes as a global carbon sink. Science. 211:1981;838-840.
104. Sournia A. Primary production of sands in the lagoon of an atoll, and the role of foraminiferan symbionts. Mar. Biol. 37:1976;29-32.
105. Spence D.N.H. The zonation of plants in freshwater lakes. Adv. Ecol. Res. 12:1982;37-125.
106. Steidinger K.A. Phytoplankton ecology: a conceptual review based on eastern Gulf of Mexico research. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 3:1973;49-68.
107. Steinberg P.D., Estes J.A., Winter F.C. Evolutionary consequences of food chain length in kelp forest communities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:1995;8145-8148.
108. Steller D.L., Foster M.S. Environmental factors influencing distribution and morphology of rhodoliths in Bahia Concepcion, BCS, Mexico. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 194(2):1995;201-212.
109. Strong D.R. Are trophic cascades all wet? Differentiation and donor-control in speciose ecosystems. Ecology. 73(3):1992;747-754.
110. Stumpf R.P., Frayer M.L., Durako M.J., Brock J.C. Variations in water clarity and bottom albedo in Florida Bay from 1985-1997. Estuaries. 22(2B):1999;431-444.
111. Thayer G.W., Powell A.B., Hoss D.E. Composition of larval, juvenile, and small adult fishes relative to changes in environmental conditions in Florida Bay. Estuaries. 22(2B):1999;518-533.
112. Tomas, C.R., 1995. Dynamics of the early life history of recreational fishes on the Florida Shelf. In: Coastal Production and Sportfish Plankton Dynamics on the Florida Shelf (prepared by the Florida Marine Research Institute for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Project F-65).
113. Tomascik T., Sander F. Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. I. Growth rate of the reef-building coral Monastrea annularis. Mar. Biol. 87:1985;143-155.
114. Tomascik T., Sander F. Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. II. Structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies. Mar. Biol. 94:1987;53-75.
115. Tomasko, D.A., LaPointe, B.E., 1994. An alternative hypothesis for the Florida Bay die-off. In: Symposium on Florida Keys Regional Ecosystem, November 1992. Bull. Mar. Sci. 54(3), 1086.
116. van Woesik R., Tomascik T., Blake S. Coral assemblages and physico-chemical characteristics of the Whitsunday Islands: evidence of recent community changes. Mar. Freshwater Res. 50:1999;427-440.
117. Vargo, G.A., Hopkins, T.L., 1990. Plankton. In: Phillips, N.W., Larson, K.S. (Eds.), Synthesis of Available Biological, Geological, Chemical, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Resource Information for the South Florida area. OCS Study, MMS 90-0019, pp. 195-230.
118. Vargo, G.A., Meyers, M., 1991. A comparison of marine productivity among outer continental shelf planning areas. Sections on: Florida Straits, Eastern, Central and Western Gulf of Mexico (prepared for Continental shelf Associates, Inc., USDI/ MMS Contract No. 14-35-0001-30487).
119. Vargo G.A., Carder K.A., Gregg W., Heil C., Shanley E., Steidinger K.A., Haddad K.D. The potential contribution of primary production by red-tides to the West Florida Shelf ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr. 32:1987;762-767.
120. Verwey J. Coral reef studies. II. The depth of coral reefs in relation to their oxygen consumption and the penetration of light in water. Terubia. 13:1931;169-198.
121. Vetter E.W. Hotspots of benthic production. Nature. 327:1994;47.
122. Vetter E.W. Detritus-based patches of high secondary production in the nearshore benthos. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 120:1995;251-262.
123. Vetter E.W., Dayton P.K. Macrofaunal communities within and adjacent to a detritus-rich submarine canyon system. Deep-Sea Res. II. Trop. Stud. Oceanogr. 45(1-3):1998;25-54.
124. Vetter E.W., Dayton P.K. Organic enrichment by macrophyte detritus, and abundance patterns of megafaunal populations in submarine canyons. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 186:1999;137-148.
125. Vidal-Hernandez, L., Nesbitt, S., 2002. Seabirds of the West Florida Shelf. In: Okey, T.A., Mackinson, S., Vasconcellos, M., Vidal-Hernandez, L., Mahmoudi, B. (Eds.), An Ecosystem Model of the West Florida Shelf for use in Fisheries Management and Ecological Research: Model construction. Florida Marine Research Institute, Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg.
126. Walker D.I., Ormond R.F.G. Coral death from sewage and phosphate pollution at Aqaba, Red Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13:1982;21-25.
127. Walsh J.J., Steidinger K.A. Saharan dust and Florida red tides: the cyanophyte connection. J. Geophys. Res. (C. Oceans). 106(C6):2001;11597-11612.
128. Walters C.J., Christensen V., Pauly D. Structuring dynamic models of exploited ecosystems from trophic mass balance assessments. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 7(2):1997;139-172.
129. Walters C.J., Pauly D., Christensen V. Ecospace: prediction of mesoscale spatial patterns in trophic relationships of exploited ecosystems, with emphasis on the impacts of marine protected areas. Ecosystems. 2:1999;539-564.
130. Walters C.J., Kitchell J.F., Christensen V., Pauly D. Representing density dependent consequences of life history strategies in an ecosystem model. Ecosystems. 3:2000;70-83.
131. Weisberg R.H., Black B.D., Yang H.J. Seasonal modulation of the west Florida continental shelf circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23(17):1996;2247- 2250.
132. Weisberg R.H., Black B.D., Li Z. An upwelling case study on Florida's west coast. J. Geophys. Res. (C. Oceans). 105(C5):2000;11459-11469.
133. Wootton J.T., Power M.E. Productivity, consumers, and the structure of a river food chain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:1993;1384-1387.
134. Yentsch C.S., Yentsch C.M., Cullen J.J., Lapointe B., Phinney D.A., Yentsch S.W. Sunlight and water transparency: cornerstones in coral research. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 268:2002;171-183.
135. Yoder, J., Mahood, A., 1983. Primary production in Loop Current upwelling. In: Woodward-Clyde Consultants/Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Southwest Florida Shelf Ecosystems Study-Year 2 Final Report. U.S. Dept. of Interior/Minerals Management Service, Vol. 1.
136. Zieman J.C., Fourqurean J.W., Frankovich T.A. Seagrass die-off in Florida Bay: long-term trends in abundance and growth of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinium. Estuaries. 22(2B):1999;460-470.