Prevalence of HHV-6 and HHV-8 antibodies in patients with autism spectrum disorders

In Vivo

Volumn 27, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 843-850

  Gentile, Ivan ^a   Zappulo, Emanuela ^a   Coppola, Nicola ^b   Bonavolta, Raffaele ^a   Portella, Giuseppe ^a   Cernia, Daniela Spalletti ^a   Riccio, Maria Pia ^b   Settimi, Alessandro ^a   Pascotto, Antonio ^b   Borgia, Guglielmo ^a   Bravaccio, Carmela ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b SECOND UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES   (Italy)

Author keywords

Autism spectrum disorder; HHV 6; HHV 8

Indexed keywords

VIRUS ANTIBODY;

ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; PREVALENCE; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS;

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER; HHV-6; HHV-8;

ANTIBODIES, VIRAL; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRUS 6, HUMAN; HERPESVIRUS 8, HUMAN; HUMANS; MALE; PREVALENCE;

EID: 84892711416     PISSN: 0258851X     EISSN: 17917549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
2. Yeargin-Allsopp M, Rice C, Karapurkar T, Doernberg N, Boyle C and Murphy C: Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area. JAMA 289: 49-55, 2003.
3. Nazeer A: Psychopharmacology of autistic spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am 58: 85-97, 2011.
4. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2008 Principal Investigators; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders-Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2008. MMWR Surveill Summ 61: 1-19, 2012.
5. Fombonne E: Epidemiology of autism. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Peters RDeV (eds.). Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. Montreal, Quebec: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development and Strategic Knowledge Cluster on Early Child Development, 2012.
6. Chaste P and Leboyer M: Autism risk factors: Genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 14: 281-292, 2012.
7. Hallmayer J, Cleveland S, Torres A, Phillips J, Cohen B, Torigoe T, Miller J, Fedele A, Collins J, Smith K, Lotspeich L, Croen LA, Ozonoff S, Lajonchere C, Grether JK and Risch N: Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68: 1095-1102, 2011.
8. Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Dafoulis V, Kalyva E and Vargiami E: Autism spectrum disorders: The quest for genetic syndromes. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 162: 327-366, 2013.
9. Chess S, Fernandez P and Korn S: Behavioral consequences of congenital rubella. J Pediatr 93: 699-703, 1978.
10. Christianson AL, Chesler N and Kromberg JG: Fetal valproate syndrome: Clinical and neuro-developmental features in two sibling pairs. Dev Med Child Neurol 36: 361-369, 1994.
11. Miller MT, Stromland K, Ventura L, Johansson M, Bandim JM and Gillberg C: Autism associated with conditions characterized by developmental errors in early embryogenesis: A mini review. Int J Dev Neurosci 23: 201-219, 2005.
12. Persico AM and Bourgeron T: Searching for ways out of the autism maze: Genetic, epigenetic and environmental clues. Trends Neurosci 29: 349-358, 2006.
13. Yamashita Y, Fujimoto C, Nakajima E, Isagai T and Matsuishi T: Possible association between congenital cytomegalovirus infection and autistic disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 33: 455-459, 2003.
14. Herbert MR, Russo JP, Yang S, Roohi J, Blaxill M, Kahler SG, Cremer L and Hatchwell E: Autism and environmental genomics. Neurotoxicology 27: 671-684, 2006.
15. DiCicco-Bloom E, Lord C, Zwaigenbaum L, Courchesne E, Dager SR, Schmitz C, Schultz RT, Crawley J and Young LJ: The developmental neurobiology of autism spectrum disorder. J Neurosci 26: 6897-6906, 2006.
16. Rogers SJ: What are infant siblings teaching us about autism in infancy? Autism Res 2: 125-137, 2009.
17. Libbey JE, Sweeten TL, McMahon WM and Fujinami RS: Autistic disorder and viral infections. J Neurovirol 11: 1-10, 2005.
18. Gentile I, Zappulo E, Militerni R, Pascotto A, Borgia G and Bravaccio C: Etiopathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders: Fitting the pieces of the puzzle together. Med Hypotheses 81: 26-35, 2013.
19. Gentile I, Bravaccio C, Bonavolta R, Zappulo E, Scarica S, Riccio MP, Settimi A, Portella G, Pascotto A and Borgia G: Response to measles-mumps- rubella vaccine in children with autism spectrum disorders. In Vivo 27: 377-382, 2013.
20. Mora M, Quintero L, Cardenas R, Suarez-Roca H, Zavala M and Montiel N: Association between HSV-2 infection and serum anti-rat brain antibodies in patients with autism. Invest Clin 50: 315-326, 2009. Article in Spanish.
21. Stubbs EG: Autistic symptoms in a child with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Autism Child Schizophr 8: 37-43, 1978.
22. Markowitz PI: Autism in a child with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Autism Dev Disord 13: 249-253, 1983.
23. Ivarsson SA, Bjerre I, Vegfors P and Ahlfors K: Autism as one of several disabilities in two children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Neuropediatrics 21: 102-103, 1990.
24. Sweeten TL, Posey DJ and McDougle CJ: Brief report: Autistic disorder in three children with cytomegalovirus infection. J Autism Dev Disord 34: 583-586, 2004.
25. Cannon MJ and Davis KF: Washing our hands of the congenital cytomegalovirus disease epidemic. BMC Public Health 5: 70, 2005.
26. Kawatani M, Nakai A, Okuno T, Kobata R, Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H, Tsukahara H and Mayumi M: Detection of cytomegalovirus in preserved umbilical cord from a boy with autistic disorder. Pediatr Int 52: 304-307, 2010.
27. Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF, Britt WJ, Boll TJ and Alford CA: The outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal antibody status. N Engl J Med 326: 663-667, 1992.
28. Alford CA, Stagno S, Pass RF and Britt WJ: Congenital and perinatal cytomegalovirus infections. Rev Infect Dis 12(Suppl 7): S745-753, 1990.
29. Stagno S and Whitley RJ: Herpesvirus infections of pregnancy. Part I: Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections. N Engl J Med 313: 1270-1274, 1985.
30. Adler SP, Nigro G and Pereira L: Recent advances in the prevention and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infections. Semin Perinatol 31: 10-18, 2007.
31. Ciaranello AL and Ciaranello RD: The neurobiology of infantile autism. Annu Rev Neurosci 18: 101-128, 1995.
32. Fatemi SH, Folsom TD, Reutiman TJ, Abu-Odeh D, Mori S, Huang H and Oishi K: Abnormal expression of myelination genes and alterations in white matter fractional anisotropy following prenatal viral influenza infection at E16 in mice. Schizophr Res 112: 46-53, 2009.
33. Bonthius DJ and Perlman S: Congenital viral infections of the brain: Lessons learned from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the neonatal rat. PLoS Pathog 3: e149, 2007.
34. Lintas C, Altieri L, Lombardi F, Sacco R and Persico AM: Association of autism with polyomavirus infection in postmortem brains. J Neurovirol 16: 141-149, 2010.
35. Gentile I, Altieri L, Lintas C, Sacco R, Curatolo P, Benvenuto A, Muratori F, Santocchi E, Bravaccio C, Lenti C, Faggioli R, Rigardetto R, Gandione M, Portella G, Zappulo E, Borgia G and Persico A: Urinary polyomavirus infections in neurodevelopmental disorders. Open J Psychiatr 3: 18-25, 2013.
36. Lord C, Rutter M and Le Couteur A: Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 24: 659-685, 1994.
37. Schopler E, Reichler RJ and Renner BR: The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Los Angeles, CA. Western Psychological Service Inc, 1988.
38. Lord C, Risi S, Lambrecht L, Cook EH Jr., Leventhal BL, DiLavore PC, Pickles A and Rutter M: The autism diagnostic observation schedule-generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism. J Autism Dev Disord 30: 205-223, 2000.
39. Stack G, Stacey MA and Humphreys IR: Herpesvirus exploitation of host immune inhibitory pathways. Viruses 4: 1182-1201, 2012.
40. Jankosky C, Deussing E, Gibson RL and Haverkos HW: Viruses and vitamin D in the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. Virus Res 163: 424-430, 2012.
41. Virtanen JO and Jacobson S: Viruses and multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 11: 528-544, 2012.
42. Kurbanov SA and Mamedov MK: Serological markers of viral infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Georgian Med News: 65-67, 2009. Article in Russian.
43. Gentile I, Bonadies G, Buonomo AR, Minei G, Borrelli F, Foggia M, Chiurazzi F and Borgia G: Resolution of autoimmune thrombocytopenia associated with raltegravir use in an HIVpositive patient. Platelets 6: 6, 2012.
44. Lossius A, Johansen JN, Torkildsen O, Vartdal F and Holmoy T: Epstein-Barr virus in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis-association and causation. Viruses 4: 3701-3730, 2012.
45. Draborg AH, Duus K and Houen G: Epstein-Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol 370516: 3, 2012.
46. Bilbo SD, Jones JP and Parker W: Is autism a member of a family of diseases resulting from genetic/cultural mismatches? Implications for treatment and prevention. Autism Res Treat 910946: 26, 2012.
47. Persico AM, Van de Water J and Pardo CA: Autism: Where Genetics Meets the Immune System. Autism Res Treat 2012: 1-2, 2012.
48. El-Ansary A and Al-Ayadhi L: Neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorders. J Neuroinflammation 9: 265, 2012.
49. Jyonouchi H, Sun S and Le H: Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine production associated with innate and adaptive immune responses in children with autism spectrum disorders and developmental regression. J Neuroimmunol 120: 170-179, 2001.
50. Comi AM, Zimmerman AW, Frye VH, Law PA and Peeden JN: Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. J Child Neurol 14: 388-394, 1999.
51. Gregg NM: Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. 1941. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 19: 267-276, 1991.
52. Desmond MM, Wilson GS, Verniaud WM, Melnick JL and Rawls WE: The early growth and development of infants with congenital rubella. Adv Teratol 4: 39-63, 1970.
53. Stubbs EG: Autistic children exhibit undetectable hemagglutination- inhibition antibody titers despite previous rubella vaccination. J Autism Child Schizophr 6: 269-274, 1976.
54. Martin WJ: Stealth virus isolated from an autistic child. J Autism Dev Disord 25: 223-224, 1995.
55. DeLong GR, Bean SC and Brown FR, 3rd: Acquired reversible autistic syndrome in acute encephalopathic illness in children. Arch Neurol 38: 191-194, 1981.
56. Gillberg C: Onset at age 14 of a typical autistic syndrome. A case report of a girl with herpes simplex encephalitis. J Autism Dev Disord 16: 369-375, 1986.
57. Greer MK, Lyons-Crews M, Mauldin LB and Brown FR, 3rd: A case study of the cognitive and behavioral deficits of temporal lobe damage in herpes simplex encephalitis. J Autism Dev Disord 19: 317-326, 1989.
58. Ghaziuddin M, Tsai LY, Eilers L and Ghaziuddin N: Brief report: Autism and herpes simplex encephalitis. J Autism Dev Disord 22: 107-113, 1992.
59. Kitajima J, Inoue H, Ohga S, Kinjo T, Ochiai M, Yoshida T, Kusuhara K and Hara T: Differential transmission and postnatal outcomes in triplets with intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatr Dev Pathol 15: 151-155, 2012.
60. Dogan Y, Yuksel A, Kalelioglu IH, Has R, Tatli B and Yildirim A: Intracranial ultrasound abnormalities and fetal cytomegalovirus infection: Report of 8 cases and review of the literature. Fetal Diagn Ther 30: 141-149, 2011.
61. Knobloch H and Pasamanick B: Some etiologic and prognostic factors in early infantile autism and psychosis. Pediatrics 55: 182-191, 1975.
62. Dalod M, Salazar-Mather TP, Malmgaard L, Lewis C, Asselin-Paturel C, Briere F, Trinchieri G and Biron CA: Interferon alpha/beta and interleukin 12 responses to viral infections: Pathways regulating dendritic cell cytokine expression in vivo. J Exp Med 195: 517-528, 2002.
63. Salazar-Mather TP, Hamilton TA and Biron CA: A chemokine-to-cytokine-to- chemokine cascade critical in antiviral defense. J Clin Invest 105: 985-993, 2000.
64. Orange JS and Biron CA: An absolute and restricted requirement for IL-12 in natural killer cell IFN-gamma production and antiviral defense. Studies of natural killer and T-cell responses in contrasting viral infections. J Immunol 156: 1138-1142, 1996.
65. Legaspi RC, Gatmaitan B, Bailey EJ and Lerner AM: Interferon in biopsy and autopsy specimens of brain. Its presence in herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Arch Neurol 37: 76-79, 1980.
66. Singh VK, Lin SX and Yang VC: Serological association of measles virus and human herpesvirus-6 with brain autoantibodies in autism. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 89: 105-108, 1998.
67. Nicolson GL, Gan R, Nicolson NL and Haier J: Evidence for Mycoplasma ssp., Chlamydia pneumoniae, and human herpes virus-6 coinfections in the blood of patients with autistic spectrum disorders. J Neurosci Res 85: 1143-1148, 2007.
68. Singh VK: Phenotypic expression of autoimmune autistic disorder (AAD): A major subset of autism. Ann Clin Psychiatry 21: 148-161, 2009.
69. Gentile I, Talamo M and Borgia G: Is the drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) due to human herpesvirus 6 infection or to allergy-mediated viral reactivation? Report of a case and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 10: 49, 2010.
70. Descamps V: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Rev Prat 62: 1347-1352, 2012.
71. Dreyfus DH: Herpes viruses and the microbiome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. In press
72. Campadelli-Fiume G, Mirandola P and Menotti L: Human herpesvirus 6: An emerging pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 353-366, 1999.
73. Braun DK, Dominguez G and Pellett PE: Human herpesvirus 6. Clin Microbiol Rev 10: 521-567, 1997.
74. Caserta MT, Hall CB, Schnabel K, McIntyre K, Long C, Costanzo M, Dewhurst S, Insel R and Epstein LG: Neuroinvasion and persistence of human herpesvirus 6 in children. J Infect Dis 170: 1586-1589, 1994.
75. Asano Y, Yoshikawa T, Kajita Y, Ogura R, Suga S, Yazaki T, Nakashima T, Yamada A and Kurata T: Fatal encephalitis/ encephalopathy in primary human herpesvirus-6 infection. Arch Dis Child 67: 1484-1485, 1992.
76. Ishiguro N, Yamada S, Takahashi T, Takahashi Y, Togashi T, Okuno T and Yamanishi K: Meningo-encephalitis associated with HHV-6 related exanthem subitum. Acta Paediatr Scand 79: 987-989, 1990.
77. Suga S, Yoshikawa T, Asano Y, Kozawa T, Nakashima T, Kobayashi I, Yazaki T, Yamamoto H, Kajita Y, Ozaki T, Nishimura Y, Yamanaka T, Yamada A and Imanishi J: Clinical and virological analyses of 21 infants with exanthem subitum (roseola infantum) and central nervous system complications. Ann Neurol 33: 597-603, 1993.
78. Pulickal AS, Ramachandran S, Rizek P, Narula P and Schubert R: Chorea and developmental regression associated with human herpes virus-6 encephalitis. Pediatr Neurol 48: 249-251, 2013.
79. Bozzola E, Krzysztofiak A, Bozzola M, Calcaterra V, Quondamcarlo A, Lancella L and Villani A: HHV6 meningoencephalitis sequelae in previously healthy children. Infection 40: 563-566, 2012.
80. Binstock T: Intra-monocyte pathogens delineate autism subgroups. Med Hypotheses 56: 523-531, 2001.
81. Dupuy S, Lambert M, Zucman D, Choukem SP, Tognarelli S, Pages C, Lebbe C and Caillat-Zucman S: Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) sequentially shapes the NK cell repertoire during the course of asymptomatic infection and Kaposi sarcoma. PLoS Pathog 8: e1002486, 2012.
82. Gao SJ, Kingsley L, Li M, Zheng W, Parravicini C, Ziegler J, Newton R, Rinaldo CR, Saah A, Phair J, Detels R, Chang Y and Moore PS: KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi's sarcoma. Nat Med 2: 925-928, 1996.
83. Whitby D, Luppi M, Barozzi P, Boshoff C, Weiss RA and Torelli G: Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence in blood donors and lymphoma patients from different regions of Italy. J Natl Cancer Inst 90: 395-397, 1998.
84. Cattani P, Cerimele F, Porta D, Graffeo R, Ranno S, Marchetti S, Ricci R, Capodicasa N, Fuga L, Amico R, Cherchi G, Gazzilli M, Zanetti S and Fadda G: Age-specific seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 in Mediterranean regions. Clin Microbiol Infect 9: 274-279, 2003.
85. Serraino D, Toma L, Andreoni M, Butto S, Tchangmena O, Sarmati L, Monini P, Franceschi S, Ensoli B and Rezza G: A seroprevalence study of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV8) in eastern and Central Africa and in the Mediterranean area. Eur J Epidemiol 17: 871-876, 2001.