Helicobacter pylori and pregnancy-related disorders

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 654-664

  Cardaropoli, Simona ^a   Rolfo, Alessandro ^a   Todros, Tullia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Fetal growth restriction; Gastrointestinal disorders; Helicobacter pylori; Hyperemesis gravidarum; Iron deficiency anemia; Pre eclampsia; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

ERYTHROMYCIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE;

ANTIBODY DETECTION; ANTIGEN DETECTION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DISORDERS OF ACID BASE BALANCE; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; GASTROSCOPY; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMAN; HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MOLECULAR MIMICRY; NEURAL TUBE DEFECT; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY DISORDER; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RAPID UREASE TEST; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; STOMACH BIOPSY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; UREA BREATH TEST; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION;

FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION; GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HYPEREMESIS GRAVIDARUM; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; PRE-ECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY;

FEMALE; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84892876385     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.654     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Malaty HM. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 205-214 [PMID: 17382273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2006.10.005]
2. Suerbaum S, Michetti P. Helicobacter pylori infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1175-1186 [PMID: 12374879 DOI: 10.1056/ NEJMra020542347/15/1175]
3. Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. Disease-specific Helicobacter pylori virulence factors: the unfulfilled promise. Helicobacter 2000; 5 Suppl 1: S3-9; discussion S27-31 [PMID: 10828748]
4. Harris PR, Mobley HL, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ, Smith PD. Helicobacter pylori urease is a potent stimulus of mononuclear phagocyte activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 419-425 [PMID: 8690207 DOI: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690207]
5. Yamaoka Y, Kwon DH, Graham DY. A M(r) 34,000 proinflammatory outer membrane protein (oipA) of Helicobacter pylori. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 7533-7538 [PMID: 10852959 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.130079797]
6. Mahdavi J, Sondén B, Hurtig M, Olfat FO, Forsberg L, Roche N, Angstrom J, Larsson T, Teneberg S, Karlsson KA, Altraja S, Wadström T, Kersulyte D, Berg DE, Dubois A, Petersson C, Magnusson KE, Norberg T, Lindh F, Lundskog BB, Arnqvist A, Hammarström L, Borén T. Helicobacter pylori SabA adhesin in persistent infection and chronic inflammation. Science 2002; 297: 573-578 [PMID: 12142529 DOI: 10.1126/science. 1069076]
7. Blaser MJ, Atherton JC. Helicobacter pylori persistence: biology and disease. J Clin Invest 2004; 113: 321-333 [PMID: 14755326 DOI: 10.1172/JCI20925]
8. Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. H. pylori and cagA: relationships with gastric cancer, duodenal ulcer, and reflux esophagitis and its complications. Helicobacter 1998; 3: 145-151 [PMID: 9731983 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.1998.08031.x]
9. Cover TL, Blanke SR. Helicobacter pylori VacA, a paradigm for toxin multifunctionality. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3: 320-332 [PMID: 15759043 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1095]
10. Palframan SL, Kwok T, Gabriel K. Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), a key toxin for Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2: 92 [PMID: 22919683 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00092]
11. Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez GI, Kleanthous H, Cover TL, Peek RM, Chyou PH, Stemmermann GN, Nomura A. Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2111-2115 [PMID: 7743510]
12. Kuipers EJ, Pérez-Pérez GI, Meuwissen SG, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori and atrophic gastritis: importance of the cagA status. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 1777-1780 [PMID: 7473834 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/87.23.1777]
13. Van Doorn LJ, Figueiredo C, Mégraud F, Pena S, Midolo P, Queiroz DM, Carneiro F, Vanderborght B, Pegado MD, Sanna R, De Boer W, Schneeberger PM, Correa P, Ng EK, Atherton J, Blaser MJ, Quint WG. Geographic distribution of vacA allelic types of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 1999; 116: 823-830 [PMID: 10092304 DOI: 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70065-X]
14. Banić M, Franceschi F, Babić Z, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2012; 17 Suppl 1: 49-55 [PMID: 22958156 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1523-5378.2012.00983.x]
15. Lanciers S, Despinasse B, Mehta DI, Blecker U. Increased susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection in pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7: 195-198 [PMID: 10449268 DOI: 10.1155/S1064744999000332]
16. Chang J, Streitman D. Physiologic adaptations to pregnancy. Neurol Clin 2012; 30: 781-789 [PMID: 22840789 DOI: 10.1016/ j.ncl.2012.05.001]
17. Hajishafiha M, Ghasemi-Rad M, Memari A, Naji S, Mladkova N, Saeedi V. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on pregnancy rates and early pregnancy loss after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Int J Womens Health 2011; 3: 329-335 [PMID: 22114525 DOI: 10.2147/IJWH.S24424]
18. Blecker U, Lanciers S, Keppens E, Vandenplas Y. Evolution of Helicobacter pylori positivity in infants born from positive mothers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994; 19: 87-90 [PMID: 7965484 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-199407000-00014]
19. Weyermann M, Rothenbacher D, Gayer L, Bode G, Adler G, Grab D, Flock F, Brenner H. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection in iron deficiency during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 548-553 [PMID: 15696001 DOI: 10.1016/ j.ajog.2004.08.028]
20. Cardaropoli S, Piazzese A, Piccoli E, Rolfo A, Todros T. Is Helicobacter pylori infection a risk factor for miscarriage? Placenta 2013; 34: A37-A38 [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.06.112]
21. Kitagawa M, Natori M, Katoh M, Sugimoto K, Omi H, Akiyama Y, Sago H. Maternal transmission of Helicobacter pylori in the perinatal period. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2001; 27: 225-230 [PMID: 11721735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2001. tb01256.x]
22. Eslick GD, Yan P, Xia HH, Murray H, Spurrett B, Talley NJ. Foetal intrauterine growth restrictions with Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16: 1677-1682 [PMID: 12197848 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01333.x]
23. Karaer A, Ozkan O, Ozer S, Bayir B, Kilic S, Babur C, Danişman N. Gastrointestinal symptoms and Helicobacter pylori infection in early pregnancy. A seroepidemiologic study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 66: 44-46 [PMID: 18264024 DOI: 10.1159/000115845]
24. Berker B, Soylemez F, Cengiz SD, Kose SK. Serologic assay of Helicobacter pylori infection. Is it useful in hyperemesis gravidarum? J Reprod Med 2003; 48: 809-812 [PMID: 14619649]
25. Felkner M, Suarez L, Liszka B, Brender JD, Canfield M. Neural tube defects, micronutrient deficiencies, and Helicobacter pylori: a new hypothesis. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2007; 79: 617-621 [PMID: 17626260 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20382]
26. Goodman KJ, O'Rourke K, Day RS, Wang C, Redlinger T, Campos A, de la Rosa JM. Helicobacter pylori infection in pregnant women from a U.S.-Mexico border population. J Immigr Health 2003; 5: 99-107 [PMID: 14512764 DOI: 10.1023/ A:1023935701082]
27. Bassily S, Frenck RW, Mohareb EW, Wierzba T, Savarino S, Hall E, Kotkat A, Naficy A, Hyams KC, Clemens J. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori among Egyptian newborns and their mothers: a preliminary report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999; 61: 37-40 [PMID: 10432052]
28. Bunn JE, Thomas JE, Harding M, Coward WA, Weaver LT. Placental acquisition of maternal specific IgG and Helicobacter pylori colonization in infancy. Helicobacter 2003; 8: 568-572 [PMID: 14536004 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2003.00178.x]
29. Brown LM. Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of transmission. Epidemiol Rev 2000; 22: 283-297 [PMID: 11218379 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018040]
30. Goodman KJ, Cockburn M. The role of epidemiology in understanding the health effects of Helicobacter pylori. Epi-demiology 2001; 12: 266-271 [PMID: 11246592 DOI: 10.1097/00 001648-200103000-00023]
31. Broussard CN, Richter JE. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1998; 27: 123-151 [PMID: 9546087 DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70350-2]
32. Golberg D, Szilagyi A, Graves L. Hyperemesis gravidarum and Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110: 695-703 [PMID: 17766620 DOI: 10.1097/01. AOG.0000278571.93861.26]
33. Verberg MF, Gillott DJ, Al-Fardan N, Grudzinskas JG. Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review. Hum Reprod Update 2005; 11: 527-539 [PMID: 16006438 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/ dmi021]
34. Hod M, Orvieto R, Kaplan B, Friedman S, Ovadia J. Hyperemesis gravidarum. A review. J Reprod Med 1994; 39: 605-612 [PMID: 7996524]
35. Eliakim R, Abulafia O, Sherer DM. Hyperemesis gravidarum: a current review. Am J Perinatol 2000; 17: 207-218 [PMID: 11041443 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-9424]
36. Gross S, Librach C, Cecutti A. Maternal weight loss associated with hyperemesis gravidarum: a predictor of fetal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 906-909 [PMID: 2712122 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(89)90307-4]
37. Guven MA, Ertas IE, Coskun A, Ciragil P. Serologic and stool antigen assay of Helicobacter pylori infection in hyperemesis gravidarum: which test is useful during early pregnancy? Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 50: 37-41 [PMID: 21482373 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2009.11.003]
38. Frigo P, Lang C, Reisenberger K, Kölbl H, Hirschl AM. Hyperemesis gravidarum associated with Helicobacter pylori seropositivity. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 615-617 [PMID: 9540952 DOI: 10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00709-6]
39. Kazerooni T, Taallom M, Ghaderi AA. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 79: 217-220 [PMID: 12445985 DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(02)00298-9]
40. Salimi-Khayati A, Sharami H, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Sadri S, Fallah MS. Helicobacter pylori aeropositivity and the incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9: CR12-CR15 [PMID: 12552243]
41. Cevrioglu AS, Altindis M, Yilmazer M, Fenkci IV, Ellidokuz E, Kose S. Efficient and non-invasive method for investigating Helicobacter pylori in gravida with hyperemesis gravidarum: Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2004; 30: 136-141 [PMID: 15009618 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1447-0756.2003.00173.x]
42. Koçak I, Akcan Y, Ustün C, Demirel C, Cengiz L, Yanik FF. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1999; 66: 251-254 [PMID: 10580672 DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(99)00091-0]
43. Tanriverdi HA, Ustundag Y, Tekin IO, Barut A. Dyspeptic complaints after 20 weeks of gestation are not related to Helicobacter pylori seropositivity. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11: CR445-CR448 [PMID: 16127365]
44. McKenna D, Watson P, Dornan J. Helicobacter pylori infection and dyspepsia in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 102: 845-849 [PMID: 14551017 DOI: 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00766-X]
45. Noyan V, Apan TZ, Yucel A, Sagsoz N. Cytotoxin associated gene A-positive Helicobacter pylori strains in dyspeptic pregnant women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 116: 186-189 [PMID: 15358462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.02.028]
46. Xia LB, Yang J, Li AB, Tang SH, Xie QZ, Cheng D. Relationship between hyperemesis gravidarum and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity. Chin Med J (Engl) 2004; 117: 301-302 [PMID: 14975221]
47. Wu CY, Tseng JJ, Chou MM, Lin SK, Poon SK, Chen GH. Correlation between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastrointestinal symptoms in pregnancy. Adv Ther 2000; 17: 152-158 [PMID: 11183452 DOI: 10.1007/BF02853157]
48. Erdem A, Arslan M, Erdem M, Yildirim G, Himmetoǧlu O. Detection of Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in hyperemesis gravidarum and correlation with symptoms. Am J Perinatol 2002; 19: 87-92 [PMID: 11938482 DOI: 10.1055/ s-2002-23559]
49. Shirin H, Sadan O, Shevah O, Bruck R, Boaz M, Moss SF, Everon S, Glezerman M, Avni Y. Positive serology for Helicobacter pylori and vomiting in the pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2004; 270: 10-14 [PMID: 12756581 DOI: 10.1007/ s00404-002-0473-6]
50. Bagis T, Gumurdulu Y, Kayaselcuk F, Yilmaz ES, Killicadag E, Tarim E. Endoscopy in hyperemesis gravidarum and Helicobacter pylori infection. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 79: 105-109 [PMID: 12427393 DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(02)00230-8]
51. El Younis CM, Abulafia O, Sherer DM. Rapid marked response of severe hyperemesis gravidarum to oral erythromycin. Am J Perinatol 1998; 15: 533-534 [PMID: 9890250 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-994055]
52. Jacoby EB, Porter KB. Helicobacter pylori infection and persistent hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Perinatol 1999; 16: 85-88 [PMID: 10355915 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-993841]
53. Jacobson GF, Autry AM, Somer-Shely TL, Pieper KL, Kirby RS. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and hyperemesis gravidarum. J Reprod Med 2003; 48: 578-582 [PMID: 12971136]
54. Karadeniz RS, Ozdegirmenci O, Altay MM, Solaroglu A, Dilbaz S, Hizel N, Haberal A. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and stool antigen in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2006; 2006: 73073 [PMID: 17093356 DOI: 10.1155/IDOG/2006/73073]
55. Aytac S, Türkay C, Kanbay M. Helicobacter pylori stool antigen assay in hyperemesis gravidarum: a risk factor for hyperemesis gravidarum or not? Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 2840-2843 [PMID: 17431779 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9709-9]
56. Cardenas VM, Mulla ZD, Ortiz M, Graham DY. Iron deficiency and Helicobacter pylori infection in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163: 127-134 [PMID: 16306309 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj018]
57. Brabin BJ, Hakimi M, Pelletier D. An analysis of anemia and pregnancy-related maternal mortality. J Nutr 2001; 131: 604S-614S; discussion 614S-615S [PMID: 11160593]
58. Milman N, Bergholt T, Byg KE, Eriksen L, Graudal N. Iron status and iron balance during pregnancy. A critical reappraisal of iron supplementation. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999; 78: 749-757 [PMID: 10535335 DOI: 10.1080/ j.1600-0412.1999.780902.x]
59. Muhsen K, Cohen D. Helicobacter pylori infection and anemia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 89: 398 [PMID: 23926143 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0168a]
60. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain C, Bazzoli F, El-Omar E, Graham D, Hunt R, Rokkas T, Vakil N, Kuipers EJ. Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III Consensus Report. Gut 2007; 56: 772-781 [PMID: 17170018 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.101634]
61. Caselli M, Zullo A, Maconi G, Parente F, Alvisi V, Casetti T, Sorrentino D, Gasbarrini G. "Cervia II Working Group Report 2006": guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in Italy. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39: 782-789 [PMID: 17606419 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2007.05.016]
62. Muhsen K, Cohen D. Helicobacter pylori infection and iron stores: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2008; 13: 323-340 [PMID: 19250507 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1523-5378.2008.00617.x]
63. Choe YH, Oh YJ, Lee NG, Imoto I, Adachi Y, Toyoda N, Gabazza EC. Lactoferrin sequestration and its contribution to iron-deficiency anemia in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18: 980-985 [PMID: 12859729]
64. DuBois S, Kearney DJ. Iron-deficiency anemia and Helicobacter pylori infection: a review of the evidence. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 453-459 [PMID: 15667507 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1572-0241.2005.30252.x]
65. Annibale B, Capurso G, Lahner E, Passi S, Ricci R, Maggio F, Delle Fave G. Concomitant alterations in intragastric pH and ascorbic acid concentration in patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and associated iron deficiency anaemia. Gut 2003; 52: 496-501 [PMID: 12631657 DOI: 10.1136/ gut.52.4.496]
66. Pellicano R, Rizzetto M. Is hepcidin the bridge linking Helicobacter pylori and anemia of chronic infection? A research proposal. Panminerva Med 2004; 46: 165-169 [PMID: 15510085]
67. Ciacci C, Sabbatini F, Cavallaro R, Castiglione F, Di Bella S, Iovino P, Palumbo A, Tortora R, Amoruso D, Mazzacca G. Helicobacter pylori impairs iron absorption in infected individuals. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36: 455-460 [PMID: 15285524 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2004.02.008]
68. Mulayim B, Celik NY, Yanik FF. Helicobacter pylori infection detected by 14C-urea breath test is associated with iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2008; 34: 980-985 [PMID: 19012696 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1447-0756.2008.00822.x]
69. Malik R, Guleria K, Kaur I, Sikka M, Radhakrishnan G. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in iron deficiency anaemia of pregnancy-a pilot study. Indian J Med Res 2011; 134: 224-231 [PMID: 21911976]
70. Bezircioǧlu I, Elveren HB, Baloǧlu A, Biçer M. The positivity of Helicobacter pylori Stool Antigen in patients with Hyperemesis gravidarum. J Turkish German Gynecol Associ 2011; 12: 71-74 [DOI: 10.5152/jtgga.2011.18]
71. Duley L. The global impact of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Semin Perinatol 2009; 33: 130-137 [PMID: 19464502 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2009.02.010]
72. Todros T, Vasario E, Cardaropoli S. Preeclampsia as an infectious disease. Exp Rev Obstetr Gynecol 2007; 2: 735-741 [DOI: 10.1586/17474108.2.6.735]
73. Redman CW, Sargent IL. Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science 2005; 308: 1592-1594 [PMID: 15947178 DOI: 10.1126/science.1111726]
74. Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Lindheimer M. Maternal infection and risk of preeclampsia: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198: 7-22 [PMID: 18166297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.07.040]
75. Rustveld LO, Kelsey SF, Sharma R. Association between maternal infections and preeclampsia: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Matern Child Health J 2008; 12: 223-242 [PMID: 17577649 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-007-0224-1]
76. Ponzetto A, Cardaropoli S, Piccoli E, Rolfo A, Gennero L, Kanduc D, Todros T. Pre-eclampsia is associated with Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in Italy. J Hypertens 2006; 24: 2445-2449 [PMID: 17082728 DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3280109e8c]
77. UstUn Y, Engin-UstUn Y, Ozkaplan E, Otlu B, Sait TekerekoGlu M. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with systemic inflammation in preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010: 23: 311-314 [PMID: 20222830 DOI: 10.3109/1476705090 3121456]
78. Aksoy H, Ozkan A, Aktas F, Borekci B. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and its relationship with serum malondialdehyde and lipid profile in preeclampsia. J Clin Lab Anal 2009; 23: 219-222 [PMID: 19623648 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20330]
79. Cardaropoli S, Rolfo A, Piazzese A, Ponzetto A, Todros T. Helicobacter pylori's virulence and infection persistence define pre-eclampsia complicated by fetal growth retardation. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 5156-5165 [PMID: 22215939 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i47.5156]
80. Franceschi F, Di Simone N, D'Ippolito S, Castellani R, Di Nicuolo F, Gasbarrini G, Yamaoka Y, Todros T, Scambia G, Gasbarrini A. Antibodies anti-CagA cross-react with trophoblast cells: a risk factor for pre-eclampsia? Helicobacter 2012; 17: 426-434 [PMID: 23066738 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1523-5378.2012.00966.x]
81. Franceschi F, Niccoli G, Ferrante G, Gasbarrini A, Baldi A, Candelli M, Feroce F, Saulnier N, Conte M, Roccarina D, Lanza GA, Gasbarrini G, Gentiloni SN, Crea F. CagA antigen of Helicobacter pylori and coronary instability: insight from a clinico-pathological study and a meta-analysis of 4241 cases. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202: 535-542 [PMID: 18599062 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.051]
82. Cetin I, Foidart JM, Miozzo M, Raun T, Jansson T, Tsatsaris V, Reik W, Cross J, Hauguel-de-Mouzon S, Illsley N, Kingdom J, Huppertz B. Fetal growth restriction: a workshop report. Placenta 2004; 25: 753-757 [PMID: 15450396 DOI: 10.1016/ j.placenta.2004.02.004]
83. Pollack RN, Divon MY. Intrauterine growth retardation: definition, classification, and etiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1992; 35: 99-107 [PMID: 1544253 DOI: 10.1097/00003081-1992 03000-00015]
84. Lin CC, Santolaya-Forgas J. Current concepts of fetal growth restriction: part I. Causes, classification, and pathophysiology. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92: 1044-1055 [PMID: 9840574 DOI: 10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00328-7]
85. Rossi G, Romagnoli S, Lauretti L, Pancotto L, Taccini E, Rappuoli R, Del Giudice G, Ruggiero P. Helicobacter pylori infection negatively influences pregnancy outcome in a mouse model. Helicobacter 2004; 9: 152-157 [PMID: 15068417 DOI: 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00212.x]
86. Gøbel R, Symonds EL, Butler RN, Tran CD. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection in mothers and birth weight. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 3049-3053 [PMID: 17410433 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-9772-x]
87. Brown S. Miscarriage and its associations. Semin Reprod Med 2008; 26: 391-400 [PMID: 18825607 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1087105]
88. Akcam M, Ozdem S, Yilmaz A, Gultekin M, Artan R. Serum ferritin, vitamin B(12), folate, and zinc levels in children infected with Helicobacter pylori. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52: 405-410 [PMID: 17211708 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9422-8]
89. Serin E, Gümürdülü Y, Ozer B, Kayaselçuk F, Yilmaz U, Koçak R. Impact of Helicobacter pylori on the development of vitamin B12 deficiency in the absence of gastric atrophy. Helicobacter 2002; 7: 337-341 [PMID: 12485119 DOI: 10.1046/ j.1523-5378.2002.00106.x]
90. Avcu N, Avcu F, Beyan C, Ural AU, Kaptan K, Ozyurt M, Nevruz O, Yalçin A. The relationship between gastric-oral Helicobacter pylori and oral hygiene in patients with vitamin B12-deficiency anemia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 92: 166-169 [PMID: 11505263 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2001.113589]
91. Ozer B, Serin E, Gumurdulu Y, Kayaselcuk F, Anarat R, Gur G, Kul K, Guclu M, Boyacioglu S. Helicobacter pylori eradication lowers serum homocysteine level in patients without gastric atrophy. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 2764-2767 [PMID: 15884118]
92. Golalipour MJ, Sedehi M, Qorbani M. Does maternal Helicobacter pylori infection increase the risk of occurrence of neural tube defects in newborns in Northern Iran? Neurosciences (Riyadh) 2012; 17: 219-225 [PMID: 22772926]
93. Sukenik-Halevy R, Ellis MH, Fejgin MD. Management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2008; 63: 182-188 [PMID: 18279544 DOI: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318164013c]
94. George JN, Woolf SH, Raskob GE, Wasser JS, Aledort LM, Ballem PJ, Blanchette VS, Bussel JB, Cines DB, Kelton JG, Lichtin AE, McMillan R, Okerbloom JA, Regan DH, Warrier I. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a practice guideline developed by explicit methods for the American Society of Hematology. Blood 1996; 88: 3-40 [PMID: 8704187]
95. Belkin A, Levy A, Sheiner E. Perinatal outcomes and complications of pregnancy in women with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22: 1081-1085 [PMID: 19900049 DOI: 10.3109/14767050903029592]
96. Kohda K, Kuga T, Kogawa K, Kanisawa Y, Koike K, Kuroiwa G, Hirayama Y, Sato Y, Niitsu Y. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet recovery in Japanese patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and secondary autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 2002; 118: 584-588 [PMID: 12139750 DOI: 10.1046/ j.1365-2141.2002.03612.x]
97. Hino M, Yamane T, Park K, Takubo T, Ohta K, Kitagawa S, Higuchi K, Arakawa T. Platelet recovery after eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Hematol 2003; 82: 30-32 [PMID: 12574961 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-002-0579-8]
98. Suzuki T, Matsushima M, Masui A, Watanabe K, Takagi A, Ogawa Y, Shirai T, Mine T. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura-a randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1265-1270 [PMID: 15929755 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1572-0241.2005.41641.x]
99. Yamaoka Y, Kodama T, Gutierrez O, Kim JG, Kashima K, Graham DY. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori iceA, cagA, and vacA status and clinical outcome: studies in four different countries. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2274-2279 [PMID: 10364597]
100. Fukui O, Shimoya K, Shimizu T, Fukuda H, Wasada K, Murata Y. Helicobacter pylori infection and platelet counts during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005; 89: 26-30 [PMID: 15777894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2005.01.021]
101. Epstein A, Wing DA, Ouzounian JG, Miller DA, Lee RH. Helicobacter pylori and thrombocytopenia in the pregnant hispanic population. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25: 2588-2590 [PMID: 22862139 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.713 054]
102. Zhou X, Zhang C, Wu J, Zhang G. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 99: 200-208 [PMID: 23395214 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.11.012]
103. Roubaud Baudron C, Franceschi F, Salles N, Gasbarrini A. Extragastric diseases and Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2013; 18 Suppl 1: 44-51 [PMID: 24011245 DOI: 10.1111/ hel.12077]
104. Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet 2008; 371: 75-84 [PMID: 18177778 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4]
105. Yang YJ, Sheu BS, Lee SC, Yang HB, Wu JJ. Children of Helicobacter pylori-infected dyspeptic mothers are predisposed to H. pylori acquisition with subsequent iron deficiency and growth retardation. Helicobacter 2005; 10: 249-255 [PMID: 15904483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2005.00317.x]
106. Lee JU, Kim O. Natural maternal transmission of H. pylori in Mongolian gerbils. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 5663-5667 [PMID: 17007019]
107. Gold BD, Khanna B, Huang LM, Lee CY, Banatvala N. Helicobacter pylori acquisition in infancy after decline of maternal passive immunity. Pediatr Res 1997; 41: 641-646 [PMID: 9128285 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199705000-00007]
108. Blanchard TG, Czinn SJ, Maurer R, Thomas WD, Soman G, Nedrud JG. Urease-specific monoclonal antibodies prevent Helicobacter felis infection in mice. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 1394-1399 [PMID: 7890401]
109. Thomas JE, Austin S, Dale A, McClean P, Harding M, Coward WA, Weaver LT. Protection by human milk IgA against Helicobacter pylori infection in infancy. Lancet 1993; 342: 121 [PMID: 8100892]
110. Bhuiyan TR, Saha A, Lundgren A, Qadri F, Svennerholm AM. Immune responses to Helicobacter pylori infection in Bangladeshi children during their first two years of life and the association between maternal antibodies and onset of infection. J Infect Dis 2010; 202: 1676-1684 [PMID: 20979458 DOI: 10.1086/657085]
111. Weyermann M, Borowski C, Bode G, Gürbüz B, Adler G, Brenner H, Rothenbacher D. Helicobacter pylori-specific immune response in maternal serum, cord blood, and human milk among mothers with and without current Helicobacter pylori infection. Pediatr Res 2005; 58: 897-902 [PMID: 16183830 DOI: 10.1203/01.PDR.0000181370.67474.FD]
112. Rothenbacher D, Bode G, Brenner H. History of breastfeeding and Helicobacter pylori infection in pre-school children: results of a population-based study from Germany. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 632-637 [PMID: 12055166]
113. Winbery SL, Blaho KE. Dyspepsia in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 2001; 28: 333-350 [PMID: 11430180]
114. Feldman M, Cryer B, Lee E, Peterson WL. Role of seroconversion in confirming cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. JAMA 1998; 280: 363-365 [PMID: 9686554]
115. Gisbert JP, de la Morena F, Abraira V. Accuracy of monoclonal stool antigen test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 1921-1930 [PMID: 16780557 DOI: 10.1111/ j.1572-0241.2006.00668.x]
116. Braden B. Methods and functions: Breath tests. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 23: 337-352 [PMID: 19505663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2009.02.014]
117. Bentur Y, Matsui D, Koren G. Safety of 14C-UBT for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 2009; 55: 479-480 [PMID: 19439698]
118. Bazzoli F, Pozzato P, Rokkas T. Helicobacter pylori: the challenge in therapy. Helicobacter 2002; 7 Suppl 1: 43-49 [PMID: 12197909]
119. Hayakawa S, Nakajima N, Karasaki-Suzuki M, Yoshinaga H, Arakawa Y, Satoh K, Yamamoto T. Frequent presence of Helicobacter pylori genome in the saliva of patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Perinatol 2000; 17: 243-247 [PMID: 11110341 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-10005]
120. Strachan BK, Jokhi RP, Filshie GM. Persistent hyperemesis gravidarum and Helicobacter pylori. J Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 20: 427 [PMID: 15512604 DOI: 10.1080/01443610050112147]
121. Gill SK, O'Brien L, Einarson TR, Koren G. The safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1541-1545; quiz 1540, 1546 [PMID: 19491869 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.122]
122. Mahadevan U. Gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 21: 849-877 [PMID: 17889812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2007.06.002]
123. Every AL. Key host-pathogen interactions for designing novel interventions against Helicobacter pylori. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21: 253-259 [PMID: 23528348 DOI: 10.1016/ j.tim.2013.02.007]
124. Zhang YY, Xia HH, Zhuang ZH, Zhong J. Review article: 'true' re-infection of Helicobacter pylori after successful eradication--worldwide annual rates, risk factors and clinical implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29: 145-160 [PMID: 18945250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03873.x]