Violence and risk preference: Experimental evidence from Afghanistan

American Economic Review

Volumn 104, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 123-148

  Callen, Michael ^a   Isaqzadeh, Mohammad ^b   Long, James D ^c   Sprenger, Charles ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b KABUL UNIVERSITY   (Afghanistan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892609276     PISSN: 00028282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1257/aer.104.1.123     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Abdellaoui, Mohammed. 2000. "Parameter-Free Elicitation of Utility and Probability Weighting Functions." Management Science 46 (11): 1497-1512.
2. Allais, Maurice. 1953. "Le Comportement de l'Homme Rationnel devant le Risque: Critique des Postulats et Axiomes de l'Ecole Americaine." Econometrica 21 (4): 503-46.
3. Andreoni, James, and Charles Sprenger. 2011. "Uncertainty Equivalents: Testing the Limits of the Independence Axiom." Unpublished.
4. Bell, David E. 1985. "Disappointment in Decision Making under Uncertainty." Operations Research 33 (1): 1-27.
5. Berman, Eli, Michael Callen, Joseph H. Felter, and Jacob N. Shapiro. 2011. "Do Working Men Rebel? Insurgency and Unemployment in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Philippines." Journal of Conflict Uncertainty 55 (4): 496-528.
6. Bleichrodt, Han, Jose Maria Abellan-Perpiñan, Jose Luis Pinto-Prades, and Ildefonso Mendez-Martinez. 2007. "Resolving Inconsistencies in Utility Measurement Under Risk: Tests of Generalizations of Expected Utility." Management Science 53 (3): 469-82.
7. Boscarino, Joseph A. 2006. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Mortality among US Army Veterans 30 Years after Military Service." Annals of Epidemiology 16 (4): 248-56.
8. Bruhn, Miriam, and David McKenzie. 2009. "In Pursuit of Balance: Randomization in Practice in Development Field Experiments." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1 (4): 200-232.
9. Brunello, Nicoletta, Johnathan R. T. Davidson, Martin Deahl, Ron C. Kessler, Julien Mendlewicz, Giorgio Racagni, Arieh Y. Shalev, and Joseph Zohar. 2001. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis and Epidemiology, Comorbidity and Social Consequences, Biology and Treatment." Neuropsychobiology 43 (3): 150-162.
10. Callen, Michael, Mohammad Isaqzadeh, James D. Long, and Charles Spenger. 2014. "Violence and Risk Preference: Experimental Evidence from Afghanistan: Dataset." American Economic Review. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/ aer.104.1.123.
11. Camerer, Colin F. 1992. "Recent Tests of Generalizations of Expected Utility Theory." In Utility Theories: Measurement and Applications, edited by Ward Edwards, 207-51. Norwell, MA: Kluwer.
12. Cameron, Lisa, and Manisha Shah. 2010. "Risk-Taking Behavior in the Wake of Natural Disasters." Unpublished.
13. Casella, Lauraine, and Robert W. Motta. 1990. "Comparison of Characteristics of Vietnam Veterans with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder." Psychological Reports 67 (2): 595-605.
14. Cassar, Alessandra, Andrew Healy, and Carl von Kessler. 2011. "Trust, Risk, and Time Preferences after a Natural Disaster: Experimental Evidence from Thailand." Unpublished.
15. Cesarini, David, Christopher T. Dawes, Magnus Johannesson, Paul Lichtenstein, and Bjorn Wallace. 2009. "Genetic Variation in Preferences for Giving and Risk Taking." Quarterly Journal of Economics 124 (2): 809-42.
16. Cesarini, David, Magnus Johannesson, Paul Lichtenstein, Orjan Sandewall, and Bjorn Wallace. 2010. "Genetic Variation in Financial Decision-Making." Journal of Finance 65 (5): 1725-54.
17. Conlisk, John. 1989. "Three Variants on the Allais Example." American Economic Review 79 (3): 392-407.
18. Diecidue, Enrico, Ulrich Schmidt, and Peter P. Wakker. 2004. "The Utility of Gambling Reconsidered." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 29 (3): 241-59.
19. Eckel, Catherine C., Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, and Rick K. Wilson. 2009. "Risk Loving after the Storm: A Bayesian-Network Study of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees." Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 69 (2): 110-24.
20. Farquhar, Peter H. 1984. "Utility Assessment Methods." Management Science 30 (11): 1283-1300.
21. Frye, J. Stephen, and Rex A. Stockton. 1982. "Discriminant Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among a Group of Vietnam Veterans." American Journal of Psychiatry 139 (1): 52-56.
22. Gneezy, Uri, John A. List, and George Wu. 2006. "The Uncertainty Effect: When a Risky Prospect Is Valued Less Than Its Worst Possible Outcome." Quarterly Journal of Economics 121 (4): 1283-1309.
23. Gonzalez, Richard, and George Wu. 1999. "On the Shape of the Probability Weighting Function." Cognitive Psychology 38 (1): 129-66.
24. Gul, Faruk. 1991. "A Theory of Disappointment Aversion." Econometrica 59 (3): 667-86.
25. Harbaugh, William T., Kate Krause, and Lise Vesterlund. 2010. "The Fourfold Pattern of Risk Attitudes in Choice and Pricing Tasks." Economic Journal 120 (545): 595-611.
26. Harless, David W., and Colin F. Camerer. 1994. "The Predictive Utility of Generalized Expected Utility Theories." Econometrica 62 (6): 1251-89.
27. Harrison, Glenn W., and E. Elisabet Rutström. 2008. "Risk Aversion in the Laboratory." In Research in Experimental Economics, Volume 12: Risk Aversion in Experiments, edited by James C. Cox and Glenn W. Harrison, 41-196. Bingley: Emerald.
28. Holt, Charles A., and Susan K. Laury. 2002. "Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects." American Economic Review 92 (5): 1644-55.
29. Hyer, Lee, Patrick A. Boudewyns, William C. O'Leary, and William R. Harrison. 1987. "Key Determinants of the MMPI-PTSD Subscale: Treatment Considerations." Journal of Clinical Psychology 43 (3): 337-40.
30. International Security Assistance Force. 2002-2010. Combined Information Data Network Exchange. North American Treaty Organization (accessed March 10, 2010).
31. Isen, Alice M., and Nehemia Geva. 1987. "The Influence of Positive Affect on Acceptable Level of Risk: The Person with a Large Canoe has a Large Worry." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 39 (2): 145-54.
32. Johnson, Eric J., and Amos Tversky. 1983. "Affect, Generalization, and the Perception of Risk." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (1): 20-31.
33. Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1979. "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk." Econometrica 47 (2): 263-91.
34. Kessler, Ronald C., Amanda Sonnega, Evelyn Bromet, Michael Hughes, and Christopher B. Nelson. 1995. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey." Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 (12): 1048-60.
35. Kish, Leslie. 1949. "A Procedure for Objective Respondent Selection within the Household." Journal of the American Statistical Association 44 (247): 380-87.
36. Kuhnen, Camelia M., Gregory Samanez-Larkin, and Brian Knutson. 2011. "Serotonin and Risk Taking: How Do Genes Change Financial Choices?." Unpublished.
37. Lerner, Jennifer S., Roxana M. Gonzalez, Deborah A. Small, and Baruch Fischoff. 2003. "Effects of Fear and Anger on Perceived Risks of Terrorism." Psychological Science 14 (2): 144-50.
38. Lerner, Jennifer S., and Dacher Keitner. 2001. "Fear, Anger and Risk." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81 (1): 146-59.
39. Lerner, Jennifer S., and Deborah Small, and George Loewenstein. 2004. "Heart Strings and Purse Strings: Carryover Effects of Emotions on Economic Decision." Psychological Science 15 (5): 337-41.
40. Loomes, Graham, and Robert Sugden. 1986. "Disappointment and Dynamic Consistency in Choice under Uncertainty." Review of Economic Studies 53 (2): 271-82.
41. Magat, Wesley, A., W. Kip Viscusi, and Joel Huber. 1996. "A Reference Lottery Metric for Valuing Health." Management Science 42 (8): 1118-30.
42. Malmendier, Ulrike, and Stefan Nagel. 2011. "Depression Babies: Do Macroeconomic Experiences Affect Risk Taking?." Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (1): 373-416.
43. McCord, Mark, and Richard de Neufville. 1986. "'Lottery Equivalents': Reduction of the Certainty Effect Problem in Utility Assessment." Management Science 32 (1): 56-60.
44. National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment. 2005. National Survey, Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development.
45. National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment. 2007. National Survey, Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development and Central Statistics Office.
46. Neilson, William S. 1992. "Some Mixed Results on Boundary Effects." Economics Letters 39 (3): 275-78.
47. Oliver, Adam. 2005. "Testing the Internal Consistency of the Lottery Equivalents Method Using Health Outcomes." Health Economics 14 (2): 149-59.
48. Oliver, Adam. 2007. "A Qualitative Analysis of the Lottery Equivalents Method." Economics and Philosophy 23 (2): 185-204.
49. Prelec, Drazen. 1998. "The Probability Weighting Function." Econometrica 66 (3): 497-527.
50. Rydval, Ondrej, Andreas Ortmann, Sasha Prokosheva, and Ralph Hertwig. 2009. "How Certain Is the Uncertainty Effect?." Experimental Economics 12 (4): 473-87.
51. Schlenger, William E., Richard A. Kulka, John A. Fairbank, Richard L. Hough, B. Kathleen Jordan, Charles R. Marmar, and Daniel S. Weiss. 1992. "The Prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Vietnam Generation: A Multimethod, Multisource Assessment of Psychiatric Disorder." Journal of Traumatic Stress 5 (3): 333-63.
52. Schmidt, Ulrich. 1998. "A Measurement of the Certainty Effect." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 42 (1): 32-47.
53. Simonsohn, Uri. 2009. "Direct Risk Aversion: Evidence from Risky Prospects Valued below Their Worst Outcome." Psychological Science 20 (6): 686-92.
54. Slovic, Paul, and Ellen Peters. 2006. "Risk Perception and Affect." Current Directions in Psychological Science 15 (6): 686-92.
55. Solomon, Zahava, and Mario Mikulincer. 1990. "Life Events and Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Intervening Role of Locus of Control and Social Support." Military Psychology 2 (4): 241-56.
56. Solomon, Zahava, Mario Mikulincer, and Ehud Avitzur. 1988. "Coping, Locus of Control, Social Support, and Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Prospective Study." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (2): 279-85.
57. Solomon, Zahava, Mario Mikulincer, and Rami Benbenishty. 1989. "Locus of Control and Combat- Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Intervening Role of Battle Intensity, Threat Appraisal and Coping." British Journal of Clinical Psychology 28 (2): 131-44.
58. Starmer, Chris. 2000. "Developments in Non-expected Utility Theory: The Hunt for a Descriptive Theory of Choice under Risk." Journal of Economic Literature 38 (2): 332-82.
59. Stewart, Mark B. 1983. "On Least Squares Estimation When the Dependent Variable Is Grouped." Review of Economic Studies 50 (4): 737-53.
60. Tanaka, Tomomi, Colin F. Camerer, and Quang Nguyen. 2010. "Risk and Time Preferences: Linking Experimental and Household Survey Data from Vietnam." American Economic Review 100 (1): 557-71.
61. Tversky, Amos, and Craig R. Fox. 1995. "Weighing Risk and Uncertainty." Psychological Review 102 (2): 269-83.
62. Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. 1992. "Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5 (4): 297-323.
63. UNAMA. 2008. Afghanistan Annual Report on Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict. Report, United Nations Missions in Afghanistan.
64. UNAMA. 2010. Afghanistan Annual Report on Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict. Report, United Nations Mission in Afghanistan.
65. Varian, Hal R. 1992. Microeconomic Analysis. 3rd ed. New York: Norton.
66. Voors, Maarten J., Eleonora E. M. Nillesen, Philip Verwimp, Erwin H. Bulte, Robert Lensink, and Daan P. Van Soest. 2012. "Violent Conflict and Behavior: A Field Experiment in Burundi." American Economic Review 102 (2): 941-64.
67. Wu, George, and Richard Gonzalez. 1996. "Curvature of the Probability Weighting Function." Management Science 42 (12): 1676-90.
68. Yehuda, Rachel. 2002. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." New England Journal of Medicine 346 (2): 108-14.
69. Yong, Ed. 2012. "Replication Studies: Bad Copy." Nature 485 (7398): 298-300.