Review of biodiesel synthesis from waste oil under elevated pressure and temperature: Phase equilibrium, reaction kinetics, process design and techno-economic study

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 31, Issue , 2014, Pages 708-725

  Glisic, Sandra B ^a   Orlović, Aleksandar M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE   (Serbia)

Author keywords

Biodiesel; Elevated pressure and temperature; Process design; Techno economic study; Waste oil

Indexed keywords

BIODIESEL; BIODIVERSITY; DESIGN; ECONOMIC ANALYSIS; KINETICS; PROCESS DESIGN; REACTION KINETICS; SYNTHETIC FUELS; TEMPERATURE;

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION; DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION; ELEVATED PRESSURE; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST; PRODUCTION PARAMETERS; SUB-CRITICAL CONDITION; TECHNO-ECONOMIC STUDIES; WASTE OIL;

PHASE EQUILIBRIA;

EID: 84893020778     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.003     Document Type: Review

References (154)

1. D. Skala, S. Glišić, I. Lukić, and A. Orlović Biodiesel II. New concept of biodiesel synthesis - transesterification in supercritical methanol Chem Ind 58 2004 76 185 (on English language)
2. D. Skala, and S. Glišić Biodiesel I. Historical background and standards Chem Ind 58 2004 73 78 (on Serbian language) www.ache.org.yu/hi
3. IEA Technology roadmap, biofuels for transport2004, OECD/IEA 2011 International Energy Agency Paris, France
4. Webb A, Coates D. Biofuels and Biodiversity. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Technical Series No. 65: Montreal; 2012. 69 p.
5. T.E. McKone, W.W. Nazaroff, P. Berk, M. Auffhammer, T. Lipman, and M.S. Torn et al. Grand challenges for life-cycle assessment of biofuels Environ Sci Technol 45 2011 1751 1756
6. D. Skala, and S. Glišić Biodiesel production: the problems in software design at supercritical and subcritical conditions M.R. Belinsky, Supercritical fluids 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (US) Hauppauge, NY 525 558
7. K.T. Tan, and K.T. Lee A review on supercritical fluids (SCF) technology in sustainable biodiesel production: potential and challenges Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 2011 2452 2456
8. Z. Yaakob, M. Mohammad, M. Alherbawi, Z. Alam, and K. Sopian Overview of the production of biodiesel from Waste cooking oil Renew Sustain Energy Rev 18 2013 184 193
9. S. Glišić, and D. Skala The problems in design and detailed analyses of energy consumption for biodiesel synthesis at supercritical conditions J Supercrit Fluids 49 2009 293 301
10. S. Glišić, O. Montoya, A. Orlović, and D. Skala Vapor-liquid equilibria of triglycerides - methanol mixture and its influence on the biodiesel synthesis under supercritical conditions of methanol J Serbian Chem Soc 72 2007 13 27
11. S.B. Glisic, and D.U. Skala Phase transition at subcritical and supercritical conditions of triglycerides methanolysis J Supercrit Fluids 54 2010 71 80
12. A.M. Almagrbi, S.B. Glisic, and A.M. Orlovic The phase equilibrium of triglycerides and ethanol at high pressure and temperature: the influence on kinetics of ethanolysis J Supercrit Fluids 61 2012 2 8
13. B. Freeman, R.O. Butterfield, and E.H. Pryde Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil J Am Oil Chem Soc 63 1986 1375 1380
14. Y. Asakuma, K. Maeda, H. Kuramochi, and K. Fukui Theoretical study of the transesterification of triglycerides to biodiesel fuel Fuel 88 2009 786 791
15. A.W. Schwab, M.O. Bagby, and B. Freedman Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils Fuel 66 1987 1372 1378
16. F. Ma, and M.A. Hanna Biodiesel production: a review Bioresour Technol 70 1999 1 15 (Pubitemid 29225069)
17. 2 and propane Fluid Phase Equilibria 158-160 1999 695 706 (Pubitemid 29333525)
18. Z. Tang, Z. Du, E. Min, L. Gao, T. Jiang, and B. Han Phase equilibria of methanol - triolein system at elevated temperature and pressure Fluid Phase Equilibria 239 2006 8 11 (Pubitemid 41828011)
19. S.N. Devender, F. Sobotka, T. Kimmel, G. Wozny, and R. Schomacker Liquid-liquid phase equilibrium in glycerol-methanol-methyl oleate and glycerol-monoolein-methyl oleate ternary systems Ind Eng Chem Res 45 2006 3693 3696 (Pubitemid 43812806)
20. A.E. Andreatta, L.M. Casás, P. Hegel, S.B. Bottini, and E.A. Brignole Phase equilibria in ternary mixtures of methyl oleate, glycerol, and methanol Ind Eng Chem Res 47 2008 5157 5164
21. T. Fang, Y. Shimoyamab, T. Abetab, Y. Iwaib, M. Sasakia, and M. Gotoa Phase equilibria for the mixtures of supercritical methanol+C18 methyl esters and supercritical methanol+α-tocopherol J Supercrit Fluids 47 2008 140 146
22. I. Gracia, M.T. García, J.F. Rodríguez, M.P. Fernández, and A. de Lucas Modeling of the phase behavior for vegetable oils at supercritical conditions J Supercrit Fluids 48 2009 189 194
23. C. Chiu, M.J. Goff, and G.J. Suppes Distribution of methanol and catalysts between biodiesel and glycerin phases AIChE J 51 2005 1274 1278
24. D.S. Negi, F. Sobotka, T. Kimmel, G. Wozny, and R. Schomacker Liquid-liquid phase equilibrium in glycerol-methanol-methyl oleate and glycerol-monoolein-methyl oleate ternary systems Ind Eng Chem Res 45 2006 3693 3696 (Pubitemid 43812806)
25. P. Hegel, G. Mabe, S. Pereda, and E.A. Brignole Phase transitions in a biodiesel reactor using supercritical methanol Ind Eng Chem Res 46 2007 6360 6365 (Pubitemid 47477349)
26. H. Zhou, H. Lu, and B.J. Liang Solubility of multicomponent Systems in the biodiesel production by transesterification of Jatropha curcas L. oil with methanol J Chem Eng Data 51 2006 1130 1135 (Pubitemid 43798547)
27. D.G.B. Boocock, S.K. Konar, V. Mao, C. Lee, and S. Buligan Fast formation of high-purity methyl esters from vegetable oils J Am Oil Chem Soc 75 1998 1558 1563
28. P. Hegel, A. Andreatta, S. Pereda, S. Bottini, and E.A. Brignole High pressure phase equilibria of supercritical alcohols with triglycerides, fatty esters and cosolvents Fluid Phase Equilibria 266 2008 31 37
29. P. Hegel, G. Mabe, S. Pereda, and E.A. Brignole Phase transitions in a biodiesel reactor using supercritical methanol Ind Eng Chem Res 46 2007 6360 6365 (Pubitemid 47477349)
30. Glisic S, Skala D. The prediction of critical parameters for triolein, diolein, monoolein and methyl esters. In: Proceedings of the 9th International symposium on supercritical fluids 2009, New Trends in Supercritical Fluids: Energy, Materials, Processing. Full text: Topic: Properties: P018, No ISBN: 978-2-9511591-7-4; 2009. 6 p.
31. L. Constaninou, and R. Gani New group contribution method for estimating properties of pure compounds AIChE J 40 1994 1697 1710
32. L. Constantinou, R. Gani, and R.J.P. O'Connell Estimation of the acentric factor and the liquid molar volume at 298 K through a new group contribution method Fluid Phase Equilibria 103 1995 11 22
33. D. Ambrose Correlation and estimation of vapour-liquid critical properties. I. Critical temperatures of organic compounds NPL report chemistry vol. 92 1980 National Physical Laboratory Teddington
34. K.G. Joback, and R.C. Reid Estimation of pure-component properties from group-contributions Chem Eng Commun 57 1987 233 243
35. A.L. Horvath Molecular design 1992 Elsevier Amsterdam
36. K.M. Klincewicz, and R.C. Reid Estimation of critical properties with group contribution methods AIChE J 30 1984 137 142 (Pubitemid 14532497)
37. A.L. Lydersen Estimation of critical properties of organic compounds 1955 Univ. Wisconsin Coll. Eng., Eng. Exp. Stn. Rept. 3 Madison, WI (April)
38. W.J. Lyman, W.F. Reehl, and D.H. Rosenblatt Handbook of chemical property estimation methods 1990 American Chemical Society Washington, DC
39. R. Gani, and L. Constantinou Molecular structure based estimation of properties for process design Fluid Phase Equilibria 116 1996 75 86 (Pubitemid 126377184)
40. R. Gani, B. Nielsen, and A. Fredenslund A group contribution approach to computer-aided molecular design AIChE J 37 1991 1318 1332 (Pubitemid 21693455)
41. D. Ambrose, R.C. Reid, J.M. Prausnitz, and B.E. Poling The properties of gases & liquids Monograph 4th ed. 1987 McGraw-Hill New York, US 12 22
42. L. Vázquez, A.M. Hurtado-Benavides, G. Reglero, T. Fornari, E. Ibáñez, and F.J. Señoránsa Deacidification of olive oil by counter-current supercritical carbon dioxide extraction: experimental and thermodynamic modelling J Food Eng 90 2009 463 470
43. S.B. Glisic, and A.M. Orlovic Modelling of non-catalytic biodiesel synthesis under sub and supercritical conditions: the influence of phase distribution J Supercrit Fluids 65 2012 61 70
44. A.M. Almagrbi, T. Hatami, S.B. Glisic, and A.M. Orlović Determination of kinetic parameters for complex transesterification reaction by standard optimisation methods Chem Ind 2013 10.2298/HEMIND130118037A ([in press])
45. M. Diasakou, A. Louloudi, and N. Papayannakos Kinetics of non-catalytic transesterification of soybean oil Fuel 77 1998 1297 1302 (Pubitemid 128400511)
46. D. Kusdiana, and S. Saka Kinetics of transesterification in rapeseed oil to biodiesel fuel as treated in supercritical methanol Fuel 1 2001 693 698
47. B. Wenzel, M. Tait, A. Módenes, and A. Kroumov Modelling chemical kinetics of soybean oil transesterification process for biodiesel production: an analysis of molar ratio between alcohol and soybean oil temperature changes on the process conversion rate Bioautomation 5 2006 13 22
48. G. Madras, C. Kolluru, and R. Kumar Synthesis of biodiesel in supercritical fluids Fuel 83 2004 2029 2033
49. E.-S. Song, J.-W. Lim, H.-S. Lee, and Y.-W. Lee Transesterification of RBD palm oil using supercritical methanol J Supercrit Fluids 44 2008 356 361
50. M.N. Varma, and G. Madras Synthesis of biodiesel from castor oil and linseed oil in supercritical fluids Ind Eng Chem Res 46 2007 1 9
51. C. Silva, T.A. Weschenfelder, S. Rovani, F.C. Corazza, M.L. Corazza, and C. Dariva et al. Continuous production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil in compressed ethanol Ind Eng Chem Res 46 2007 5304 5309 (Pubitemid 47317732)
52. H. He, S. Sun, T. Wang, and S. Zhu Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil for production of biodiesel in supercritical methanol J Am Oil Chem Soc 84 2007 399 404 (Pubitemid 46931873)
53. H. Imahara, E. Minami, S. Hari, and S. Saka Thermal stability of biodiesel in supercritical methanol Fuel 87 2008 1 6 (Pubitemid 350087929)
54. J. Quesada-Medina, and P. Olivares-Carrillo Evidence of thermal decomposition of fatty acid methyl esters during the synthesis of biodiesel with supercritical methanol J Supercrit Fluids 56 2011 56 63
55. I. Vieitez, C. Silva, I. Alckmin, G.R. Borges, F.C. Corazza, and J.V. Oliveira et al. Effect of temperature on the continuous synthesis of soybean esters under supercritical ethanol Energy Fuels 23 2009 558 563
56. P. Olivares-Carrillo, and J. Quesada-Medina Synthesis of biodiesel from soybean oil using supercritical methanol in a one-step catalyst-free process in batch reactor J Supercrit Fluids 58 2011 378 384
57. I. Vieitez, C. Silva, I. Alckmin, F. Castilhos, J.V. Oliveira, and M.A. Grompone et al. Stability of ethyl esters from soybean oil exposed to high temperatures in supercritical ethanol J Supercrit Fluids 56 2011 265 270
58. I. Vieitez, C. Silva, I. Alckmin, G.R. Borges, F.C. Corazza, and J.V. Oliveira et al. Continuous catalyst-free methanolysis and ethanolysis of soybean oil under supercritical alcohol/water mixtures Renew Energy 35 2010 1976 1981
59. C. Silva, F. Castilhos, J.V. Oliveira, and L.C. Filho Continuous production of soybean biodiesel with compressed ethanol in a microtube reactor Fuel Process Technol 91 2010 1274 1281
60. C. Silva, A.P. Lima, F. Castilhos, L.C. Filho, and J.V. Oliveira Non-catalytic production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil with supercritical ethanol in a two-step process using a microtube reactor Biomass Bioenergy 35 2011 526 532
61. M.M. Conceiçao, V.J. Fernandes, A.S. Araújo, M.F. Farias, I.M.G. Santos, and A.G. Souza Thermal and oxidative degradation of castor oil biodiesel Energy Fuels 21 2007 1522 1527 (Pubitemid 46929371)
62. I.S. Patrikios, and P.C. Patsalis Monounsaturated fatty acid oligomerization is responsible for the agglutination activity of heated virgin olive oil Food Res Int 36 2003 985 990 (Pubitemid 37435417)
63. H.Y. Shin, S.M. Lim, S.Y. Bae, and S.C. Oh Thermal decomposition and stability of fatty acid methyl esters in supercritical methanol J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 92 2011 332 338
64. Y. Asakuma, K. Maeda, H. Kuramochi, and K. Fukui Theoretical study of the transesterification of triglycerides to biodiesel fuel Fuel 88 2009 786 791
65. M. Chalaris, and J. Samios Translational and rotational dynamics in supercritical methanol from molecular dynamics simulation Pure Appl Chem 76 2004 203 213
66. W. Chen, W. Ying, C. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Wu, and J. Zhang Calculation and analysis of sub/supercritical methanol preheating tube for continuous production of biodiesel via supercritical methanol transesterification Front Energy Power Eng China 3 2009 423 431
67. S. Glišić, I. Lukic, and D. Skala Biodiesel synthesis at high pressure and temperature: analysis of energy consumption on industrial scale Bioresour Technol 100 2009 6347 6354
68. A. Srivastava, and R. Prasad Triglycerides-based diesel fuels Renew Sustain Energy Rev 4 2000 11 33
69. Von Wedel R. Technical handbook for marine biodiesel in recreational boats. Prepared for National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Subcontract No. ACG-7-16688-01 under Prime Contract No. DE-AC36-83CH10093; 1999. p. 32.
70. L.C. Meher, D. Vidya Sagar, and S.N. Naik Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review Renew Sustain Energy Rev 3 2004 1 21
71. A.Z. Abdullah, N. Razali, H. Mootabadi, and B. Salamatinia Critical technical areas for future improvement in biodiesel technologies Environ Res Lett 2 2007 1 6
72. F. Ma, and M.A. Hanna Biodiesel production: a review Bioresour Technol 70 1999 1 15 (Pubitemid 29225069)
73. M. Mittelbach, and B. Tratnigg Kinetics of alkaline catalyzed methanolysis of sunflower oil Fat Sci Technol 92 1990 145 148
74. G. Vicente, M. Martinez, and J. Aracil Optimisation of integrated biodiesel production. Part I. A study of the biodiesel purity and yield Bioresour Technol 98 2007 1724 1733 (Pubitemid 46199164)
75. G. Vicente, M. Martinez, and J. Aracil Optimisation of integrated biodiesel production. Part II: a study of the material balance Bioresour Technol 98 2007 1754 1761 (Pubitemid 46199165)
76. Y. Zhang, M.A. Dube, D.D. McLean, and M. Kates Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technology assessment Bioresour Technol 89 2003 1 16 (Pubitemid 36379206)
77. L. Bournay, D. Casanave, B. Delfort, G. Hillion, and J.A. Chodorge New heterogeneous process for biodiesel production: a way to improve the quality and the value of the crude glycerine produced by biodiesel plants Catal Today 106 2005 190 192
78. H. He, T. Wang, and S. Zhu Continuous production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil using supercritical methanol process Fuel 86 2007 442 447 (Pubitemid 44666831)
79. S. Saka, and D. Kusdiana Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol Fuel 80 2001 225 231 (Pubitemid 32045619)
80. D. Kusdiana, and S. Saka Kinetics of transesterification in rapeseed oil to biodiesel fuel as treated in supercritical methanol Fuel 80 2001 693 698
81. D. Kusdiana, and S. Saka Methyl esterification of free fatty acids of rapeseed oil as treated in supercritical methanol J Chem Eng Jpn 34 2001 383 387
82. Y. Warabi, D. Kusdiana, and S. Saka Reactivity of triglycerides and fatty acids of rapeseed oil in supercritical alcohols Bioresour Technol 91 2004 283 287 (Pubitemid 37371941)
83. A. Demirbas Studies on cottonseed oil biodiesel prepared in non-catalytic SCF conditions Bioresour Technol 99 2008 1125 1130 (Pubitemid 350258678)
84. J.M. Marchetti, V.U. Miguel, and A.F. Errazu Possible methods for biodiesel production Renew Sustain Energy Rev 11 2008 1300 1311 (Pubitemid 44827857)
85. J.M.N. van Kasteren, and A.P. Nisworo A process model to estimate the cost of industrial scale biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by upper critical transesterification Resour Conserv Recycl 50 2007 442 458 (Pubitemid 46660530)
86. A.H. West, D. Posarac, and N. Ellis Assessment of four biodiesel production processes using HYSYS Plant Bioresour Technol 99 2008 6587 6601
87. T. Sakai, A. Kawashima, and T. Koshikawa Economic assessment of batch biodiesel production processes using homogeneous and heterogeneous alkali catalysts Bioresour Technol 100 2009 3268 3276
88. M.J. Haas, A.J. McAloon, W.C. Yee, and T.A. Foglia A process model to estimate biodiesel production costs Bioresour Technol 97 2006 671 678 (Pubitemid 41773027)
89. K. Kapilakarn, and A. Peugtong A comparison of costs of biodiesel production from transesterication Int Energy J 8 2007 1 6
90. J.M. Marchetti, and A.F. Errazu Techno economic study of supercritical biodiesel production plant Energy Convers Manage 49 2008 2160 2164
91. D. Darnoko, and M. Cheryan Kinetics of palm oil transesterification in a batch reactor J Am Oil Soc Chem 77 2000 1263 1267 (Pubitemid 32076995)
92. F. Karaosmanoglu, K.B. Cigizoglu, M. Tuter, and S. Ertekin Investigation of the refining step of biodiesel production Energy Fuels 10 1996 890 895 (Pubitemid 126533934)
93. D. Kusdiana, and S. Saka Effect of water on biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol treatment Bioresour Tehnol 91 2004 289 295 (Pubitemid 37371942)
94. M.P. Dorado, E. Ballesteros, M. Mittelbach, and F.J. Lopez Kinetic parameters affecting alkali-catalyzed transesterification process of used olive oil Energy Fuels 18 2004 1457 1462
95. L.G. Schumacher, J. Van Gerpen, and B. Adams Biodiesel Fuels Encyclopaedia Energy 1 2004 151 162
96. J. Van Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements, and G. Knothe Biodiesel production technology-report 2004 National Renewable Energy Laboratory
97. Vera CR, D'Ippolito SA, Pieck CL, Parera JM. Production of biodiesel by a two-step supercritical reaction process with adsorption refining. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Mercosur Congress on Chemical Engineering, 4th Mercosur Congress on Process Systems Engineering, Full text; 2005. p. 1-10.
98. W. Xie, H. Peng, and L. Chena Calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcites as solid base catalysts for methanolysis of soybean oil J Mol Catal A: Chem 246 2006 24 32 (Pubitemid 43256712)
99. G.J. Suppes, M.A. Dasari, E.J. Doskocil, P.J. Mankidy, and M.J. Goff Transesterification of soybean oil with zeolite and metal catalysts Appl Catal A: Gen 257 2004 213 223
100. W. Xie, X. Huang, and H. Li Soybean oil methyl esters preparation using NaX zeolites loaded with KOH as a heterogeneous catalyst Bioresour Technol 98 2007 936 939 (Pubitemid 44376839)
101. H.J. Kim, B.S. Kang, M.J. Kim, Y.M. Park, D.K. Kim, and J.S. Lee et al. Transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous base catalyst Catal Today 93-95 2004 315 320
102. Stern R, Hillion G, Rouxel JJ, Leporq S. Process for the production of esters from vegetable oils or animal oils alcohols. US Patent 5,908,946; 1999.
103. T. Ebiura, T. Echizen, A. Ishikawa, K. Murai, and T. Baba Selective transesterification of triolein with methanol to methyl oleate and glycerol using alumina loaded with alkali metal salt as a solid-base catalyst Appl Catal A: Gen 283 2005 111 116
104. 3/Al-O-Si aerogel catalyst J Serbian Chem Soc 75 2010 789 801
105. W. Xie, and H. Li Alumina-supported potassium iodide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil J Mol Catal A: Chem 255 2006 1 9 (Pubitemid 44088637)
106. W. Xie, H. Peng, and L. Chen Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by potassium loaded on alumina as a solid-base catalyst Appl Catal A: Gen 300 2006 67 74 (Pubitemid 41829592)
107. F.R. Abreu, M.B. Alves, C.C.S. Macedo, L.F. Zara, and Suarez P.A.Z. New multi-phase catalytic systems based on tin compounds active for vegetable oil transesterificaton reaction J Mol Catal A: Chem 227 2005 263 267
108. F.R. Abreu, D.G. Lima, E.H. Hamú, S. Einloft, J.C. Rubim, and Suarez P.A.Z. New metal catalysts for soybean oil transesterification J Am Oil Chem Soc 80 2003 601 604
109. D.G. Cantrell, L.J. Gillie, A.F. Lee, and K. Wilson Structure-reactivity correlations in MgAl hydrotalcite catalysts for biodiesel synthesis Appl Catal A: Gen 287 2005 183 190
110. D.A.C. Ferreira, M.R. Meneghetti, S.M.P. Meneghetti, and C.R. Wolf Methanolysis of soybean oil in the presence of tin (IV) complexes Appl Catal A: Gen 317 2007 58 61 (Pubitemid 44894815)
111. S. Furuta, H. Matsuhashi, and K. Arata Biodiesel fuel production with solid superacid catalysis in fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure Catal Commun 5 2004 721 723
112. S. Furuta, H. Matsuhashi, and K. Arata Biodiesel fuel production with solid amorphous-zirconia catalysis in fixed bed reactor Biomass Bioenergy 30 2006 870 873 (Pubitemid 44403093)
113. Z. Huaping, W. Zongbin, C. Yuanxiong, Z. Ping, D. Shijie, and L. Xiaohua et al. Preparation of biodiesel catalyzed by solid super base of calcium oxide and its refining process Chin J Catal 27 2005 391 396
114. J. Jitputti, B. Kitiyanan, P. Rangsunvigit, K. Bunyakiat, L. Attanatho, and P. Jenvanitpanjakul Transesterification of crude palm kernel oil and crude coconut oil by different solid catalysts Chem Eng J 116 2006 61 66
115. D.E. Lopez, Goodwin J.G. Jr, D.A. Bruce, and E. Lotero Transesterification of triacetin with methanol on acid and base catalysts Appl Catal A: Gen 295 2005 97 105
116. J.M. Marchetti, V.U. Miguel, and AF. Errazu Heterogeneous esterification of oil with high amount of free fatty acids Fuel 86 2007 906 910 (Pubitemid 44958497)
117. C. Mazzocchia, G. Modica, A. Kaddouri, and R. Nannicini Fatty acid methyl esters synthesis from triglycerides over heterogeneous catalysts in the presence of microwaves C R Chim 7 2004 601 605 (Pubitemid 38878070)
118. U. Schuchardt, R. Matheus Vargas, and G. Gelbard Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by alkylguanidines heterogenized on different substituted polystyrenes J Mol Catal A: Chem 109 1996 37 44 (Pubitemid 126655298)
119. N. Shibasaki-Kitakawa, H. Honda, H. Kuribayashi, T. Toda, T. Fukumura, and T. Yonemoto Biodiesel production using anionic ion-exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst Bioresour Technol 98 2007 416 421 (Pubitemid 44332163)
120. A. Demirbas Biodiesel from sunflower oil in supercritical methanol with calcium oxide Energy Convers Manage 48 2007 937 941 (Pubitemid 46123729)
121. M. Di Serio, M. Ledda, M. Cozzolino, G. Minutillo, R. Tesser, and E. Santacesaria Transesterification of soyabean oil by using heterogeneous basic catalysts Ind Eng Chem Res 45 2006 3009 3014
122. T.F. Dossin, M.F. Reyniers, R.J. Berger, and G.B. Marin Simulation of heterogeneously MgO-catalyzed transesterification for fine-chemical and biodiesel industrial production Appl Catal B: Environ 67 2006 136 148 (Pubitemid 44247576)
123. S. Gryglewicz Rapeseed oil methyl esters preparation using heterogeneous catalysts Bioresour Technol 70 1999 249 253 (Pubitemid 29332673)
124. M. Lopez Granados, M.D. Zafra Poves, D. MartIn Alonso, R. Mariscal, F. Cabello Galisteo, and R. Moreno-Tost et al. Biodiesel from sunflower oil by using activated calcium oxide Appl Catal B: Environ 73 2007 317 326 (Pubitemid 46589994)
125. L. Wang, and J. Yang Transesterification of soybean oil with nano-MgO or not in supercritical and subcritical methanol Fuel 86 2007 328 333 (Pubitemid 44666832)
126. A. D'Cruz, M.G. Kulkarni, L.C. Meher, and A.K. Dalai Synthesis of biodiesel from canola oil using heterogeneous base catalyst J Am Oil Chem Soc 84 2007 937 943 (Pubitemid 47482109)
127. L.C. Meher, M.G. Kulkarni, A.K. Dalai, and S.N. Naik Transesterification of karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil by solid basic catalysts Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 108 2006 389 397 (Pubitemid 43835836)
128. Yan S, Salley SO, Kim M, Simon Ng, KY. Using calcium oxide based catalyst in transesterification of soybean oil with methanol, 21st NAM, San Fracisco, California, 7-12 Jun; 2009. CHEM-session 2a-OA18 〈http://nam. contex.com/nam/2009/webprogram/paper1965.htmlâŒ
129. Glišić S, Skala D., Design and Optimization of Purification Procedure for Biodiesel Washing. CI&CIQ 2009;15:159-69. 〈http://www.ache.org.rs/CICEQ/AIP/3072-2009-AIP. pdfâŒ.
130. M. Bender Economic feasibility review for community-scale farmer cooperatives for biodiesel Bioresour Technol 70 1999 81 87 (Pubitemid 29225078)
131. American Biofuels Association & Information Resources, Inc., BIODIESEL - a technology performance and regulatory review. National Soy Diesel Development Board: Jefferson City, MO; 1994. p. 118.
132. Canakci M, Van Gerpen, J. A pilot plant to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstocks. In: Proceedings of the 2001 ASAE annual international meeting. Paper No. 016049; 2001.
133. M.S. Graboski, and R.L. McCormick Combustion of fat and vegetable oil derived fuels in diesel engines Prog Energy Combust 24 1998 125 164 (Pubitemid 128378383)
134. U.R. Kreutzer Manufacture of fatty alcohols based on natural fats and oils J Am Oil Chem Soc 61 1984 343 348
135. A.A. Apostolakou, I.K. Kookos, C. Marazioti, and K.C. Angelopoulos Techno-economic analysis of a biodiesel production process from vegetable oils Fuel Process Technol 90 2009 1023 1031
136. Y. Lim, H. Lee, Y. Lee, and C. Han Design and economic analysis of the process for biodiesel fuel production from transesterificated rapeseed oil using supercritical methanol Ind Eng Chem Res 48 2009 5370 5377
137. H.J. Cho, J.-K. Kim, H.-J. Cho, and Y.-K. Yeo Techno-economic study of a biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate Ind Eng Chem Res 52 2013 462 468
138. Y.D. You, J.L. Shie, C.Y. Chang, S.H. Huang, C.Y. Pai, and Y.H. Yu et al. Economic cost analysis of biodiesel production: case in soybean oil Energy Fuels 22 2008 182 189
139. Van Gerpen JH. Biodiesel economics. Availabe from URL: 〈http://www.deq.state.mt.us/Energy/bioenergy/ Biodiesel-Production-Educ-Presentations/11Montana-Economics-Billings-Jan2008- JVG.pdfâŒ; December 2008.
140. S. Lee, D. Posarac, and N. Ellis Process simulation and economic analysis of biodiesel production processes using fresh and waste vegetable oil and supercritical methanol Chem Eng Res Des 89 2011 2626 2642
141. K Jegannathan, C. Seng, and P. Ravindra Economic assessment of biodiesel production: comparison of alkali and biocatalyst processes Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 2011 745 751
142. F.E. Kiss, M. Jovanovic, and G.C. Boškovic Economic and ecological aspects of biodiesel production over homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts Fuel Process Technol 91 2010 1316 1320
143. L. Simasatitkul, R. Ganib, and A. Arpornwichanop Optimal design of biodiesel production process from waste cooking palm oil Procedia Eng 42 2012 1292 1301
144. H.C. Ong, T.M.I. Mahlia, H.H. Masjuki, and D. Honnery Life cycle cost and sensitivity analysis of palm biodiesel production Fuel 98 2012 131 139
145. I. Lozada, J. Islas, and G. Grande Environmental and economic feasibility of palm oil biodiesel in the Mexican transportation sector Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14 2010 486 492
146. M. Enguidanos, A. Soria, B. Kavalov, and P. Jensen Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production in the EU 2002 Seville Spain
147. G.C.S. Santana, P.F. Martins, N.D. da Silva, C.B. Batistella, R. Made, and Maciel M.R.W. Simulation and cost estimate for biodiesel production using castor oil Chem Eng Res Des 88 2010 626 632
148. Economic and Social Feasibility Study of Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Curcas L. in Ghana, Executive Summary of Hookyung Kim's MSc Thesis, Centre for Environmental Policy Imperial College London, Academic Year 2008-2009, Supervisor: Dr. Jeremy Woods and Dr. Rocio Diaz-Chavez.
149. E.J. Stebbins Technical and economic feasibility of biodiesel production in Vermont: evidence from a farm-scale study and a commercial-scale simulation analysis [Master thesis] 2009 The Faculty of the Graduate College, The University of Vermont (May)
150. M.S. Peters, K.D. Timmerhaus, and E. West Ronald Plant design and economics for chemical engineers 5th ed. 2003 Mcgraw-Hill Education - Europe United States
151. W.A. Alkhayat, and A.M. Gerrard Estimating manning levels for process plants AACE Trans 1984 I-2.1 I-2.4
152. R. Turton, C.B. Richard, W.B. Whiting, and J.A. Shaeiwitz Analysis, synthesis and design of chemical processes 2009 Pearson Education, Inc: Boston MA
153. GD. Ulrich A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and Economics 1984 John Wiley and Sons New York
154. J.M. Coulson, R.K. Sinnott, and J.F. Richardson Coulson & Richardson's Chemical Engineering: Chemical Engineering Design (Chemical Engineering Vol. 6 by R.K. Sinnot) 4th ed. 2005 Butterworth-Heinemann