메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 117-135

Turbulence and radiation in stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layers: A case study from VOCALS-REx

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONVECTIVE VELOCITY; DOPPLER LIDARS; MONSOON SYSTEM; RADIATIVE COOLING; RADIATIVE FLUXES; STRATOCUMULUS-TOPPED MARINE BOUNDARY LAYERS; SURFACE BUOYANCY FLUX; VERTICAL VELOCITY;

EID: 84892712977     PISSN: 15588424     EISSN: 15588432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0225.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (28)

References (50)
  • 1
    • 65549119580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulations of a drizzling, stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer
    • Ackerman, A. S., and Coauthors, 2009: Large-eddy simulations of a drizzling, stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1083-1110.
    • (2009) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.137 , pp. 1083-1110
    • Ackerman, A.S.1
  • 2
    • 0001241791 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, part I
    • Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.
    • (1974) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.31 , pp. 674-701
    • Arakawa, A.1    Schubert, W.H.2
  • 3
    • 0042861403 scopus 로고
    • A numerical investigation of cloud-topped planetary boundary layers
    • Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University
    • Bohnert, M., 1993: A numerical investigation of cloud-topped planetary boundary layers. Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 338 pp.
    • (1993) , pp. 338
    • Bohnert, M.1
  • 4
    • 0019172049 scopus 로고
    • The computation of equivalent potential temperature
    • Bolton, D., 1980: The computation of equivalent potential temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1046-1053.
    • (1980) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.108 , pp. 1046-1053
    • Bolton, D.1
  • 5
    • 28944450038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models
    • doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023851.
    • Bony, S., and J.-L. Dufresne, 2005: Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20806, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023851.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Bony, S.1    Dufresne, J.-L.2
  • 6
    • 0030660431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moisture transport, lower-tropospheric stability, and decoupling of cloud-topped boundary layers
    • Bretherton, C. S., and M. C. Wyant, 1997: Moisture transport, lower-tropospheric stability, and decoupling of cloud-topped boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 148-167.
    • (1997) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.54 , pp. 148-167
    • Bretherton, C.S.1    Wyant, M.C.2
  • 7
    • 7744229398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers
    • Bretherton, C. S., J. R. McCaa, and H. Grenier, 2004: A new parameterization for shallow cumulus convection and its application to marine subtropical cloud-topped boundary layers. Part I: Description and 1D results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 864-882.
    • (2004) Part I: Description and 1D results. Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.132 , pp. 864-882
    • Bretherton, C.S.1    McCaa, J.R.2    Grenier, H.3
  • 8
    • 78349288900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southeast Pacific stratocumulus clouds, precipitation and boundary layer structure sampled along 208S during VOCALSREx
    • doi:10.5194/ acp-10-10639-2010.
    • Bretherton, C. S., R. Wood, R. C. George, D. Leon, G. Allen, and X. Zheng, 2010: Southeast Pacific stratocumulus clouds, precipitation and boundary layer structure sampled along 208S during VOCALSREx. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10 639-10 654, doi:10.5194/ acp-10-10639-2010.
    • (2010) Atmos. Chem. Phys. , vol.10
    • Bretherton, C.S.1    Wood, R.2    George, R.C.3    Leon, D.4    Allen, G.5    Zheng, X.6
  • 9
    • 65549168351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large eddy simulation of the diurnal cycle in southeast Pacific stratocumulus
    • Caldwell, P., and C. S. Bretherton, 2009: Large eddy simulation of the diurnal cycle in southeast Pacific stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 432-449.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 432-449
    • Caldwell, P.1    Bretherton, C.S.2
  • 10
    • 10944262236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus
    • doi:101256/ qj.03.187.
    • Comstock, K. K., R. Wood, S. Yuter, and C. S. Bretherton, 2004: Reflectivity and rain rate in and below drizzling stratocumulus. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 2891-2918, doi:10.1256/ qj.03.187.
    • (2004) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.130 , pp. 2891-2918
    • Comstock, K.K.1    Wood, R.2    Yuter, S.3    Bretherton, C.S.4
  • 11
    • 27744519094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale variability and drizzle in southeast Pacific stratocumulus
    • Comstock, K. K., C. S. Bretherton, and S. E. Yuter, 2005: Mesoscale variability and drizzle in southeast Pacific stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3792-3807.
    • (2005) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 3792-3807
    • Comstock, K.K.1    Bretherton, C.S.2    Yuter, S.E.3
  • 12
    • 84871886156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observations of stratocumulus clouds and their effect on the eastern Pacific surface heat budget along 208S
    • de Szoeke, S. P., S. Yuter, D. Mechem, C.W.Fairall, C.D. Burleyson, and P. Zuidema, 2012: Observations of stratocumulus clouds and their effect on the eastern Pacific surface heat budget along 208S. J. Climate, 25, 8542-8567.
    • (2012) J. Climate , vol.25 , pp. 8542-8567
    • de Szoeke, S.P.1    Yuter, S.2    Mechem, D.3    Fairall, C.W.4    Burleyson, C.D.5    Zuidema, P.6
  • 13
    • 0026301014 scopus 로고
    • Microphysical and radiative properties of marine stratocumulus from tethered balloon measurements
    • Duda, D. P., G. L. Stephens, and S. K. Cox, 1991: Microphysical and radiative properties of marine stratocumulus from tethered balloon measurements. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 170-186.
    • (1991) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.30 , pp. 170-186
    • Duda, D.P.1    Stephens, G.L.2    Cox, S.K.3
  • 14
    • 0141788203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm
    • Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and J. B. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571-591.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 571-591
    • Fairall, C.W.1    Bradley, E.F.2    Hare, J.E.3    Grachev, A.A.4    Edson, J.B.5
  • 15
    • 16644364532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relationship among cloud turbulence, droplet formation and drizzle as viewed by Doppler radar, microwave radiometer and lidar
    • Feingold, G., A. Frisch, B. Stevens, and W. Cotton, 1999: On the relationship among cloud turbulence, droplet formation and drizzle as viewed by Doppler radar, microwave radiometer and lidar. J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D18), 22 195-22 203.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , Issue.D18
    • Feingold, G.1    Frisch, A.2    Stevens, B.3    Cotton, W.4
  • 16
    • 0029414024 scopus 로고
    • Doppler radar measurements of turbulence in marine stratiform cloud during ASTEX
    • Frisch, A. S., D. H. Lenschow, C. W. Fairall, W. H. Schubert, and J. S. Gibson, 1995: Doppler radar measurements of turbulence in marine stratiform cloud during ASTEX. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2800-2808.
    • (1995) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 2800-2808
    • Frisch, A.S.1    Lenschow, D.H.2    Fairall, C.W.3    Schubert, W.H.4    Gibson, J.S.5
  • 17
    • 76649083922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatology of surface meteorology, surface fluxes, cloud fraction, and radiative forcing over the southeast Pacific from buoy observations
    • Ghate, V. P., B. A. Albrecht, C. W. Fairall, and R. A. Weller, 2009: Climatology of surface meteorology, surface fluxes, cloud fraction, and radiative forcing over the southeast Pacific from buoy observations. J. Climate, 22, 5527-5540.
    • (2009) J. Climate , vol.22 , pp. 5527-5540
    • Ghate, V.P.1    Albrecht, B.A.2    Fairall, C.W.3    Weller, R.A.4
  • 18
    • 77956044057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical velocity structure of nonprecipitating continental boundary layer stratocumulus clouds
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD013091.
    • Ghate, V. P., B. A. Albrecht, and P. Kollias, 2010: Vertical velocity structure of nonprecipitating continental boundary layer stratocumulus clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D13204, doi:10.1029/2009JD013091.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Ghate, V.P.1    Albrecht, B.A.2    Kollias, P.3
  • 19
    • 80052323286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical velocity structure of marine boundary layer trade wind cumulus clouds
    • doi:10.1029/2010JD015344.
    • Ghate, V. P., M. A. Miller, and L. DiPretore, 2011: Vertical velocity structure of marine boundary layer trade wind cumulus clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D16206, doi:10.1029/2010JD015344.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Ghate, V.P.1    Miller, M.A.2    DiPretore, L.3
  • 20
    • 0035271138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-resolution Doppler lidar for boundary layer and cloud research
    • Grund, C. J., and Coauthors, 2001: High-resolution Doppler lidar for boundary layer and cloud research. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 376-393.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.18 , pp. 376-393
    • Grund, C.J.1
  • 21
    • 69549119018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vertical velocity variance and skewness in clear and cloud-topped boundary layers as revealed by Doppler lidar
    • doi:10.1002/qj.413.
    • Hogan, R. J., A. L. M. Grant, A. J. Illingworth, G. N. Pearson, and E. J. O'Connor, 2009: Vertical velocity variance and skewness in clear and cloud-topped boundary layers as revealed by Doppler lidar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 635-643, doi:10.1002/qj.413.
    • (2009) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.135 , pp. 635-643
    • Hogan, R.J.1    Grant, A.L.M.2    Illingworth, A.J.3    Pearson, G.N.4    O'Connor, E.J.5
  • 23
    • 0027801384 scopus 로고
    • The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds
    • Klein, S. A., and D. L. Hartmann, 1993: The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds. J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606.
    • (1993) J. Climate , vol.6 , pp. 1587-1606
    • Klein, S.A.1    Hartmann, D.L.2
  • 24
    • 0034253324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The turbulence structure in a continental stratocumulus cloud from millimeterwavelength radar observations
    • Kollias, P., and B. A. Albrecht, 2000: The turbulence structure in a continental stratocumulus cloud from millimeterwavelength radar observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2417- 2434.
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.57
    • Kollias, P.1    Albrecht, B.A.2
  • 25
    • 79960117504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud radar Doppler spectra in drizzling stratiform clouds: Forward modeling and remote sensing applications.
    • doi:10.1029/2010JD015237.
    • Kollias, P., J. Rémillard, E. Luke, and W. Szyrmer, 2011: Cloud radar Doppler spectra in drizzling stratiform clouds: 1. Forward modeling and remote sensing applications. J. Geophys. Res., 116, D13201, doi:10.1029/2010JD015237.
    • (2011) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.116
    • Kollias, P.1    Rémillard, J.2    Luke, E.3    Szyrmer, W.4
  • 26
    • 0008066265 scopus 로고
    • Investigation of relationships between Ka-band radar reflectivity and ice and liquid water contents
    • Liao, L., and K. Sassen, 1994: Investigation of relationships between Ka-band radar reflectivity and ice and liquid water contents. Atmos. Res., 34, 231-248.
    • (1994) Atmos. Res. , vol.34 , pp. 231-248
    • Liao, L.1    Sassen, K.2
  • 27
    • 84978549009 scopus 로고
    • Models of cloud topped mixed layers under a strong inversion
    • Lilly, D. K., 1968: Models of cloud topped mixed layers under a strong inversion. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 94, 292-309.
    • (1968) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.94 , pp. 292-309
    • Lilly, D.K.1
  • 28
    • 0032936767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of entrainment driven by surface heating and cloud-top cooling
    • Lock, A. P., and M. K. MacVean, 1999: A parameterization of entrainment driven by surface heating and cloud-top cooling. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 271-300.
    • (1999) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.125 , pp. 271-300
    • Lock, A.P.1    MacVean, M.K.2
  • 29
    • 27644536185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulence measurements in marine stratocumulus with airborne Doppler radar
    • doi:10.1256/qj.04.131.
    • Lothon, M., D. H. Lenschow, D. Leon, and G. Vali, 2005: Turbulence measurements in marine stratocumulus with airborne Doppler radar. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2063-2080, doi:10.1256/qj.04.131.
    • (2005) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.131 , pp. 2063-2080
    • Lothon, M.1    Lenschow, D.H.2    Leon, D.3    Vali, G.4
  • 30
    • 34548585877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud properties and associated radiative heating rates in the tropical western Pacific
    • doi:10.1029/2006JD007555.
    • Mather, J. H., S. A. McFarlane, M. A. Miller, and K. L. Johnson, 2007: Cloud properties and associated radiative heating rates in the tropical western Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D05201, doi:10.1029/2006JD007555.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112
    • Mather, J.H.1    McFarlane, S.A.2    Miller, M.A.3    Johnson, K.L.4
  • 31
    • 84861463874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic and aerosol controls in southeast Pacific stratocumulus
    • Mechem, D. B., S. E. Yuter, and S. P. de Szoeke, 2012: Thermodynamic and aerosol controls in southeast Pacific stratocumulus. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 1250-1266.
    • (2012) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.69 , pp. 1250-1266
    • Mechem, D.B.1    Yuter, S.E.2    de Szoeke, S.P.3
  • 32
    • 84865075822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southeast Pacific stratocumulus in the Community Atmosphere Model
    • Medeiros, B., D. Williamson, C. Hannay, and J. Olson, 2012: Southeast Pacific stratocumulus in the Community Atmosphere Model. J. Climate, 25, 6175-6192.
    • (2012) J. Climate , vol.25 , pp. 6175-6192
    • Medeiros, B.1    Williamson, D.2    Hannay, C.3    Olson, J.4
  • 33
    • 0034651145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloud droplet size distributions in low-level stratiform clouds
    • Miles, N. L., J. Verlinde, and E. E. Clothiaux, 2000: Cloud droplet size distributions in low-level stratiform clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 295-311.
    • (2000) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 295-311
    • Miles, N.L.1    Verlinde, J.2    Clothiaux, E.E.3
  • 34
    • 0004158852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shortwave and longwave enhancements in the rapid radiative transfer model
    • San Antonio, TX, U.S. Department of Energy, [Available online at
    • Mlawer, E. J., and S. A. Clough, 1998: Shortwave and longwave enhancements in the rapid radiative transfer model. Proc. Seventh Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, San Antonio, TX, U.S. Department of Energy, 409-413. [Available online at http://www.arm.gov/publications/ proceedings/conf07/extended_abs/mlawer_ej.pdf.]
    • (1998) Proc. Seventh Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting , pp. 409-413
    • Mlawer, E.J.1    Clough, S.A.2
  • 35
    • 0000453046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave
    • Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16 663-16 682.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 16663-16682
    • Mlawer, E.J.1    Taubman, S.J.2    Brown, P.D.3    Iacono, M.J.4    Clough, S.A.5
  • 36
    • 0030471783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of a stratocumulustopped planetary boundary layer: Intercomparison among different numerical codes
    • Moeng, C.-H., and Coauthors, 1996: Simulation of a stratocumulustopped planetary boundary layer: Intercomparison among different numerical codes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 261-278.
    • (1996) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.77 , pp. 261-278
    • Moeng, C.-H.1
  • 39
    • 0033368711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large-eddy simulations of radiatively driven convection: Sensitivities to the representation of small scales
    • Stevens, B., C.-H. Moeng, and P. P. Sullivan, 1999: Large-eddy simulations of radiatively driven convection: Sensitivities to the representation of small scales. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3963- 3984.
    • (1999) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.56
    • Stevens, B.1    Moeng, C.-H.2    Sullivan, P.P.3
  • 40
    • 85040878654 scopus 로고
    • An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology
    • Kluwer Academic
    • Stull, R. B., 1988: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Kluwer Academic, 666 pp.
    • (1988) , pp. 666
    • Stull, R.B.1
  • 41
    • 0029729060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turbulence structure in decoupled marine stratocumulus: A case study from the ASTEX field experiment
    • Tjernström, M., and D. P. Rogers, 1996: Turbulence structure in decoupled marine stratocumulus: A case study from the ASTEX field experiment. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 598-619.
    • (1996) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.53 , pp. 598-619
    • Tjernström, M.1    Rogers, D.P.2
  • 42
    • 0037255556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of gradually transforming marine stratocumulus during the ASTEX first Lagrangian experiment
    • Tjernström, M., and A. Rune, 2003: The structure of gradually transforming marine stratocumulus during the ASTEX first Lagrangian experiment. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 1071-1100.
    • (2003) Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , vol.129 , pp. 1071-1100
    • Tjernström, M.1    Rune, A.2
  • 43
    • 34547808916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical and chemical properties of the aerosol within the southeastern Pacific marine boundary layer
    • doi:10.1029/2006JD007771.
    • Tomlinson, J. M., R. Li, and D. R. Collins, 2007: Physical and chemical properties of the aerosol within the southeastern Pacific marine boundary layer. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12211, doi:10.1029/2006JD007771.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112
    • Tomlinson, J.M.1    Li, R.2    Collins, D.R.3
  • 44
    • 70349179550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doppler lidar estimation of mixing height using turbulence, shear, and aerosol profiles
    • Tucker, S. C., W. A. Brewer, R. M. Banta, C. J. Senff, and S. P. Sandberg, 2009: Doppler lidar estimation of mixing height using turbulence, shear, and aerosol profiles. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 673-688.
    • (2009) J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , vol.26 , pp. 673-688
    • Tucker, S.C.1    Brewer, W.A.2    Banta, R.M.3    Senff, C.J.4    Sandberg, S.P.5
  • 47
    • 84867674414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratocumulus clouds
    • Wood, R., 2012: Stratocumulus clouds. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 2373- 2423.
    • (2012) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.140
    • Wood, R.1
  • 48
    • 78951474997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TheVAMOSOcean-Cloud-Atmosphere- Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx): Goals, platforms, and field operations
    • doi:10.5194/acp-11-627-2011.
    • Wood, R., and Coauthors, 2011: TheVAMOSOcean-Cloud-Atmosphere- Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx): Goals, platforms, and field operations. Atmos. Chem.Phys., 11, 627-654, doi:10.5194/acp-11-627-2011.
    • (2011) Atmos. Chem.Phys. , vol.11 , pp. 627-654
    • Wood, R.1
  • 49
    • 24944472347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intercomparison and interpretation of single-column model simulations of a nocturnal stratocumulustopped marine boundary layer
    • Zhu, P., and Coauthors, 2005: Intercomparison and interpretation of single-column model simulations of a nocturnal stratocumulustopped marine boundary layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2741- 2758.
    • (2005) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.133
    • Zhu, P.1
  • 50
    • 28844509373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shipbased liquid water path estimates in marine stratocumulus
    • doi:10.1029/2005JD005833
    • Zuidema, P., E. Westwater, C. Fairall, and D. Hazen, 2005: Shipbased liquid water path estimates in marine stratocumulus. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D20206, doi:10.1029/2005JD005833.
    • (2005) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.110
    • Zuidema, P.1    Westwater, E.2    Fairall, C.3    Hazen, D.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.