Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonisation and onward transmission

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 11, 2013, Pages

  Eyre, David W ^a   Griffiths, David ^a   Vaughan, Alison ^a   Golubchik, Tanya ^a   Acharya, Milind ^a   O'Connor, Lily ^b   Crook, Derrick W ^a,b   Walker, A Sarah ^a   Peto, Tim E A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b JOHN RADCLIFFE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN; FLUCLOXACILLIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; MACROLIDE; STEROID; TRIMETHOPRIM;

ARTICLE; ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; BACTERIUM CARRIER; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG EXPOSURE; FECES CULTURE; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; LOOSE FECES; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; UNITED KINGDOM;

AGED, 80 AND OVER; ASYMPTOMATIC DISEASES; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; COHORT STUDIES; ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84892566288     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078445     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Surawicz CM, Brandt LJ, Binion DG, Ananthakrishnan AN, Curry SR, et al. (2013) Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infections. Am J Gastroenterol 108: 478-498. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.4.
2. Vonberg R-P, Kuijper EJ, Wilcox MH, Barbut F, Tüll P, et al. (2008) Infection control measures to limit the spread of Clostridium difficile. Clin Microbiol Infect 14 Suppl 5: 2-20. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01992.x. (Pubitemid 351560386)
3. Walker AS, Eyre DW, Wyllie DH, Dingle KE, Harding RM, et al. (2012) Characterisation of Clostridium difficile hospital ward-based transmission using extensive epidemiological data and molecular typing. PLoS Med 9: e1001172:1-e1001172:12. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001172.
4. Norén T, Akerlund T, Bäck E, Sjöberg L, Persson I, et al. (2004) Molecular epidemiology of hospital-associated and community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection in a Swedish county. J Clin Microbiol 42: 3635-3643. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.8.3635-3643.2004. (Pubitemid 39045692)
5. Eyre DW, Cule ML, Wilson DJ, Griffiths D, Vaughan A, et al. (2013) Diverse sources of C. difficile infection identified on whole-genome sequencing. N Engl J Med 369: 1195-1205.
6. Loo VG, Bourgault A-M, Poirier L, Lamothe F, Michaud S, et al. (2011) Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization. N Engl J Med 365: 1693-1703. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1012413.
7. Shim JK, Johnson S, Samore MH, Bliss DZ, Gerding DN (1998) Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea. Lancet 351: 633-636. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)08062-8. (Pubitemid 28098446)
8. Johnson S, Clabots CR, Linn FV, Olson MM, Peterson LR, et al. (1990) Nosocomial Clostridium difficile colonisation and disease. Lancet 336: 97-100. (Pubitemid 20222816)
9. Hensgens MPM, Keessen EC, Squire MM, Riley TV, Koene MGJ, et al. (2012) Clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 18: 635-645. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03853.x.
10. Ozaki E, Kato H, Kita H, Karasawa T, Maegawa T, et al. (2004) Clostridium difficile colonization in healthy adults: transient colonization and correlation with enterococcal colonization. J Med Microbiol 53: 167-172. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.05376-0. (Pubitemid 38223698)
11. Kato H, Kita H, Karasawa T, Maegawa T, Koino Y, et al. (2001) Colonisation and transmission of Clostridium difficile in healthy individuals examined by PCR ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Med Microbiol 50: 720-727. (Pubitemid 32664902)
12. Barbut F, Petit JC (2001) Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 7: 405-410. (Pubitemid 34960330)
13. Enoch DA, Butler MJ, Pai S, Aliyu SH, Karas JA (2011) Clostridium difficile in children: colonisation and disease. J Infect 63: 105-113. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2011.05.016.
14. Riggs MM, Sethi AK, Zabarsky TF, Eckstein EC, Jump RLP, et al. (2007) Asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic Clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. Clin Infect Dis 45: 992-998. doi:10.1086/521854. (Pubitemid 47580347)
15. Simor AE, Bradley SF, Strausbaugh LJ, Crossley K, Nicolle LE, et al. (2002) Clostridium difficile in long-term-care facilities for the elderly. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 23: 696-703. doi:10.1086/501997. (Pubitemid 35315995)
16. Arvand M, Moser V, Schwehn C, Bettge-Weller G, Hensgens MP, et al. (2012) High prevalence of Clostridium difficile colonization among nursing home residents in Hesse, Germany. PLOS One 7: e30183. doi:10.1371/journal.-pone. 0030183.
17. Kim KH, Fekety R, Batts DH, Brown D, Cudmore M, et al. (1981) Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis. J Infect Dis 143: 42-50. (Pubitemid 11152596)
18. McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RY, Stamm WE (1989) Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 320: 204-210. doi:10.1056/NEJM198901263200402. (Pubitemid 19034145)
19. Clabots CR, Johnson S, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gerding DN (1992) Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection. J Infect Dis 166: 561-567.
20. Samore MH, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami PC, Arbeit RD, Karchmer AW (1996) Clinical and molecular epidemiology of sporadic and clustered cases of nosocomial Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Am J Med 100: 32-40. (Pubitemid 26049323)
21. Griffiths D, Fawley W, Kachrimanidou M, Bowden R, Crook DW, et al. (2010) Multilocus sequence typing of Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 48: 770- 778. doi:10.1128/JCM.01796-09.
22. Lunter G, Goodson M (2011) Stampy: A statistical algorithm for sensitive and fast mapping of Illumina sequence reads. Genome Res 21: 936-939. doi:10.1101/gr.111120.110.
23. Sebaihia M, Wren BW, Mullany P, Fairweather NF, Minton N, et al. (2006) The multidrug-resistant human pathogen Clostridium difficile has a highly mobile, mosaic genome. Nat Genet 38: 779-786. doi:10.1038/ng1830. (Pubitemid 43980598)
24. Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, et al. (2009) The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25: 2078-2079. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352.
25. Zerbino DR, Birney E (2008) Velvet: Algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de Bruijn graphs. Genome Res 18: 821-829. doi:10.1101/gr.074492. 107. (Pubitemid 351645072)
26. Planche TD, Davies KA, Coen PG, Finney JM, Monahan IM, et al. (2013) Differences in outcome according to Clostridium difficile testing method: a prospective multicentre diagnostic validation study of C difficile infection. Lancet Infect Dis [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70200-7.
27. Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer.
28. Leekha S, Aronhalt KC, Sloan LM, Patel R, Orenstein R (2013) Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization in a tertiary care hospital: Admission prevalence and risk factors. Am J Infect Control 41: 390-393. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.09.023.
29. Haustein T, Gastmeier P, Holmes A, Lucet J-C, Shannon RP, et al. (2011) Use of benchmarking and public reporting for infection control in four high-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis 11: 471-481. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10) 70315-7.
30. Walker AS, Spiegelhalter D, Crook DW, Wyllie D, Morris J, et al. (2008) Fairness of financial penalties to improve control of Clostridium difficile. BMJ 337: 1385-1387.
31. Nelson RL, Kelsey P, Leeman H, Meardon N, Patel H, et al. (2011) Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev: CD004610. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004610.pub4.
32. Ryan J, Murphy C, Twomey C, Paul Ross R, Rea MC, et al. (2009) Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile in an Irish continuing care institution for the elderly: prevalence and characteristics. Ir J Med Sci 179: 245-250. doi:10.1007/s11845-009-0361-1.
33. McDonald LC, Coignard B, Dubberke E, Song X, Horan T, et al. (2007) Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 28: 140-145. doi:10.1086/511798. (Pubitemid 46374153)
34. Freeman J, Bauer MP, Baines SD, Corver J, Fawley WN, et al. (2010) The Changing Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 23: 529-549. doi:10.1128/CMR.00082-09.
35. Flahault A, Cadilhac M, Thomas G (2005) Sample size calculation should be performed for design accuracy in diagnostic test studies. J Clin Epidemiol 58: 859-862. (Pubitemid 40966845)
36. Bartsch SM, Curry SR, Harrison LH, Lee BY (2012) The potential economic value of screening hospital admissions for Clostridium difficile. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31: 3163-3171. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1681-z.
37. Johnson S, Homann SR, Bettin KM, Quick JN, Clabots CR, et al. (1992) Treatment of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriers (fecal excretors) with vancomycin or metronidazole. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 117: 297-302.
38. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, et al. (2010) Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31: 431-455. doi:10.1086/651706.
39. Delmée M, Vandercam B, Avesani V, Michaux JL (1987) Epidemiology and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections in a leukemia unit. Eur J Clin Microbiol 6: 623-627. (Pubitemid 18000963)
40. Clabots CR, Gerding SJ, Olson MM, Peterson LR, Gerding DN (1989) Detection of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriage by an alcohol shock procedure. J Clin Microbiol 27: 2386-2387. (Pubitemid 19240636)