Handbook of pediatric autopsy pathology

Handbook of Pediatric Autopsy Pathology

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-531

  Gilbert Barness, Enid ^a   Debich Spicer, Diane E ^a   Opitz, John M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892359310     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1385/1592596738     Document Type: Book

References (584)

1. Altshuler G. A conceptual approach to placental pathology and pregnancy outcome. Semin Diagn Pathol 1993:3:204-221.
2. Anonymous. Guidelines for post mortem reports. Bull Royal Coll Pathol 1993;84:11.
3. Benirschke K, et al. Pathology of the Human Placenta, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
4. Bove KE. Practice guidelines for autopsy pathology, the perinatal and pediatric autopsy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997;121:368.
5. Chi JG, Dooling EG, Gilles FH. Gyral development of the human brain. Ann Neurol 1977;1:86.
6. Clayton-Smith J, Farndon PA, Keown C, et al. Examination of fetuses after induced abortion for fetal abnormality. BMJ 1990;300:295.
7. Devine WA, Debich DE. Damage to the head and neck of infants at autopsy [letter to the editor]. Pediatr Pathol 1990;10:475-478.
8. Emery JL. The postmortem examination of a baby. In: Mason JK, ed. Pediatric Forensic Medicine and Pathology. London, Chapman & Hall, 1989, pp. 72-84.
9. Gau GS, Napier K, Bhundia J. Use of tissue adhesive to repair fetal bodies after dissection. J Clin Pathol 1991;44:759-760.
10. Genest DR, et al. Estimating the time of death in stillborn fetuses: I. Histologic evaluation of fetal organs: an autopsy study of 150 stillborns. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:575-584.
11. Genest DR, et al. Estimating the time of death in stillborn fetusus: II. Histologic evaluation of the placenta: a study of 71 stillborns. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:585-592.
12. Genest DR, et al. Estimating the time of death in stillborn fetuses: III. External fetal examination: a study of 86 stillborns. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:593-600.
13. Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby Yearbook, 1997.
14. Hoggarth P, Poole B. A pathologist's guide to embalming. In: Rutty GN, ed. Essentials in Autopsy Practice, vol. 1. London: Springer-Verlag, 2001.
15. Hutchins GM. Practice guidelines for autopsy pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995;119:123.
16. Jones KL, Harrison JW, Smith DW. Palpebral fissure size in newborn infants. J Pediatr 1978;92:787.
17. Keeling J. The perinatal necropsy. In: Keeling J, ed. Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
18. Ludwig J. Handbook of Autopsy Practice, 3rd ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2002.
19. Macpherson TA, Valdes-Dapena M. The perinatal autopsy. In: Wigglesworth JS, Singer D, eds. Textbook of Fetal and Perinatal Pathology. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.
20. Moore IE. Macerated autopsy. In: Keeling JW, ed. Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
21. Naeye R. Disorders of the Placenta, Fetus, and Neonate: Diagnosis and Clinical Significance. St. Louis: Mosby Yearbook, 1992.
22. Naeye RL. The epidemiology of perinatal mortality: the power of the autopsy. Pediatr Clin N Am 1992;19:295-310.
23. Redlne RW. Placental pathology: a neglected link between basic disease mechanisms and untoward pregnancy outcome. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1995;7:10-15.
24. Rutty GN, ed. Essentials in Autopsy Practice, vol. 1. London: Springer-Verlag. Scammon RE, Calkins LA. The development and growth of the external dimensions of the human body in the fetal period. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1929.
25. Schauer GM, Kalousek DK, Magee JF. Genetic causes of stillbirth. Semin Perinatol 1992;16:341-351.
26. Stocker JT, Dehner LP. Pediatric Pathology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
27. Valdes-Dapena M, Huff D. Perinatal Autopsy Manual. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1983.
28. Wigglesworth JS. Perinatal Pathology. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1984.
29. Wigglesworth JS, Singer D. Perinatal Pathology. Blackwell Scientific, 2001.
30. Azar F, Snijders RJM, Gosden CM, Nicolaides KM. Fetal nuchal cystic hygromata: associated malformations and chromosomal defects. Fetal Diagn Ther 1991;6:46.
31. Benirschke K, Kaufmann P. Pathology of the Human Placenta, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
32. Berry CL. The examination of embryonic and fetal material in diagnostic histopathology laboratories. J Clin Pathol 1980;33:317.
33. Boue' J, Boue' A, Lazar P. Retrospective and prospective epidemiological studies of 1500 karyotypes from spontaneous human abortions. Teratology 1975;12:11.
34. Campbell S. Fetal head circumference against gestational age. In: Saunders R, James AE, eds. The Principles and Practice of Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1980, p. 454.
35. Chashnoff IJ, Burns WJ, Schnoll SH, Burns KA. Cocaine use in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1985;313:667.
36. Craver RD, Kalosek DK. Cytogenetic abnormalities among spontaneously aborted previable fetuses. Am J Med Genet 1987;3(Suppl): 113.
37. Crowley LV. An Introduction to Clinical Embryology. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers. Deter RL, Harrist RB, Hadlock IP, Carpenter RJ. The use of ultrasound in the assessment of normal fetal growth: a review. J Clin Ultrasound 1981;9:481.
38. Edmonds DR, Lindsay KS, Miller JR, et al. Early embryonic mortality in women. Fertil Steril 1982;38:947.
39. Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby Yearbook, 1997.
40. Gilbert W, Nicolaides KH. Fetal omphalocele: associated malformation and chromosomal defects. Obstet Gynecol 1987;70:633.
41. Hamilton WJ, Boyd JD, Mossman MW. Human Embryology, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1978.
42. Harlap SSPH, Ramcharan S. Spontaneous fetal loss in women using different contraceptives around the time of conception. Int J Epidemiol 1980;9:49.
43. Kalousek DK. Anatomic and chromosome anomalies in specimens of each spontaneous abortion: seven year experience. Birth Defects 1987;23: 153.
44. Kalousek DK. Pathology of abortion. Chromosomal and genetic correlation. In Kraus FT, Damjanov I, eds. Pathology of Reproductive Failure. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1991, p. 228.
45. Kalousek DK, Bamforth S. Amniotic bands and ADAM sequence in previable fetuses. Am J Med Genet 1988:31:63.
46. Kalousek DK, Fitch N, Paradice BA. Pathology of human embryo and previable fetus. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
47. Kalousek DK, Fitch N, Paradice BA. Pathology of the Human Embryo and Previable Fetus. An atlas. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
48. Kalousek DK, Neave C. Pathology of abortion, the embryo and the previable fetus. In: Wigglesworth JS, Singer DB, eds. Textbook of Fetal and Perinatal Pathology. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991, pp. 124-160.
49. Kalousek DK, Seller M. Differential diagnosis of posterior cervical hygroma in previable fetuses. Am J Med Genet 1987;3(Suppl): 83.
50. Keeling J. The perinatal necropsy. In: Keeling J, ed. Fetal and neonatal Pathology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.
51. Klatt EC. Pathologic examination of fetal specimens from dilatation and evacuation procedures. Aria J Clin Pathol 1995;103:415.
52. Kline J, Stein Z. Very early pregnancy. In: Dixon RL, ed. Reproductive Toxicology. New York: Raven Press, 1985, p. 251.
53. Knowles SAS. Examination of products of conception terminated after prenatal investigation. J Clin Pathol 1986;39:1049.
54. Moore KL. The Developing Human, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1982.
55. Moore KL, Persaud TVN. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, ed 5. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993.
56. Novak R, Agamanolis D, Dasu D, et al. Histological analysis of placental tissue in first trimester abortions. Pediatr Pathol 1988;8:477.
57. Nuovo GJ. PCR In Situ Hybridization. Protocols and Applications. New York: Raven Press, 1992.
58. Opitz JM. Prenatal and perinatal death. The future of developmental pathology. Pediatr Pathol 1987;7:363.
59. O'Rahilly R, Muller F. Developmental Stages in Human Embryos. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Embryology, 1987, Publication 637.
60. Ornoy A, Borochowitz Z, Lachman R, Rimoin LD. Atlas of Fetal Skeletal Radiology. Chicago: Year Book, 1988.
61. Philips C, Meadows L, Hebert M, et al. Screening for chromosomal abnormalities by fluorescent in situ technique: application to human spontaneous abortions. Am J Hum Genet 1992;51:A11.
62. Rehder H, Coerdt W, Eggers R, et al. Is there a correlation between morphological and cytogenetic findings in placental tissue from early missed abortions? Hum Genet 1989;82:377.
63. Robinson HP. The diagnosis of early pregnancy failure by sonar. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1975;82:849.
64. Roman E, Stevenson AC. Spontaneous abortion. In: Barron SL, Thompson AM, eds. Obstetrical Epidemiology. London: Academic Press, 1983, p. 61.
65. Rushton DI. Examination of products of conception from previable human pregnancies. J Clin Pathol 1981;34:819.
66. Rushton DI. Placental pathology in spontaneous miscarriage. In: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Early Pregnancy Loss: Mechanisms and Treatment. Proceedings of the 18th Study Group of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Lanes, UK: Peacock Press, 1988, p. 149.
67. Rushton DI. The classification and mechanisms of spontaneous abortion. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1984;8:269.
68. Shepard TH. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents, ed 5. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
69. Simpson JL. Aetiology of pregnancy failure. In: Chapman M, Grudzinskas G, Chand T, eds. The Embryo Normal and Abnormal Development and Growth. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991, pp. 11-39.
70. Simpson JL. Incidence and timing of pregnancy losses. Am J Med Genet 1990:35:165.
71. Szulman AE. Examination of the early conceptus. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991;115:696.
72. Stabile I. Anembryonic pregnancy. In: Chapman M, Grudzinskas G, Chard T, eds. The Embryo: Normal and Abnormal Development and Growth. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991, pp. 35-94.
73. Stabile I, Campbell S, Grudzinskas JG. Ultrasound assessment in complications of first trimester pregnancy. Lancet 1987;2:1237.
74. Stocker JT, Dehner LP. Pediatric Pathology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
75. Thomas ML, Harger JH, Wagener DK, et al. HLA sharing and spontaneous abortion in humans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985;151:1053.
76. Van Lijnschsten G, Arends JW, Leffers P, et al. The value of histomorphological features of chorionic villi in early spontaneous abortion for the prediction of karyotype. Histopathology 1993;22:557.
77. Warburton D, Byrne J, Canki N. Chromosome Anomalies and Prenatal Development: An Atlas. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991.
78. Warburton D, Kline J, Stein Z, et al. Does the karyotype of a spontaneous abortion predict the karyotype of a subsequent abortion? Evidence from 273 women with two karyotyped spontaneous abortions. Am J Hum Genet 1987:41:465.
79. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, O'Conner JF, et al. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1987;319:189.
80. Abraham JL. Scanning Electron Microscopy, vol. II. Proceedings of the Workshop on Biomedical Applications-SEM as an Aid in Diagnosis. Chicago: IIT Research Institute, 1977.
81. Abramowsky CR. Lupus erythematosus, the placenta and pregnancy. Prog Clin Biol Res 1981;70:309.
82. Aladjem S. Examination of fresh villi. In: Gruewald P, ed. The Placenta and Its Maternal Supply Line. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1975.
83. Altshuler G, Gilbert-Barness E, eds. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1997.
84. Altshuler G, McAdams AJ. The role of the placenta in fetal and perinatal pathology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972:113:616.
85. Altshuler G. The placenta, how to examine it, its normal growth and development. In: Perinatal Diseases-Monograph of International Academy of Pathology. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1981.
86. Alvarez H, Benedetti WL. Morphology of the placenta studied by phase: contrast microscopy. In: Aladjem S, Vidyasagar D, eds. Atlas of Perinatology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1982.
87. Benirschke K, Driscoll SG. The Pathology of the Human Placenta, 4th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2001.
88. Benirschke K. Major pathologic features of the placenta, cord membranes. Birth Def 1965;1:52.
89. Bernstein RL. Abruptio Placentae. In: Iffy L, Kaminetzky HA, eds. Principles and Practice of Obstetrics and Perinatology, vol. 2. New York: Wiley, 1981.
90. Boyd JD, Hamilton WJ. The Human Placenta. Cambridge, UK: W. Heifer, 1970.
91. Davies CJ. Biological Techniques for Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Burlington, VT: Ladd Research Industries, 1979.
92. Fox H. Major Problems in Pathology. Vol 7: Pathology of the Placenta, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1991.
93. Fox H. Morphological Pathology of the Placenta. In: Gruenwald P, ed. The Placenta and Its Maternal Supply Line. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1973.
94. Gilbert EF, Opitz JM. Malformation Syndromes. In: Singer D, Wigglesworth J, eds. Perinatal Pathology. New York: Blackwell Publishing Company.
95. Grange DK, Onya S, Optiz JM, et al. The Short Umbilical Cord in Genetic Aspects of Developmental Pathology. New York: Alan R. Leis, 1987, p. 191.
96. Grey P, ed. The Encyclopedia of Microscopy and Microtechnique. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973.
97. Jones S, Chapman SK, Crocker PR, et al. Combined light and electron microscopy in routine histopathology. J Clin Pathol 1982:35:425.
98. Lewis S, Perrin EVDK, eds. Pathology of the Placenta. New York: Churchill Livingston, 2001.
99. Manchester DK, Silverberg SG. The placenta and products of conception. In: Silverberg SG, ed. Principles and Practice of Surgical Pathology, vol. 2. New York: Wiley, 1983.
100. Moghissi K, Hafez ES, eds. The Placenta: Clinical and Biological Aspects. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1974.
101. Molteni RA, Stys S J, Battaglia FG. Relationship of fetal and placental weight in human beings; fetal/placental weight ratios at various gestational ages and birth weight distributions. J Reprod Med 1978;21:327.
102. Perrin EVDK. Placental diagnosis. In: Aladjem S, Vidyasagar D, eds. Atlas of Perinatology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1982.
103. Philippe E, Sauvage JR. The placenta and its membranes. In: Iffy L, Kaminetzky HA, eds. New York: Wiley, 1981.
104. Rosai J. Placenta. In: Rosai J, ed. Ackermans Surgical Pathology, 6th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1981.
105. Saleh KM, Toner PG, Carr KE, et al. An improved method for sequential light and scanning electron microscopy of the same cell using localizing coverslips. J Clin Pathol 1982;35:576.
106. Shaklin DR. Anatomy of the Placenta. In: Falkner F, Tanner JM, eds. Human Growth, vol. 1. New York: Planum Press, 1978.
107. Wilkin P. The placenta, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac. In: Gompel C, Silverberg SG, eds. Pathology in Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1977.
108. Wynn RM. Fine structure of the placenta. In: Gruewald P, ed. The Placenta and Its Maternal Supply Line. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1975.
109. Bieber F, Petres R, Bleber J, Nance W. Prenatal detection of a familial nuchal bleb stimulating encephalocele. Birth Defects OAS XV No. 5A, 51-61, 1979.
110. Byrne J, Blanc W, Warburton D, et al. The significance of cystic hygroma in fetuses. Hum Pathol 1984;15:61-67.
111. Chervenak F, Isaacson G, Blakemore K, Breg R, Hobbins J, et al. Fetal cystic hygroma. N Engl J Med 1983;309:822-825.
112. Chitayat D, Kalousek D, Bamforth J. The lymphatic abnormalities in fetuses with posterior cervical cystic hygroma. Am J Med Genet 1989.
113. Cowchock F, Wapner R, Kurtz A, et al. Not all cystic hydromas occur in the Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1982;12:327-331.
114. Kalousek D, Seller M. Differential diagnosis of posterior cervical hygroma in previable fetuses. Am J Med Genet 1987;3:83-92.
115. Machin GA. Differential diagnosis of hydrops fetalis. Am J Med Genet 1981;9:341.
116. Machin GA. Hydrops, cystic hygroma, hydrothorax, pericardial effusions, and fetal ascites. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1997.
117. Machin GA. Cystic hygroma, hydrops and fetal ascites. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Atlas of Fetus and Infant Pathology. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1998.
118. Shepard TH, Fantel AG. Pathogenesis of congenital defects associated with Turner's syndrome: The role of hypoabluminemia and edema. Acta Endocrinol 279(Suppl):440-447.
119. Smith D. Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformations. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1982, p. 472.
120. Bauld R, Sutherland GR, Bain AD. Chromosome constitution of 500 infants dying during the perinatal period. Humangenetick 1974;23: 183.
121. Boue J, Boue A. Anomalies chromosomiques dans les avortements spontanes. In: Boue A, Thibault CD, eds. Les Accidents Chromosomiques de la Reproduction. Paris: Incerm, 1973, p. 29.
122. Boue J, Phillippe E, Giroud A, et al. Phenotypic expression of lethal chromosomal anomalies in human abortuses. Teratology 1976:14:3.
123. DeMyer W, Zeman W, Palmer CG. The face predicts the brain: diagnostic significance of median facial anomalies for holoprosencephlay (arrhinencephaly). Pediatrics 1964;34:256.
124. Gilbert EF, Opitz JM. Developmental and other pathologic changes in syndromes caused by chromosomal abnormalities. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1982;7:1.
125. Gilbert EF, Arya S, Laxova R, et al. Pathology of chromosome abnormalities in the fetus; pathologic markers. In: Gilbert EF, Opitz JM, eds. Genetic Aspects of Developmental Pathology (Birth Defects: Original Article Series, vo123). New York: Alan R. Liss, 1987, p. 293.
126. Gilbert EF, Opitz JM. Chromosomal abnormalities. In: Stocker T, Dehner L, eds. Pediatric Pathology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 2001, pp. 81-112.
127. Gilbert-Barness E. Chromosomal abnormalities. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Atlas of Developmental and Infant Pathology. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1997.
128. Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Atlas of Developmental and Infant Pathology. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1998.
129. Machin GA, Crolla JA. Chromosome constitution of 500 infants dying during the perinatal period. Humangenetik 1974;23:183.
130. Matsuoka R, Matsuyama S, Yamamoto U, et al. Trisomy 18q: a case report and review on karyotype and phenotype correlations. Hum Genet 1981;57:78.
131. Rushton DI, Faed M, Richards S, et al. The fetal manifestations of the 45, XO karyotype. J Obstet Gynaecol Br 1969;76:266.
132. Szulman AE, Philippe E, Boue JG, et al. Human triploidy: association with partial hydatidiform moles and nonmolar conceptuses. Hum Pathol 1981;12:1016.
133. Claren SK, Smith DW, Harvey MAS, et al. Hyperthermia: a prospective evaluation of a possible teratogenic agent in man. J Pediatr 1979;95:81.
134. Comes LJ, Bennett PH, Man MB, et al. Congenital anomalies and diabetes in the Pima Indians of Arizona. Diabetes 1967;18:471.
135. Czeizel A. Schisis associations. Am J Med Genet 1981;10:25.
136. Duncan PA, Shapria LR, Stangel JJ, et al. The MURCS association: mullerian duct aplasia, renal aplasia, and cervicothoracic somite dysplasia. J Pediatr 1979;95:399.
137. Gilbert EF, Opitz JM. Congenital anomalies and malformation syndromes. In: Stocker T, Dehner L, eds. Pediatric Pathology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 2001, pp. 113-158.
138. Gilbert-Barness E, Opitz J. Malformations. In: Perinatal Pathology. Wigglesworth JR, Singer D. Blackwell, Science Publications, Boston, 1998.
139. Gilbert-Barness E, Spicer-Debich D. Color Atlas of Embryo and Fetal Pathology with Ultrasound Correlation. Cambridge Press, 2003.
140. Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1997.
141. Hanson JE, Myrianthopoulos NC, Harvey MAS, et al. Risks to the offspring of women treated with hydantoin anticonvulsants, with emphasis on the fetal hydantoin syndrome. J Pediatr 1976;89:662.
142. Herrmann J, Gilbert EF, Opitz JM. Dysplasias, malformations and cancer, especially with respect to the Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. In: Nichols WW, Murphy DG, eds. Regulations of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. New York: Plenum Press, 1977, p. 1.
143. Opitz JM, Gilbert EF. CNS anomalies and the midline as a "development field" [editorial]. Am J Med Genet 1982;12:443.
144. Opitz JM, Gilbert EF. Pathogenetic analysis of congenital anomalies in humans. In: Ioachim HL, ed. Pathobiology Annual, vol 12. New York: Raven Press. 1982, p. 301.
145. Opitz JM, Zanni G, Reynolds JF, Gilbert-Barness E. Defects of blastogenesis, Am J Med Genet 2002:15(4):269-286.
146. Quan L, Smith DW. The VATER association, vertebral defects, anal atresia, T-E fistula with esophageal atresia. Radial and Renal dysplasia: a spectrum of associated defects. J Pediatr 1973;82:104.
147. Quan L, Smith DW. The VATER association: vertebral defects and atresia, tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia, radial dysplasia. In: Birth Defects: Original Article Series, vol 8(2). New York: Alan R Liss, 1972, p. 75.
148. Smith DW. Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformations, ed 5. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000.
149. Spranger JE, Opitz JM, Smith DW, et al. Errors of morphogenesis: concepts and terms. Recommendations of an international working group. J Pediatr 1982;100:160.
150. Becker AE, Anderson RH. Cardiac Anatomy: An Integrated Text and Color Atlas. London: Gower Medical Publishing Ltd., 1980.
151. Becket AE, Anderson RH. Pathology of Congenital Heart Disease. London: Butterworth, 1981.
152. Debich DE, Devine WA, Anderson RH. Polysplenia with normally structured hearts. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1274.
153. Devine WA, Debich DE, Anderson RH. Dissection of congenitally malformed hearts, with comments on the value of sequential segmental analysis. Pediatr Pathol 1991:11:235-259.
154. Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Poner's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant, ch. 18, 19. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book Inc., 1997.
155. Gilbert-Barness E, Barness LA. Non malformative cardiovascular pathology in infants and children. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 2000;22:75.
156. Lenox CC, Debich DE, Zuberbuhler JR. The role of coronary artery abnormalities in the prognosis of truncus arteriosus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992:104:1728-1742.
157. Ludwig J, ed. Handbook of Autopsy Pathology, 3rd ed. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2002.
158. Sharma S, Devine WA, Anderson RH, Zuberbuhler JR. Identification and analysis of left atrial isomerism. Am J Cardiol 1987:60:1157-1160.
159. Tauth J, Sullebarger T. Myocardial infarction associated with myocardial bridging: case history and review of the literature. Cath Cardiovasc Diagn 1997;40:364-367.
160. Valdes-Dapena M, Huff D. Perinatal autopsy manual. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1983.
161. Atkins JP. Laryngeal problems of infancy and childhood. Pediatr Clin N Am 1962;9:1125.
162. Avery ME. The lung and its disorders in the newborn infant, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1976.
163. Chen JC, Hollinger LD. Congenital tracheal anomalies: pathology study using serial macrosections and review of the literature. Pediatr Pathol 1994;14:513.
164. Chinwuba C, Wanman J, Strand R. Nasal airway obstruction: CT assessment. Radiology 1986;159:503.
165. Davis ME, Potter EL. Intrauterine respiration of the human fetus. JAMA 1946;131:1194.
166. Ey EH, Han PK, Towbin RP, et al. Bony inlet stenosis as a cause of nasal airway obstruction. Radiology 1988;168:477.
167. Fuzesi K, Young DG. Congenital laryngotracheoesophageal cleft. J Pediatr Surg 1976:11:933.
168. Gilbert EF, Opitz JM. Malformations and genetic disorders of the respiratory tract. In: Stocker JT, ed. Pediatric Pulmonary Disease, vol. 2.
169. Washington, DC: Hemisphere, 1989.
170. Gilbert-Barness E. Respiratory system. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1997.
171. Holinger PH, Brown WT. Congenital webs, cysts, laryngoceles and other anomalies of the larynx. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1967;76:744.
172. Kavuru MS, Mehta AC, Eliachar I. Effect of photodynamic therapy and external beam radiation therapy on juvenile laryngotracheobronchial papillomatosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:509.
173. Landing BH, Wells TR. Tracheobronchial anomalies in children. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1975;1:132.
174. Langston C, Kida K, Reed M, et al. Human lung growth in late gestation and in the neonate. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984;129:607.
175. Langston C, Thurlbeck WM. Lung growth and development in late gestation and early postnatal life. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1982;7:203.
176. Lubinsky M. Current concepts: VATER and other associations: historical perspectives and modern interpretations. Am J Med Genet 1986; 2(Suppl):9.
177. Parkin JL, Stevens MH, Jung AL. Acquired and congenital subglottic stenosis in the infant. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1976;85:573.
178. Stocker JT, Dehner LP. Pediatric Pathology, 2nd ed. Williams, Wilkins, Lippincott, Philadelphia, 2001.
179. Stocker JT. Respiratory system. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Atlas of Developmental and Infant Pathology. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1998.
180. Adlung J, Gurich H-G, Ritter U. Uber Veranderungen am Pankreasgangsystem: makroskopische, mikroskopische und klinische Untersuchungen. Med Welt February 22, 1969, pp. 389-391.
181. Alrabeeah A, et al. Neurenteric cysts: a spectrum. J Pediatr Surg 1988:23: 752-754.
182. Brenda C. Eine makro-ujnd mikrochemishe Reaction der Fettgewebs-Nekrose. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 1900;161:194-198.
183. Chomet B, Gach BM. Demonstration of esophageal varices in museum specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 1969;51:793-794.
184. Dahms BB. The gastrointestinal tract. In: Stocker JT, Dehner LP, eds. Pediatric Pathology, 2nd ed. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
185. Game R, et al. Gastrointestinal malformations in Funen county, Denmark-epidemiology, associated with malformations, surgery and mortality. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2002;12:101.
186. Kobayashi H, O'Brian DS, Hirakawa H, Wang Y, Puri P. A rapid technique of acetylcholinesterase staining. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994; 118:1127.
187. Laine L, Weinstein WM. Subepithelial hemorrhages and erosions of human stomach. Dig Dis Sci 1988;33:490-503.
188. Laine L. Rolling review: upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993;7:207-232.
189. Loehry CA, Creamer B. Postmortem study of small-intestinal mucosa. BMJ 1966;1:827.
190. MacCarty RL, Stephens DH, Brown AL Jr, Carlson HC. Retrograde pan-creatography in autopsy specimens. Am J Roentgenol 1975; 123: 359.
191. Michels NA, Siddharth P, Kornblith PL, Parke WW. Routes of collateral circulation of the gastrointestinal tract as ascertained in a dissection of 500 bodies. Int Surg 1968;49:8.
192. Pulvertaft RJV. Museum techniques: a review. J Clin Pathol 1950;3:1.
193. Puri P, Wester T. Intestinal neuromal dysplasia. Semin Pediatr Surg 1998; 7:181.
194. Silva VA. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome secondary to pancreatitis. Am J Hematol 1995;50:53.
195. Walker WA, et al., eds. Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, 3rd ed. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker, 2000.
196. Woolf AL. Techniques of postmortem angiograph of the stomach. Br J Radiol 1950;23:8.
197. Zimmerman MR. Postmortem demonstration of esophageal varices (letter to editor). Am J Pathol 1976;65:729.
198. Bates MD, Bucuvalas JC, Alonso MH, et al. Biliary atresia: pathogenesis and treatment. Semin Liver Dis 1998;18(3):281-293.
199. Bennion RS, Thompson JE Jr, Thompkins RK. Agenesis of the gallbladder without extrahepatic biliary atresia. Arch Surg 1988; 123:1256.
200. Bennion RS, Thompson JR Jr, Tompkins RK. Agenesis of the gallbladder without extrahepatic biliary atresia. Arch Surg 1988;123:1257.
201. Benz EJ, Baggenstoss AH, Wollaeger EE. Atrophy of the left lobe of the liver. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1953;28:232.
202. Boocock GRB, Morrisoin JA, Popovic M, et al. Mutations in SBDS are associated with Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome. Nat Genet 2003; 33:97.
203. Caries D, Serville F, Dubecq PD, et al. Renal, pancreatic and hepatic dysplasia sequence. Eur J Pediatr 1988;147:431.
204. Champetier J, Yver R, Utoublon C, et al. A general review of anomalies of hepatic morphology and their clinical implications. AnaL Clin 1985; 7:285.
205. Clearfield HR. Embryology, malformations, and malposition of the liver. In: Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed. Berk JE, ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1985, p. 2659.
206. Crittenden SL, McKinley MJ. Choledochal cyst-clinical features and classification. Am J Gastroenterol 1985;80:643.
207. Daentl DL, Frias JL, Gilbert EF, et al. The Johanson-Blizzard Syndrome: case report and autopsy findings. Am J Med Genet 1979;3:129.
208. Demos TC, Posniak HV, Harmath C, et al. Cystic lesions of the pancreas. Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179:1375-1388.
209. Dowsett JF, Rode J, Russel RC. Annular pancreas: a clinical, endoscopic and immunohistochemical study. Gut 1989;30:130.
210. Elmasalme F, Aljudaibi A, Matbouly S, et al. Torsion of an accessory lobe of the liver in an infant. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30:1348-1350.
211. Ewart-Toland A, Enns GM, Cox VA, et al. Severe congenital anomalies requiring transplantation in children with Kabuki syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1998;80:362-367.
212. Frey C, Bizet L, Ernst C. Agenesis of the gallbladder. Am J Surg 1967; 114:917.
213. Fried AM, Selke AC. Pseudocyst formation in hereditary pancreatitis. J Pediatr 1978;93:950.
214. Gilbert-Barness E, Debich-Spicer D, Cohen MM Jr, et al. Evidence for the "midline" hypothesis in associated defects of laterality formation and multiple midline anomalies. Am J Med Genet 2001;101: 382-387.
215. Gilbert-Barness E, Debich-Spicer D. Color Atlas of Embryo and Fetal Pathology with Ultrasound Correlation. Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
216. Gilbert-Barness EF (ed. ). Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Mosby Year Book, Inc., Philadelphia, 1997.
217. Gilbert-Barness EF. (ed. ). Potter's Atlas of Developmental and Infant Pathology. Mosby Year Book, Inc., Philadelphia, 1998.
218. Glaser JH, Morecki R. Reovirus type 3 and neonatal cholestasis. Semin Liver Dis 1987;7:100.
219. Griboski J. The pancreas. Gastrointestinal problems in the infant. Major Probl Clin Pediatr 1975;13:450.
220. Hamlin JA. Anomalies of the biliary tract. In: Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed. Berk JE, ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1985, p. 3486.
221. Heathcote J, Deodhar KP, Scheuer PJ, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis in childhood. N Engl J Med 1976;295:801-805.
222. Hoffman MA, Celli S, Ninkov P, et al. Orthotopic transplantation of the liver in children with biliary atresia and polysplenia syndrome: report of two cases. J Ped Surg 1989;24:1020.
223. Karpen S J, Suchy FJ. Structural and functional development of the liver. In: Liver Disease in Children, 2nd ed. Suchy FJ, Sokol RL Balistreri WF, eds. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2001.
224. Kiernan PD, ReMine SG, Kiernan PC, et al. Annular pancreas: Mayo Clinic experience from 1957 to 1976 with review of the literature. Arch Surg 1980;115:46.
225. Kohsaka T, Yuan ZR, Guo SX, et al. The significance of human jagged 1 mutations detected in severe cases of extrahepatic biliary atresia. Hepatology 2002;36:904-912.
226. Landing BH. Considerations of the pathogenesis of neonatal hepatitis, biliary atresia and choledochal cyst-the concept of infantile obstructive cholangiopathy. Prog Pediatr Surg 1974;6:113.
227. MacCarty CA, Stephens DH, Brown AL Jr, Carlson HC. Retrograde pancreatography in autopsy specimens. Am J Roentgenol 1975; 123:359.
228. Merrill GG. Complete absence of the left lobe of the liver. Arch Pathol 1946;42:232.
229. Moore TC. Congenital atresia of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Report of 31 proved cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1953;96:215.
230. Morecki R, Glaser J. Pathogenesis of extrahepatic biliary atresia and reovirus type 3 infection. In: Biliary Atresia and Its Related Disorders. M Kasai, ed. Exerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1983, p. 20.
231. Orlando R, Lirussi F. Congenital anomalies of the liver: laparoscopic observations. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:115-116.
232. Radin DR, Colletti PM, Ralls PW, et al. Agenesis of the right lobe of the liver. Radiology 1987;164:639.
233. Sato S, Watanabe M, Nagasawa S, Niigaki M, et al. Laparoscopic observations of congenital anomalies of the liver. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:136-140.
234. Sokol RJ, Mack C. Etiopathogenesis of biliary atresia. Semin Liver Dis 2001;21:517-524.
235. Stoffers DA, Zinkin NT, Stanojevic V, et al. Pancreatic agenesis attributable to a single nucleotide deletion in the human IPF1 gene coding sequence. Nat Genet 1997;15:106-110.
236. Turkel SB, Swanson V, Chandrasoma P. Malformations associated with congenital absence of the gallbladder. J Med Genet 1993;20:445.
237. Turkel SB, Swanson V, Chandrasoma P. Malformations associated with congenital absence of the gallbladder. J Med Genet 1983;20:445.
238. Tyler KL, Sokol RJ, Oberhaus SM, et al. Detection of reovirus RNA in hepatobiliary tissues from patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia and choledochal cysts. Hepatology 1998;27:1475-1482.
239. White SM, Hurst JA, Hamoda H, et al. Renal hepatic pancreatic dysplasia: a broad entity. Am J Med Genet 2000;95:399-400.
240. Yamamoto S, Kojoh K, Saito I, et al. Computer tomography of congenital absence of the left lobe of the liver. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1988; 12:206.
241. Anton PA, Abramowsky CR. Adult polycystic renal disease presenting in infancy: a report emphasizing the bilateral involvement. J Urol 1982;128:1290,1291.
242. Ariel I, Wells TR, Landing BH, et al. Familial renal tubular dysgenesis: a disorder not isolated to proximal convoluted tubules. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1995;15:915-922.
243. Bernstein J, Risdon RA. Renal system. Part I-kidneys and urinary tract. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. St. Louis, Mosby Year Book, 1997.
244. Bernstein J, Robbins TO, Kissane JM. The renal lesions of tuberous sclerosis. Semin Diagn Pathol 1986;3:97-105.
245. Bernstein JJ. Gomerulocystic kidney disease-nosological considerations. Pediatr Nephrol 1993;7:464.
246. Bingham C, Bulman MP, Ellard S, et al. Mutations in the bepatocyte nuclear factor-lbeta gene are associated with familiar hypoplastic glomerulocystic kidney disease. Am J Hum Genet 2001;68:219.
247. Boyd T, Rosen S, Redline RW, Genest DR. Nondysplastic fetal renal bypoplasia associated with severe oligohydramnios: clinical, pathologic, and morphometric findings. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1995; 15: 485.
248. Calvet JP, Grantham JJ. The genetics and physiology of polycystic kidney disease. Sem Nephrol 2001;21:107.
249. Ceccherini I, Litauania M, Cordone MS, et al. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: prenatal diagnosis by DNA analysis and sonography at 14 weeks. Prenat Diagn 1989;9:751.
250. Clapp WL, Abrahamson DR. Development and gross anatomy of the kidney. In: Tisher CC, Brenner BM, eds: Renal Pathology with Clinical and Functional Correlations, 2nd ed, vol I. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1992, p. 3.
251. Dedeoglu IO, et al. Spectrum of glomerulocystic kidneys: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1996;16:941.
252. Gabow PA. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease-more than a renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1990;16:403.
253. Gilbert-Barness E, Lacson A. Urinary tract and male genital system. In: Sternberg SS, ed. Diagnostic Surgical Pathology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2003.
254. Husain AN, Pysher TJ, Dehner LP. The kidney and lower urinary tract. In: Stocker JT, Dehner LP, eds. Pediatric Pathology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
255. Izquierdo L, Porteous M, Paramo PG, Connor JM. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in hereditary hydronephrosis caused by pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction, with one locus assigned to chromosome 6p. Hum Genet 1992;89:557.
256. Kaplan BS, Gordon I, Pincott J, et al. Familial hypoplastic glomerulocystic kidney disease: a definite entity with dominant inheritance. Am J Med Genet 34:569.
257. Kaplan BS, Kaplan P, Rosenberg HK, et al. Polycystic kidney diseases in childhood. J Pediatr 1989;115:867.
258. Kriegsmann J, Coerdt W, Kommoss F, Beetz R, et al. Renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD)-an important cause of the oligohydramnion-sequence. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Pathol Res Pract 2000; 196(12):861.
259. Landing BHM, Ang SM, Herta N, et al. Labeled lectin studies of renal atrophy of postnatal renal ischemia and end-stage kidney disease. Pediatr Pathol 1994;14:87.
260. Lozanoff S, Johnston J, Ma W, Jourdan-Le Saux C. Immunohistochemical localization of Pax2 and associated protein in the developing kidney of mice with renal hypoplasia. J Hi stochem Cytochem 2001; 49(9):1081.
261. Matsell DG, Bennett T, Goodyer R, et al. The patbogenesis of multicystic dysplastic kidney disease: insights from the study of fetal kidneys. Lab Invest 1996;74:883.
262. McPherson E, Carey J, Kramer A, et al. Dominantly inherited renal adysplasia. Am J Med Genet 1987;26:863.
263. Murugasu B, Cole BR, Hawkins EP, et al. Familial renal adysplasia. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;18:490.
264. Novelli G, Frontali M, Baldini D, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of adult polycystic kidney disease with DNA markers on chromosome 16 and the genetic heterogeneity problem. Prenat Diagn 1989;9:759.
265. Onuchic LF, et al. PKHD1, the polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1 gene, encodes a novel large protein containing multiple immunoglobulin-like plexin-transcription-factor domains and parallel betahelix 1 repeats. Am J Hum Genet 2002;70:1305.
266. Onuchic LF, Mrug M, Hou X, et al. Reginement of the autosomal recessive polycystic disease (PKHD 1) interval and exclusion of an EF hand-containing gene a PKHD 1 candidate gene. Am J Med Genet 2002; 110:346.
267. Park SH, Chi JEG. Oligomeganephronia associated with 4p deletion type chromosomal anomaly. Pediatr Pathol 1993;13:731.
268. Rott HD, Lemcke B, Zenker M, et al. Cyst-like cerebral lesions in tuberous sclerosis. Am J Med Genet 2002;111(4):435.
269. Sedman AB, Kershaw DB, Bunchman TE. Recognition and management of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor fetopathy. Pediatr Nephrol 1995;9:382.
270. Zatyka M, de Silva NF, Clifford SC, et al. Identification of cyclin D 1 and other novel targets for the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene by expression array analysis and investigation of cyclin D1 genotype as a modifier in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Cancer Res 2002;62( 13): 3803-3811.
271. Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1997.
272. Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Atlas of Developmental and Infant Pathology. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1998.
273. Rezek PR, Millard M. Autopsy Pathology. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers, 1963.
274. DeLange S. Progressive hydrocephalus. In: Vinken, Bruyn. Congenital Malformations of the Brain and Skull. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 30, p. 525.
275. Laurence K. Hydrocephalus and malformations in the central nervous system. In: Keeling W, ed. Fetal and Neonatal Pathology. London: Springer Verlag, 1987, p. 463.
276. Norman NG, McGillwray BC, Kalousek DK, et al. Congenital Malformations of the Brain. Oxford Univ Press, New York, 1995.
277. Beighton P, Giedion A, Gorlin R, Hall J, et al. International classification of osteochondrodysplasias. Am J Med Genet 1992;44:223.
278. Borochowitz Z, Ornoy A, Lachman R, Rimoin DL. Achondrogenesis IIHypochondrogenesis: variability versus heterogeneity. Am J Med Genet 1986;24:273.
279. Byers P. Osteogenesis imperfecta. In: Royce P, Steinmann B, eds. Connective tissue and its heritable disorders. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1993, p. 317.
280. Gilbert EF, Opitz JM, Spranger JW, Langer LO Jr, Wolfson JJ, Viseskul C. Chondrodysplasia punctata-rhizomelic form: pathologic and radio-logic studies of three infants. Eur J Pediatr 1976;123:89.
281. Gilbert EF, Yang SS, Langer L, Opitz JM, Roskamp JO, Heidelberger KP. Pathologic changes of oestochondrodysplasia in infancy. A review. Pathol Ann 1987;22:281.
282. Gilbert-Barness E, Barness LA. Disorders of collagen metabolism In: Metabolic Diseases: Foundations of Clinical Management, Genetics and Pathology, Eaton Publishing, 2000.
283. Gilbert-Barness EG, Opitz JM. Abnormal Bone Development: Histopathology of Skeletal Dysplasias. Birth Defects Original Article Series, vol. 30, no. 1, 1996 March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, 1996, pp. 103-156.
284. Houston CS, Opitz JM, Spranger JW, et al. The campomelic syndrome: review, report of 17 cases, and follow-up on the currently 17-yearold boy first reported by Maroteaux et al in 1971. Am J Med Genet 1983;15:3.
285. International nomenclature of constitutional diseases of bone. Am J Med Genet 1992;44:223.
286. Kan AE, Kozlowski K. Brief clinical report: New distinct lethal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia (Raine syndrome) Am J Med Genet 1992;43:860.
287. Maroteaux P, Spranger J, Stanescu V, LeMarec B, et al. Atelosteogenesis. Am J Med Genet 1982;13:15.
288. Piepkorn M, Karp LE, Hickok D, et al. A lethal neonatal dwarfing condition with short fibs, polysyndactyly, cranial synostosis, cleft palatte, cardiovascular and urogenital anomalies and severe ossification defect. Teratology 1997;16:345.
289. Prockop D, Kivirikko KI. Heritable diseases of collagen. N Engl J Med 1984;311:376.
290. Sillence DO. Osteogenesis imperfecta. An expanding panorama of variants. Clin Orthop 1981;159:11.
291. Sillence DO, Barlow KK, Cole WG, et al. Osteogenesis imperfecta type III. Delineation of the phenotype with reference to genetic heterogeneity. Am J Med Genet 1986;23:821.
292. Spranger J, Winterpacht A, Zabel B. The type iI collagenopathies; a spectrum of chondrodysplasia. Eur J Pediatr 1984;153:56.
293. Walley VM, Coates CF, Gilbert JJ, Valentine GH, et al. Short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Majewski type. Am J Med Genet 1983;14:445.
294. Whitley CB, Langer LO Jr, Ophoven J, Gilbert EF. Fibronchondrogenesis: Lethal autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia with distinctive cartilage histopathology. Am J Med Genet 1984;19:265.
295. Yang SS, Kitchen S, Gilbert EF, Rimoin D. Histopathologic examination in osteochondrodysplasia: time for standardization. Arch Pathol Lab Invest 1986;110:10.
296. Yang SS, Roskamp J, Lui CT, et al. Two lethal chondroplasias with giant chondrocytes. Am J Med Genet 1983;15:615.
297. Young ID, Thompson EM, Hall CM, et al. Osteogenesis imperfecta type IIA: evidence for dominant inheritance. J Med Genet 1987;24: 386.
298. Yang SS, Kitchen E, Gilbert EF, Rimoin DL. Histopathologic examination in osteochondrodysplasia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986; 110:10.
299. Beauchamp GR, Varley GA. Corneal abnormalities. In: Isenberg S J, ed. The Eye in Infancy, 2rid ed., St. Louis: Mosby, 1994.
300. Eye Bank Association of America Medical Standards. Washington, DC: Eye Bank Association of America, 1996.
301. Forrest AR. Obtaining samples at post-mortem examination for toxicological and biochemical analyses. J Clin Pathol 1993:46:292.
302. Green MA, Lieberman G, Milroy GM, Parsons MA. Ocular and cerebral trauma in non-accidental injury in infancy: underlying mechanisms and implications for pediatric practice. Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80:282.
303. Lawrence M. The eye. In: Gilbert-Barness EF, ed. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby Yearbook, Inc., 1997.
304. Lee WR. Examination of the globe: technical aspects. In: Lee WR, ed. Ophthalmic Histopathology. London: Springer-Verlag, 1993, pp. 1-23.
305. Ludwig J, ed. Handbook of Autopsy Practice, 3rd ed. Totowa, N J: Humana Press, 2002.
306. McKinney PE, Phillips S, Gomez HF, Brent J, Maclntyre M, Watson WA. Vitreous humor cocaine and metabolite concentrations: do postmortem specimens reflect blood levels at the time of death? J Forensic Sci 1995;40:102.
307. Mietz H, Heimann K, Kuhn J, Wieland U, Eggers HJ. Detection of HIV in human vitreous. Int Ophthalmol 1992;17:101.
308. Parson MA, Staut RD. Necropsy techniques in ophthalmic pathology. J Clin Pathol 2001;54:417.
309. Andrews NC. Disorders of iron metabolism. N Engl J Med 1999:341: 1986-1995.
310. Babovic-Vuksanovic D, et al. Severe hypoglycemia as a presenting symptom of carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome. J Pediatr 1999; 135:775-781.
311. Barness L, Gilbert-Barness E. Metabolic diseases. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Pathology of the Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, 1997.
312. Barness L, Gilbert-Barness E. Metabolic disorders. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Atlas of Developmental and Infant Pathology. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book, 1997.
313. Bioulac-Sage P, et al. Fatal neonatal liver failure and mitochondrial cytopathy (oxidative) phosphorylation deficiency): a light and electron microscopic study of the liver. Hepatol 1993;18:839-846.
314. Boles RG, et al. Retrospective biochemical screening of fatty acid oxidation disorders in post-mortem livers of 418 cases of sudden death in the first year of life. J Pediatr 1998;132:924-933.
315. Bove KE, et al. Bile acid synthetic defects and liver disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000;3:1-16.
316. Carstea ED, et al. Niemann-Pick C1 disease gene: homology to mediators of cholesterol homeostasis. Science 1997;277:228-231.
317. Chang Y, et al. Inherited syndrome of infantile oligoponto-cerebellar atrophy, micronodular cirrhosis, and renal tubular microcysts: review of the literature and a report of an additional case. Acta Neuropathol 1993;86:399-404.
318. Dahl HHM, Thorburn DR. Seminars in medical genetics-mitochondrial diseases. Am J Med Genet 2001;106.
319. DeLonlay P, et al. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia as a presenting sign in phosphomannose isomerase deficiency: a new manifestation of carbohydrate- deficient glycoprotein syndrome treatable with mannose. J Pediatr 1999;135:379-383.
320. Dimmick JE, Vallance HD. Inborn Errors of Metabolism. In: Stocker JT, Dehner LP. Pediatric Pathology, 2nd ed. New York: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, 2001.
321. Fox BT, et al. Gene repair using chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides. Semin Liver Dis 1999;19:93-104.
322. Freeze HH, Aebi M. Molecular basis of carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndromes type 1 with normal phosphomannonutase activity. Biochem Biophys Acta 1999;1455:167-178.
323. Gilbert-Barness E, Barness L. Metabolic Diseases: Foundations of Clinical Management, Genetics, and Pathology. Eaton Publishing, Natick, MA, 2000.
324. Holme E, et al. Tyrosinemia type 1 and NTBC. J Inherit Metab Dis 1998; 21:507-517.
325. Ibdah JA, et al. A fetal fatty-acid oxidation disorder as a cause of liver disease in pregnant women. N Engl J Med 1999;340:1723-1731.
326. Jaffe R. Liver transplant pathology in pediatric metabolic disorders. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1999;21:24-39.
327. Jevon GP, Dimmick JE. Histopathologic approach to metabolic liver disease. Parts I and II. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1999;21:40-69.
328. Jevon GP, Finegold X. Reliability of histological criteria in glycogen storage disease of the liver. Pediatr Pathol 1994;14:709.
329. Kay MA, et al. Hepatic gene-therapy: persistent expression of human alpha-1-antitrypsin in dogs after autologous transplantation of retroviral transduced hepatocytes. PNAS 1992;89:89-92.
330. Kemp PM, et al. Whole blood levels of dodecanoic acid, a routinely detectable forensic marker for a genetic disease often misdiagnosed as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): MCAD deficiency. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1996;17:79-92.
331. Labelle Y, et al. Characterization of the human fumaryl-acetoacetate hydrolase gene and identification of a missense mutation abolishing enzyme activity. Hum Mol Genet 1993;2:941-946.
332. Lindstedt S, et al. Treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 by inhibition of 4-hydroxy phenyl pymvate dioxygenase. Lancet 1992;340:813-817.
333. The Metabolic Disease Autopsy, Appendix II. In: Gilbert-Barness E, Barness L. Metabolic Diseases: Foundations of Clinical Management, Genetics, and Pathology. Eaton Publishing, 2000.
334. Morris AAM, et al. Liver failure associated with mitochondrial DNA depletion. J Hepatol 1998;28:556-563.
335. Rinaldo P, et al. Clinical and biochemical features of fatty acid oxidation disorders. Current Opin Pediatr 1998;10:615-621.
336. Ros J, et al. NTBC as palliative treatment in chronic tyrosinemia type 1.
337. J Inherit Metab Dis 1999;22:665-666.
338. Ruchelli ED, et al. Severe perinatal liver disease and Down syndrome: an apparent relationship. Hum Pathol 1991;22:1274-1280.
339. Schwab M, et al. Down syndrome, transient myeloproliferative disorder in infantile liver fibrosis. Med Pediatr Oncol 1998;31:159-165.
340. Shneider BL. Genetic cholestasis syndromes. J Pediatr Gastrointest Nutr 1999;28:124-131.
341. Silver MM, et al. Hepatic morphology and iron quantitation in perinatal hemochromatosis. Am J Pathol 1993;143:1312-1325.
342. Tavill AS. Clinical implications of the hemochromatosis gene. N Engl J Med 1999;341:755-757.
343. Wilson JM. Ex vivo gene therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Gene Ther 1992;3:179-222.
344. Arens R, Gozal D. Jain K, et al. Prevalence of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in the sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 1993;122:715-718.
345. Barness EG, Barness LA. Sudden infant death. Florida Pediatr 2002;XXV (4):25-29.
346. Bays J, Chewning M, Keltner L, et al. Changes in hymenal anatomy during examination of prepubertal girls for possible sexual abuse. Adolesc Pediatr Gynecol 1990;3:42-46.
347. Beal S. Sudden infant death syndrome related to sleeping position and bedding. Med J Aust 1991;155:507-508.
348. Beal BM, Byard RW. Accidental death or sudden infant death syndrome? J Paediatr Child Health 1995;31:269-271.
349. Beckwith JB. The sudden infant death syndrome. Curr Probl Ped 1973;3: 1-37.
350. Beckwith JB. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003;157:286-290.
351. Bennett MJ. The laboratory diagnosis of inborn errors of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Ann Clin Biochem 1990;27:519-531.
352. Bennett MJ, Allison F, Pollitt RJ, et al. Fatty acid oxidation defects as causes of unexpected death in infancy. In: Tanaka K, Coates PM, eds. Fatty Acid Oxidation: Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Aspects, New York: Alan R. Liss, 1990, pp. 349-364.
353. Bennett M J, Hale DE, Coates PM, et al. Postmortem recognition of fatty acid oxidation disorders. Pediatr Pathol 1991;11:365-370.
354. Berry PJ. Pathological findings in SIDS. J Clin Pathol 1992;45(Suppl): 11-16.
355. Bohm N. Pediatric Autopsy Pathology. St. Louis: Mosby, 1988.
356. Boles RG, Martin SK, Blitzer MG, et al. Biochemical diagnosis of fatty acid oxidation disorders by metabolite analysis of postmortem liver. Hum Pathol 1994;25:735-741.
357. Burchell A, Lyall H, Busuttil A, et al. Glucose metabolism and hypoglycaemia in SIDS. J Clin Pathol 1992;45(Suppl):39-45.
358. Byard RW, Moore L, Bourne AJ. Sudden and unexpected death. Pediatr Pathol 1990;10:837-841.
359. Chadwick DL, Chin S, Salerno C, et al. Deaths from falls in children: How far is fatal? J Trauma 1991;31:1353-1355.
360. Coates PM. Historical perspective of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: A decade of discovery. Prog Clin Biol Res 1992; 375:409-423.
361. Cravey RH, Baselt RC. Introduction to Forensic Toxicology. Davis, CA: Biomedical Publications, 1981.
362. Culbertson JL, Krous HF, Bendell D. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Medical Aspects and Psychological Management. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
363. Czegledy-Nagy EN, Cutz E, Becker LE. Sudden death in infants under one year of age. Pediatr Pathol 1993;13:671-684.
364. Dancea A, Cote A, Roblicek C, Bernard C, Oligny LL. Cardiac pathology in sudden unexpected infant death. J Pediatr 2002;141(3):336-342.
365. Devine WA, Debich D, Anderson RH. Dissection of congenitally malformed hearts, with comments on the value of sequential segmental analysis. Pediatr Pathol 1991;11:235-259.
366. Dominguez FE, Tate LG, Robinson MJ. Familial fibromuscular dysplasia presenting as sudden death. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1988;2: 269-272.
367. Duhaime AC, Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, et al. The shaken baby syndrome. A clinical, pathological and biomechanical study. J Neurosurg 1987;66:409-415.
368. Dwyer T, Ponsonby ALB, Newmann NM, et al. Prospective cohort study of prone sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1991;337:1244-1247.
369. Emery JL, Howat A, Variend S, et al. Investigation of inborn errors of metabolism in unexpected infant deaths. Lancet 1988;2:29-31.
370. Feigin RD, Cherry JD. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1987.
371. Friendly DS. Ocular aspects of physical child abuse. In: Hurley RD, ed. Pediatric Ophthalmology, 2nd ed., Vol. II. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1983, pp. 1218-1222.
372. Gelb AB, Van Meter SH, Billingham ME, et al. Infantile histiocytoid cardiomyopathy-myocardial or conduction system hamartoma: What is the cell type involved? Hum Pathol 1993;24:1226-1231.
373. Gilbert R. The changing epidemiology of SIDS. Arch Dis Child 1994;70: 445-449.
374. Gilbert-Barness E, Barness LA. Sudden infant death: A reappraisal. Contemp Pediatr 1995;12:88-91.
375. Gilbert-Barness E, Barness LA. Nonmalformative cardiovascular pathology in infants and children. Ped Dev Path 1999;2:499-530.
376. Gilbert-Barness E, Barness LA. Sudden infant death. In: Finberg L, Kleinman RE, eds. Saunders Manual of Pediatric Practice, 2nd ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2002, pp. 100-102.
377. Gilbert-Barness E, Hegstrand L, Chandra S, et al. Hazards of mattresses, beds and bedding in sudden death of infants. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1991:12:27-32.
378. Gilliland MGF, Luckenbach MW. Are retinal hemorrhages found after resuscitation attempts? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993;14: 187-192.
379. Giulian GG, Gilbert EF, Moss R. Elevated fetal hemoglobin levels in sudden infant death. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1122-1126.
380. Gregersen M, Rajs J, Laursen H, et al. Pathologic criteria for the Nordic study of SIDS. In: Rognum TO, ed. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. New Trends in the Nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1995, pp. 50-58.
381. Guntheroth WG. Crib Death. The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2nd revised ed., Mount Kisco, NY: Futura, 1989.
382. Guo S, Moore WM. Weight and recumbent length from 1 to 12 months of age: Reference data for 1 month increments. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49:599-607.
383. Haddad LM, Winchester JF. Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 2nd ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1990.
384. Heifer RE, Slovis TL, Black M. Injuries resulting when small children fall out of bed. Pediatrics 1977;60:533-535.
385. Hunt CE, Brouillette RT. Sudden infant death syndrome: 1987 perspective. J Pediatr 1987;110:669-678.
386. Isaksen CV, Helweg-Larsen K. The impact of attempted resuscitation in SIS: Port-mortem findings. In: Rognum TO, ed. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. New Trends in the Nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1995.
387. Johnson DL, Braun D, Friendly D. Accidental head trauma and retinal hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1993;33:231-235.
388. Jones AM, Weston JT. The examination of the sudden infant death syndrome infant: investigative and autopsy protocols. Forensic Sci 1976;1:833-841.
389. Kanter RK. Retinal hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation or child abuse. J Pediatr 1986.
390. Kemp JS, Thach BT. Sudden death in infants sleeping on polystyrenefilled cushions. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1858-1863.
391. Kinney HC, Filiano JJ, Sleeper LA, et al. Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in the arcuate nucleus in sudden infant death syndrome. Science 1995;269:1446-1450.
392. Kirschner R, Christoffel KK, Kerans ML, et al. Child Abuse/Neglect Autopsy Protocol, 1985. Convened by the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services and the Cook County Medical Examiner.
393. Kleinman PK, Blackbourne BD, Marx SC, et al. Radiologic contributions to the investigation and prosecution of cases of fatal infant abuse. N Engl J Med 1989;320:507-511.
394. Kramer K, Goldstein B. Retinal hemorrhages following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Clin Pediatr 1993;32:366-368.
395. Krous HF. Pathological considerations of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1988;15:231-239.
396. Krous HF. The international standardized autopsy protocol for sudden infant death. In: Rognum TO, ed. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. New Trends in the Nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1995:81-95.
397. Krous HF, Jordan J. A necropsy study of the distribution of petechiae in non-sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108: 75-76.
398. Leestma JE. Forensic Neuropathology. New York: Raven Press, 1998.
399. Levin AV, Sheridan MS. Munchausen syndrome by proxy. In: Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Lexington Books, 1995.
400. Maron B J, Edwards JE, Henry WL, et al. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) in infancy. Circulation 1974;50:809-820.
401. Mason JK, ed. Pediatric Forensic Medicine and Pathology. London: Chapman and Hall, 1989.
402. McKenna JJ, Thoman EB, Anders TF. Infant-parent co-sleeping in an evolutionary perspective: implications for understanding infant sleep development and the sudden infant death syndrome (a review). Sleep 1993;16:263.
403. Mirchandani HG, et al. Passive inhalation of free-base cocaine (crack) smoked by infants, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991;115:494-498.
404. Nimityongskul P, Anderson L. The likelihood of injuries when children fall out of bed. J Pediatr Orthop 1987;7:184-186.
405. Norman MG, Smialek JE, Newman DE, et al. The postmortem examination on the abused child, pathological, radiographic and legal aspects. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1984;8:313-343.
406. Rao VJ, Wetli CV. The forensic significance of conjunctival petechiae. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1988;9:32-34.
407. Reece RM, ed. Child Abuse: A Medical Reference, 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.
408. Roe GR, Millington DS, Maltby DA, et al. Postmortem recognition of inherited disorders from specific acylcarnitines in tissues in cases of sudden infant death. Lancet 1987;2:512.
409. Rognum TO, ed. Suddent Infant Death Syndrome. New Trends in the Nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1995; pp. 70-73.
410. Rognum TO. SIDS or not SIDS? Classification problems of sudden infant death syndrome. Acta Paediatr 1996;85:401-403.
411. Schultz DB, Giordano DA, Schultz DM. Weights of organs of fetuses and infants. Arch Pathol 1962;74:244.
412. Schulz DM, Giordano DA. Hearts of infants and children. Arch Pathol 1962;74:464-471.
413. Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Seganti A, et al. Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998;38:1709-1714.
414. Smialek JE, Lambros Z. Investigation of sudden infant death. Pediatrics 1988;15:191-197.
415. Smialek MD, Smialek PZ, Spitz WN. Accidental bed deaths in infants due to unsafe sleeping conditions. Clin Pediatr 1977;16:1031-1036.
416. Sturner WQ, Spruill FG, et al. Accidental asphyxial deaths involving infants and young children. J Forensic Sci 1976;21:483-487.
417. Takashima S, Armstrong D, Becker L, et al. Cerebral hypoperfusion in the sudden infant death syndrome? Brainstem gliosis and vasculature. Ann Neurol 1978;4:257-262.
418. Treem WR, Witzleben CA, Piccoli DA, et al. Medium-chain and longchain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: clinical, pathologic and ultrastructural differentiation from Reye's syndrome. Hepatology 1986;6:1270-1278.
419. Valdes-Dapena M, Huff D. Perinatal Autopsy Manual. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Fascicle, Washington, DC.
420. Valdes-Dapena M, Gilbert-Barness E, Naeye RL. Sudden death in infants. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter's Pathology of Infant and Fetus. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book.
421. Werthammer J, Brown ER, Neff RK, et al. Sudden infant death syndrome in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 1982;69: 301-303.
422. Willinger M, James LS, Catz C. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatr Pathol 1991; 11:667-684.
423. Willinger M, Hoffman H J, Hartford RB. Infant sleep position and risk for sudden infant death syndrome: Report of meeting held January 13 and 14, 1984. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Pediatrics 1994;93:814-819.
424. Wilson EF. Estimation of the age of cutaneous contusions in child abuse. Pediatrics 1977;60:750.
425. Wissow LS. Child abuse and neglect. N Engl J Med 1996;332:1425-1431.
426. Zupancic JA, Friedman JK, Alexander M, et al. Cost effectiveness and implication of newborn screening of prolongation of QT interval for prevention of sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 2000;136: 481-489.
427. Adelson L. Homicide by starvation-the nutritional variant of the "'battered child. " JAMA 1963;186:104
428. Agran PF, Dunkle DE, Winn DG. Motor vehicle childhood injuries caused by noncrash falls and ejections. JAMA 1985;253:2530.
429. Alexander RC, Schor DP, Smith WL. Magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial injuries from child abuse. J Pediatr 1986;109:975.
430. Berkowitz CD. Fatal child neglect. In: Barness LA, ed. Advances in Pediatrics, Vol. 48. Philadelphia: Mosby, 2001.
431. Blumenfeld TA, Mantell CH, et al. Postmortem vitreous humor chemistry in sudden infant death syndrome and other causes of death in childhood. Am J Clin Pathol 1979:71:219.
432. Brody DJ. Blood lead levels in the US populations: phase II of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survery (NAHANES III, 1988 to 1991). JAMA 1994;272:277.
433. Camps FE. Establishment of the time of death-a critical assessment. J Forensic Sci 1959;4:73-82.
434. Carter JE, McCormick AQ. Whiplash shaking syndrome: retinal hemorrhages and computerized axial tomography of the brain. Child Abuse Negl 1983;2:279.
435. Chadwick DL, et al. Deaths from falls in children: how far is fatal? J Trauma 1991;31:1353.
436. Chavez C J, Ostrea EM, Stryker JC. Sudden infant death syndrome among infants of drug-dependent mothers. J Pediatr 1979;95:407.
437. Coe JI. Postmortem chemistry of blood, CSF, and vitreous humor. In: Tedeschi CG, Eckert WG, Tedeschi LE, eds. Forensic Medicine: A Study in Trauma and Environmental Hazards. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1977, pp. 1033-1060.
438. Coe JI. Post-mortem biochemistry of blood and vitreous humor in paediatric practice. In: Mason JK, ed. Paediatric Forensic Medicine and Pathology. London: Chapman & Hall, 1989, pp. 191-203.
439. Corey TS, McCloud C, Nichols GR, Buchino JJ. Infant deaths due to unintentional injury: an 11-7 year autopsy review. Am J Dis Child 1992;146:968.
440. Curran WJ. The status of forensic pathology in the United States. N Engl J Med 1970;283:1033-1034.
441. DeSaram GSW, Webster G, Kathirgamatamby N. Postmortem temperature and the time of death. J Crim Law Crim Police Sci 1955;46:562-577.
442. Dine MS, McGovern ME. Intentional poisoning of children-an overlooked category of child abuse: report of seven cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics 1982:70:32.
443. Duhaime AC, et al. Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics 1992;90:179.
444. Duhaime AC, Gennarelli TA, et al. The shaken baby syndrome: a clinical, pathological, and biomechanical study. J Neurosurg 1987;66:409.
445. Feldman KW. Help needed on hot water burns. Pediatrics 1983;71:145.
446. Finnegan LP. The effects of narcotics and alcohol on pregnancy and the newborn. Ann NY Acad Sci 1981;362:130.
447. Frank Y, Zimmerman R, Leeds NMD. Neurological manifestations in abused children who have been shaken. Dev Med Chil Neurol 1985; 27:312.
448. Genest DR. Estimating the time of death in stillborn fetuses: II. Histologic evaluation of the placenta; a study of 71 stillborns. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:585.
449. Genest DR, Singer DB. Estimating the time of death in stillborn fetuses: III. External fetal examination; a study of 86 stillborns. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:585.
450. Genest DR, Williams MA, Gene MF. Estimating the time of death in stillborn fetuses: I. Histologic evaluation of fetal organs: an autopsy study of 150 stillborns. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:575.
451. Gilbert-Barness E, et al. Hazards of mattresses, beds and bedding in deaths of infants. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1991;12:27.
452. Gilliland MGF, Luckenbach MW. Are retinal hemorrhages found after resuscitation attempts? A study of the eyes of 169 children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993; 14:1987.
453. Hirsch CS. The format of the medicolegal autopsy protocol. Am J Clin Pathol 1971;55:407-409.
454. Hirsch CS, Zumwalt RE. Forensic pathology. In: Damjanov I, Linder J, eds. Anderson's Pathology, 10th ed. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book, 1996.
455. Huser CJ, Smialek JE. Diagnosis of sudden death in infants due to dehydration. J Forensic Med Pathol 1986;7:278.
456. Kaplan JA, Fossum RM. Patterns of facial resuscitation injury in infancy. Am J Forensic Med 1994;15:187.
457. Kempe RS, Goldbloom RB. Malnutrition and growth retardation ("failure to thrive") in the context of child abuse and neglect. In: Helfer RE, Kemper RS, eds. The Battered Child, 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 312-335.
458. King K, Vance JC. Heat stress in motor vehicles: a problem in infancy. Pediatrics 1981;68:579.
459. Kirk MA, Tomaszewski C, Kulig K. Poisoning in children. In: Reisdoff EJ, Roberts MR, Wiegenstein JG, eds. Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1993.
460. Kleinman PK. Skeletal trauma: general considerations. In: Kleinman PK, ed. Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1987, pp. 213-219.
461. Kleinman PK. Miscellaneous forms of abuse and neglect. In: Kleinman PK, ed. Diagnostic Imaging of Child Abuse. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998, pp. 201-212.
462. Kleinman PK, Marks SC, Blackbourne R. The metaphyseal lesion in abuse infants. Am J Radiol 1986;146:895.
463. Lambert SR, Johnson TE, Hoyt CS. Optic nerve sheath and retinal hemorrhages associated with the shaken baby syndrome. Arch Ophthaltool 1986;104:1509.
464. Leestma JE. Neuropathology of child abuse. In: Forensic Neuropathology. New York: Raven Press, 1988, pp. 333-356.
465. Levine L. Bite marks in child abuse. In: Sanger RE, Bross DC, eds. Clinical Management of Child Abuse and Neglect: A Guide for the Dental Professional. Chicago: Quintessence, 1984, pp. 53-59.
466. McCort J, Vaudagna J. Visceral injuries in battered children. Radiology 1964;82:424.
467. McLaurin RL, Towbin R. Cerebral damage. In: Head Injuries in the Newborn and Infant: Principles of Pediatric Neurosurgery. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986, pp. 183-201.
468. Meadow R. Mangement of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. Arch Dis Child 1985;60:385.
469. Merten DF, Cooperman DR, Thompson GH. Skeletal manifestations of child
470. Mittleman RE. Fatal choking in infants and children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1987;5:201.
471. Modell JH. Current concepts: drowning. N Engl J Med 1993;328:253.
472. Moore L, Bayard RW. Pathological findings in hanging and wedging deaths in infants and young children. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993;14:296.
473. Mullick FG. Adverse drug reactions in the pediatric age group. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Annual Course in Pediatric Pathology, 1994.
474. NCJ 160938. Recognizing when a child's injury or illness is caused by abuse.
475. NCJ 160939. Photo documentation in the investigation of child abuse.
476. NCJ 160940. Sexually transmitted diseases and child sexual abuse.
477. NCJ 161235. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse.
478. NCJ 161406. Battered child syndrome: investigating physical abuse and homicide.
479. NCJ 161623. Interviewing child witnesses and victims of sexual abuse.
480. NCJ 1618414. Child neglect and Munchausen syndrome by proxy.
481. NCJ 162426. Criminal investigation of child sexual abuse. NCJ 162425. Law enforcement response to child abuse.
482. NCJ 162427. Understanding and investigating child sexual exploitation.
483. Norman MG, Smialek JE, Newman DE, et al. Postmortem examination of the abused child: pathological, radiological, and legal aspects. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1984;8:313.
484. O'Connor JF, Cohen J. Dating fractures. In: Kleinman PK, ed. Diagnostic hnaging of Child Abuse. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1987, pp. 115-158.
485. Ophoven JJ. Pediatric Forensic Pathology-An Annotated Bibliography and Commentary. 1989, pp. 83-91.
486. Ophoven JJ. In: Gilbert-Barness E. Potter's Pathology Fetus and Infant. Philadelphia: Mosby-Year Book, 1997.
487. Pascoe JM, Hildebrandt TM. Patterns of skin injury in nonaccidental and accidental injury. Pediatrics 1979;64:245.
488. Pearn JH, Brown J, et al. Bathtub drownings: report of seven cases. Pediatrics 1979;64:68.
489. Robinson MD, Seward PN. Heat injury in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 1987;3:114.
490. Rothman BF, Boeckman CR. Foreign bodies in the larynx and tracheobronchial tree of children: a review of 225 cases. Ann Otol 1980;89: 434.
491. Sacena A, Ang LC. Epilepsy and bathtub drowning: important neuropathological observations. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993;14:125.
492. Sarniak AP, Vohra MP. Near-drowning: fresh, salt and cold water immersion. Clin Sports Med, 1986;5:33.
493. Smialek MD, Smialek PZ, Spita WN. Accidental bed deaths in infants due to unsafe sleeping conditions. Clin Pediatr 1977; 16:1031.
494. Southall DP, Stebbens VA, et al. Apnoeic episodes induced by smothering: two cases identified by covert video surveillance. Br Med J 1987; 1:1637.
495. Spitz WU, Fischer RS, eds. Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1973.
496. Sturner WQ, Sullivan A, Suzuki K. Lactic acid concentrations in vitreous humor: their use in asphyxial deaths in children. J Forensic Sci 1983: 28:222.
497. Sujka SK, Jewett TC, Karp MP. Acute scrotal swelling-first evidence of intraabdominal injury in a battered child. J Pediatr Surg 1988;23: 380.
498. Sullivan CA, Francis GL, Bain MW, Haartz MS. Munchausen syndrome by proxy: 1990. A portent for problems. Clin Pediatr 1991:30:112.
499. Sunshine I. Manual of Analytical Toxicology. Cleveland: CRC Press, 1971.
500. Taitz LS, King M. Growth patterns in child abuse. Acta Paediatr Scand (Suppl) 1988;343:62.
501. Task Force for the Study of Non-accidental Injuries and Child Deaths, Protocol for Child Death Autopsies, Convened by the Illinois Dept of Children and Family Services and the Office of the Medical Examiner, Cook County, 1986, pp. 1-20.
502. Vawter GF, McGraw CA. An hepatic metabolic profile in sudden infant death (SIDS). Forensic Sci Int 1986;30:93.
503. Volpe JJ. Mechanisms of disease: effect of cocaine use on the fetus. N Engl J Med 1992;327:399.
504. Wagner GN. Crime scene investigation in child-abuse cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1986;7:94.
505. Wilkinson WS, Han DP, et al. Retinal hemorrhage predicts neurologic injury in the shaken baby syndrome. Arch Ophthalmo11989; 107:1472.
506. Williams C, Bevan VT. The secret observation of children in hospital. Lancet 1988;1:780.
507. Williams RA. Injuries in infants and small children from witnessed and corroborated free falls. J Trauma 1991;28:1350.
508. Wilson EF. Estimation of age of cutaneous contusions in child abuse. Pediatrics 1977;60:750.
509. Woolf AD. Poisoning in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev 1993;14: 411.
510. Worlock P, Stower M, Barbor P. Patterns of fractures in accidental and nonaccidental injury in children. Br Med J 1986;293:100.
511. Zumwalt RE, Hirsch CS. Pathology of fatal child abuse and neglect. In: Helfer RE, Kempe RS, eds. The Battered Child. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, pp. 247-285.
512. Zumwalt RE, Petty CS, Holman W. Temperatures in closed automobiles in hot weather. Forensic Sci Gazette 1976;7:7.
513. Annas GJ. From Canada with love: anencephalic newborns as organ donors? Hastings Cent Rep 1987;17:36-38.
514. Bailey LL, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Dorowshow RW, et al. Cardiac allotransplantation in newborns as therapy for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. N Engl J Med 1986;315:949-951.
515. Barr FG, Chanen J, D'Cruz DM, et al. Molecular assays for chromosomal translocations in the diagnosis of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. JAMA 1995;273:553-557.
516. Block AW. Cancer cytogenetics. In: Gersen SL, Keagle MD, eds. The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999, pp. 345-420.
517. Botkin Jr. Anencephalic infants as organ donors. Pediatr 1988;82:250.
518. Bozzola JJ, Russell LD. Electron Microscopy. Principles and Techniques for Biologists. Sudbry, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 1992.
519. Cabasson J, Blanc WA, Joos HA. The anencephalic infant as a possible donor for cardiac transplantation. Clin Pediatr 1969;8:86-89.
520. Conference for Medical Royal Colleges and Their Faculties in the UK. Report of a working Party on Organ Transplantation in Neonates. London, Department of Health and Social Security, 1988.
521. Cooley DA, Frazier OH, Van Buren CT, et al. Cardiac transplantation in an 8-month-old female infant with subendocardial fibroelastosis. JAMA 1986;256:1326-1329.
522. Diatchenko L, Lau YFC, Campbell AP, et al. Suppression subtractive hybridization: a method for generating differentially regulated or tissue-specific cDNA probes and libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:6025-6030.
523. Edmonds LD, James L. Temporal trends in the incidence of malformations in the United States, selected years, 1970-1971, 1982-1983. MMWR 1985;34 (2SS).
524. Esquivel CO, Koneru B, Karrer F, et al. Liver transplantation before 1 year of age. J Pediatr 1987;110:545-548.
525. Ferguson-Smith WA. The reduction of anencephalic and spina bifida births by maternal serum alphafetoprotein screening. Br Med J 1983; 39:365-372.
526. Foss RD, Guha-Thakurta N, Conran RM, et al. Effects of fixative and fixation time on the extraction and polymerase chain reaction amplification of RNA from paraffin-embedded tissue. Comparison of two housekeeping gene mRNA controls. Diagn Mol Pathol 1994:3:148-155.
527. Fyer DC, Buckley LP, Hellebrand WE, et al. Report of the New England Regional Cardiac Program. Pediatrics 1980:65(Suppl 2):377-461.
528. Gartner JC, Zitelli B J, Malatack JJ, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation in children: two-year experience with 47 patients. Pediatrics 1984; 74:140-145.
529. Green ED, Cox DR, Myers RM. The human genome project and its impact on the study of human disease. In: Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, eds. The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988, pp. 33-64.
530. Hachitanda U, Saito M, Mori T, et al. Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect N-myc (MYCN) gene amplification on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of neuroblastomas. Med Pediatr Oncol 1997;29:135-138.
531. Haddad FF, Yeatman TJ, Shivers SC, et al. Surgical research review. The human genome project: a dream becoming a reality. Surgery 1999; 125: 575-580.
532. Harnden DG, Klinger HP. The International System to Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (1985): ISCN (1985): Report of the Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature. Basel: Karger, 1985, pp. 1-117.
533. Hiraga H, Nojima T, Abe S, et al. Diagnosis of synovial sarcoma with the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction: analyses of 84 soft tissue and bone tumors. Diagn Mol Pathol 1998;27:102-110.
534. Howat AJ, Bennett MJ, Variend S, et al. Defects of metabolism of fatty acids in the sudden infant death syndrome. Br Med J 1985;290: 1771-1773.
535. Jackson DP, Lewis FA, Taylor GR, et al. Tissue extraction of DNA and RNA and analysis by the polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:499-504.
536. Jennings CS, Foon KA. Rcent advances in flow cytometry: application to the diagnosis of hematologic malignancy. Blood 1997;90:2863-2892
537. Jin L, Lloyd RV. In situ hybridization: methods and applications, J Clin Lab Anal 1997;11:2-9.
538. Johannessen JV. Use of paraffin material for electron microscopy. Pathol Annu 1977;12:189-224.
539. Khan J, Bittner ML, Chen Y, et al. DNA microarray technology: the anticipated impact on the study of human disease. Biochem Biophys Acta 1999;1423:M17-M28.
540. Lloyd-Still JD. Mortality from liver disease in children. Am J Dis Child 1985;139:381-384.
541. Lum C, Wassner S, Martin D. Current thinking in transplantation in infants and children. Pediatr Clin North Am 1985;32:1203-1232.
542. Mandahl N. Methods in solid tumor cytogenetics. In: Rooney DE, Czepulkowski BH, eds. Human Cytogenetics: A Practical Approach. Oxford: IRI Press, 1992, pp. 155-188.
543. McCoy JP. Basic Principles in clinical flow cytometry. In: Keren DF, Hanson CA, Hurtubise PE, eds. Flow Cytometry and Clinical Diagnosis, 2nd edit. Chicago: ASCP Press, 1994, pp. 26-55.
544. McNicol AM, Farquharson MA. In situ hybridization and its diagnostic applications in pathology. J Pathol 1997;182:250-261.
545. Mierau GW, Agostini R, Beals TF, et al. The role of electron microscopy in evaluating ciliary dysfunction: a report of a workshop. Ultrastruct Pahtol 1992;16:245-254.
546. Mierau GW. Electron microscopy. In: Stocker JT, Dehner LP, eds. Pediatric Pathology. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
547. Mowat AP. Liver Disorders in Children. Woburn, MA: Butterworths, 1984, pp. 78-93
548. Penkoske PA, Freedom RM, Rowe RD, et al. The future of heart and heartlung transplantation in children. Heart Transplant 1984;3:233-238.
549. Pfeifer JD, Hill DA, O'Sullivan MJ, et al. Diagnostic gold standard for soft tissue tumors: morphology or molecular genetics. Histopathology 2000;37:485-500.
550. Quellette F. Internet resources for the clinical geneticist. Clin Genet 1999; 56:179-185.
551. Randolph LM. Prenatal cytogenetics. In: Gersen SL, Keagle MD, eds. The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics. Totowa, N J: Humana Press, 1999, pp. 259-316.
552. Rolfs A, Schuller I, Finckh U, et al., eds. PCR: clinical diagnostics and research. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp. 68-218.
553. Schena M, Shalon D, Heller R, et al. Parallel human genome analysis: microarray-based expression monitoring of 1,000 genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:10614-10619.
554. Shapiro HM. Practical Flow Cytometry, 3 edit. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1995, pp. 179-216.
555. Simone NL, Lee JY, Hickabee M, et al. Molecular analysis of microdissected tissue: laser capture microdissection. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsk JJ, eds. PCR Applications. San Diego: Academic Press, 1999, pp. 497-504.
556. Spees EK, Clark GB, Smith MT. Are anencephalic neonates suitable as kidney and pancreas donors? Transplant Proc 1984;16:57-60.
557. Steinbrook R. In California, voluntary mass prenatal screening. Hastings Cent Rept 1986;16:5-7.
558. Thorner PS, Squire JA. Molecular genetics in the diagnosis and prognosis of solid pediatric tumors. Pediatr Dev Pathol 1998;1:337-365.
559. Tompkins LS. The use of molecular epidemiology and its clinical application. JAMA 1993;270:1363-1364
560. Tompkins LS. The use of molecular methods in infectious diseases. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1290-1297.
561. Wang J-CC. Autosomal aneuploidy. In: Gersen SL, Keagle MB, eds. The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999, pp. 191-228.
562. Werner M, Wilkens L, Aubele M, et al. Interphase cytogenetics in pathology: principles, methods and applications of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Histochem Cell Biol 1997;108:381-390.
563. Bachanas PJ, Morris MK, Lewis-Gess JK, et al. Predictors of risky sexual behavior in African American adolescent girls: implications for prevention interventions. J Pediatr Psychol 2002;27(6):519-530.
564. Centers For Disease Control-Apparent transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus from a child to a mother providing healthcare. MMWR 1986:35:76-79.
565. Centers for Disease Control-Update: Human immunodeficiency virus infections in healthcare workers exposed to bloods of infected patients. MMWR 1987;36:285-286.
566. Centers for Disease Control-Update: recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in healthcare settings. MMWR 1987;36(Suppl 1):1-18.
567. Fallo AA, Dobrazanski-Nisiewicz W, Sordelli N, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects of human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Int J Infect Dis 2002;6(1):9-16.
568. Friedland GH, Kelin RS. Transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1125-1135.
569. Gerberding JL, Bryant-LeBlanc CE, Nelson K, et al. Risk of transmitting human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B virus to healthcare workers exposed to patients with AIDS and AIDSrelated conditions. J Infect Dis 1987;156:1-8.
570. Henderson DK, Saah AJ, Szk B J, et al. Risk of nosocomial infection with human T-cell lymhotropic virus type III lymphadenopathy-associated virus in a large cohort of intensively exposed healthcare workers. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:644-647.
571. Ho DD, Byington RE, Schooley RT, et al. Infrequency of isolation of HTLV-III virus from saliva in AIDS (Letter). N Engl J Med 1985: 313:1606.
572. Hodinka RL, Gilligan PH, Smiley ML. Survival of human immunodeficiency virus in blood culture systems. Arch Pathot Lab Med 1988: 112:1251-1254.
573. Klatt EC, Noguchi TT. The medical examiner and AIDS. Lipshaw Lab Leader 1988;5(2).
574. Martin LS, McDoiugal JS, Loskoski SL. Disinfection and inactivation of human T lymphotropic virus type II/lymphadenopathy associated virus by formaldehyde-based reagents. Appl Environ Microsc 1987: 53(4):708-709.
575. Pediatric Guidelines for Infection Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus) in Hospital, Medical Offices, Schools, and Other Settings, Task Force on Pediatric AIDS. Pediatrics 1988;82.
576. Pellowe CM, MacRae ED, Loveday HL, et al. The scope of guidelines to prevent healthcare-associated infections. Br J Commun Nurs 2002; 7(7):374-378.
577. Ramos-Gomez F. Dental considerations for the paediatric AIDS/HIV patient. Oral Dis 2002;8(Suppl 2):49-54.
578. Ratzan RN, Schneiderman J. AIDS, autopsies and abandonment. JAMA 1988;260:3466-3467.
579. Seeff LB, Weight EC, Zimmerman H J, et al. Type B hepatits after needlestick exposure: prevention with hepatitis B immune globulin: final report of the veterans administration cooperative study. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:285-293.
580. USPHS CBC NIH, March 1984. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, pp. 11-13.
581. USPHS CDC. Human T-lymphocyte virus type III/lymphadenopathyassociated virus: agent summary statement. MMWR 1986;35(34): 540-542, 547-549.
582. USPHS CBC 1987. Recommendations for prevention of HIV transmission in healthcare settings. MMWR 36(Suppl No. 2S):3S-18S.
583. Weis B. HIV in adolescents. Prevention and identification are pivotal. Adv Nurse Pract 2001;9(3):44-50.
584. Weiss SH, Saxinger WC, Rechtman D, et al. HTLV-II1 infection among bealthcare workers: association with needle-stock injuries. JAMA 1985:254:2089-2093.