Risk factors of γ-Hydroxybutyrate Overdosing

European Addiction Research

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 66-74

  Korf, Dirk J ^a   Nabben, Ton ^a   Benschop, Annemieke ^a   Ribbink, Kim ^a   Van Amsterdam, Jan G C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Overdosing; Recreational drug; Side effects; Hydroxybutyrate

Indexed keywords

3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; 4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; AMPHETAMINE DERIVATIVE; CANNABIS; COCAINE; KETAMINE; RECREATIONAL DRUG; ALCOHOL; AMPHETAMINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMA; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG OVERDOSE; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MULTIPLE DRUG ABUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PURPOSIVE SAMPLE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SUBSTANCE USE; YOUNG ADULT; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; CANNABIS USE; DRUG USE; MUSHROOM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DRUG OVERDOSE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NETHERLANDS; RISK FACTORS; SELF REPORT; SODIUM OXYBATE; STREET DRUGS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84892152827     PISSN: 10226877     EISSN: 14219891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000353237     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Jones AW, Holmgren A, Kugelberg FC: Driving under the influence of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2008; 4: 205-211.
2. Laborit H: Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate. Int J Neuropharmacol 1964; 3: 433-451.
3. Kam PC, Yoong FF: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: an emerging recreational drug. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 1195-1198. (Pubitemid 28542846)
4. Black J, Pardi D, Hornfeldt CS, Inhaber N: The nightly use of sodium oxybate is associated with a reduction in nocturnal sleep disruption: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med 2010; 6: 596-602.
5. Caputo F, Vignoli T, Maremmani I, Bernardi M, Zoli G: Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2009; 6: 1917-1929.
6. Leone MA, Vigna-Taglianti F, Avanzi G, Brambilla R, Faggiano F: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD006266.
7. Barker JC, Harris SL, Dyer JE: Experiences of gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) ingestion: a focus group study. J Psychoactive Drugs 2007; 39: 115-129. (Pubitemid 47105694)
8. Sumnall HR, Woolfall K, Edwards S, Cole JC, Beynon CM: Use, function, and subjective experiences of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 92: 286-290. (Pubitemid 350218199)
9. Zvosec DL, Smith SW, Porrata T, Strobl AQ, Dyer JE: Case series of 226 gamma-hydroxybutyrate-associated deaths: lethal toxicity and trauma. Am J Emerg Med 2011; 29: 319-332.
10. Measham F, Moore K, Ostergaard J: Emerging Drug Trends in Lancashire: Night Time Economy Surveys Phase One Report. LDAAT Emerging Drug Trends-Phase 1 Report April 2011. Lancashire Drug and Alcohol Action Team, Department of Applied Social Science, Lancaster University, UK, 2011.
11. Knudsen K, Jonsson U, Abrahamsson J: Twenty-three deaths with gamma-hydroxybutyrate overdose in western Sweden between 2000 and 2007. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 987-992.
12. Dunn M, Topp L, Degenhardt L: GHB in Sydney, Australia, 2000-2006: a case study of the EDRS as a strategic early warning system. Int J Drug Policy 2009; 20: 413-417.
13. Degenhardt L, Copeland J, Dillon P: Recent trends in the use of 'club drugs': an Australian review. Subst Use Misuse 2005; 40: 1241-1256.
14. van Laar MW, Cruts AAN, van Ooyen-Houben MMJ, Meijer RF, Brunt T, Croes EA, Ketelaars APM: Netherlands National Drug Monitor; NDM Annual Report 2011. Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2012.
15. van Laar MW, Cruts AA, van Ooyen-Houben MM, Meijer RF, Brunt T: Netherlands National Drug Monitor; NDM Annual Report 2009. Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2010.
16. Nabben T, Benschop A, Korf D: Antenne 2009: Trends in Alcohol, Tabak en Drugs bij Jonge Amsterdammers. Amsterdam, Rozenberg Publishers, 2010.
17. Korf D, Nabben T, Leenders F, Benschop A: GHB: Tussen Extase en Narcose. Amsterdam, Rozenberg Publishers, 2002.
18. Doekhie J, Nabben T, Korf D: NL Trendwatch. Gebruikersmarkt Uitgaansdrugs in Nederland 2008-2009. Amsterdam, Rozenberg Publishers, 2010.
19. van der Poel A, Doekhie J, Verdurmen J, Wouters M, Korf D, van Laar MW: Feestmeter 2008-2009. Uitgaan en Middelengebruik onder Bezoekers van Party's en Clubs. Utrecht/Amsterdam, Trimbos-Instituut/Bonger Instituut voor Criminologie (UvA), 2011.
20. van Rooij A, Schoenmakers TM, van de Mheen D: Nationaal Prevalentie Onderzoek Middelengebruik 2009: De Kerncijfers. Rotterdam, IVO, 2011.
21. Abanades S, Farre M, Barral D, Torrens M, Closas N, Langohr K, Pastor A, de la TR: Relative abuse liability of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, flunitrazepam, and ethanol in club drug users. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007; 27: 625-638. (Pubitemid 351339451)
22. Dietze PM, Cvetkovski S, Barratt MJ, Clemens S: Patterns and incidence of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-related ambulance attendances in Melbourne, Victoria. Med J Aust 2008; 188: 709-711.
23. Galicia M, Nogue S, Miro O: Liquid ecstasy intoxication: clinical features of 505 consecutive emergency department patients. Emerg Med J 2011; 28: 462-466.
24. Krul J and Girbes ARJ: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: experience of 9 years of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-related incidents during rave parties in the Netherlands. Clin Tox 2011; 49: 311-315.
25. Liechti ME, Kunz I, Greminger P, Speich R, Kupferschmidt H: Clinical features of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone toxicity and concomitant drug and alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 81: 323-326. (Pubitemid 43152459)
26. Munir VL, Hutton JE, Harney JP, Buykx P, Weiland TJ, Dent AW: Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: a 30 month emergency department review. Emerg Med Australas 2008; 20: 521-530.
27. Van Sassenbroeck DK, De Neve N, De Paepe P, Belpaire FM, Verstraete AG, Calle PA, Buylaert WA: Abrupt awakening phenomenon associated with gamma-hydroxybutyrate use: a case series. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2007; 45: 533-538. (Pubitemid 46763673)
28. Vogels N, Croes E: Monitor Drugs Incidenten: Factsheet 2011. Utrecht, Trimbos-Instituut, 2012.
29. Wisselink DJ, Kuijpers WGT, Mol A: Kerncijfers Verslavingszorg 2011. Landelijk Alcohol en Drugs Informatie Systeem (Ladis). Houten, IVZ, 2012.
30. Ouwehand AW, Wisselink DJ, Kuijpers WGT, van Delden EB, Mol A: Kerncijfers Verslavingszorg 2010. Landelijk Alcohol en Drugs Informatie Systeem (Ladis). Houten, IVZ, 2011.
31. Carter LP, Pardi D, Gorsline J, Griffiths RR: Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem): differences in characteristics and misuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 104: 1-10.
32. Miotto K, Darakjian J, Basch J, Murray S, Zogg J, Rawson R: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: patterns of use, effects and withdrawal. Am J Addict 2001; 10: 232-241. (Pubitemid 32879089)
33. Degenhardt L, Darke S, Dillon P: GHB use among Australians: characteristics, use patterns and associated harm. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002; 67: 89-94. (Pubitemid 34615930)
34. Lee SJ, Levounis P: Gamma hydroxybutyrate: an ethnographic study of recreational use and abuse. J Psychoactive Drugs 2008; 40: 245-253.
35. Duff C: 'Charging' and 'blowing out': patterns and cultures of GHB use in Melbourne, Australia. Contemp Drug Probl 2005; 32: 605-653.
36. van Amsterdam JGC, Brunt TM, McMaster MTB, Niesink RJM: Possible long-term effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) due to neurotoxicity and overdose. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36: 1217-1227.
37. Degenhardt L, Darke S, Dillon P: The prevalence and correlates of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose among Australian users. Addiction 2003; 98: 199-204. (Pubitemid 36140371)
38. Kim SY, Anderson IB, Dyer JE, Barker JC, Blanc PD: High-risk behaviors and hospitalizations among gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) users. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2007; 33: 429-438. (Pubitemid 47037168)
39. Duff C: The importance of culture and context: rethinking risk and risk management in young drug using populations. Health Risk Soc 2003; 3: 285-299. (Pubitemid 37461332)
40. Teasdale G, Jennett B: Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet 1974; 2: 81-84.
41. Teasdale G, Murray G, Parker L, Jennett B: Adding up the Glasgow Coma Score. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1979; 28: 13-16.
42. Gossop M, Darke S, Griffiths P, Hando J, Powis B, Hall W, Strang J: The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS): psychometric properties of the SDS in English and Australian samples of heroin, cocaine and amphetamine users. Addiction 1995; 90: 607-614.
43. Piontek D, Kraus L, Klempova D: Short scales to assess cannabis-related problems: a review of psychometric properties. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2008; 3: 25.
44. Gonzalez-Saiz F, Domingo-Salvany A, Barrio G, Sanchez-Niubo A, Brugal MT, de la Fuente L, Alonso J: Severity of Dependence Scale as a diagnostic tool for heroin and cocaine dependence. Eur Addict Res 2009; 15: 87-93.
45. Iraurgi Castillo I, Gonzalez Saiz F, Lozano Rojas O, Landabaso Vazquez MA, Jimenez Lerma JM: Estimation of cutoff for the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for opiate dependence by ROC analysis. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2010; 38: 270-277.
46. Kaye S, Darke S: Determining a diagnostic cut-off on the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for cocaine dependence. Addiction 2002; 97: 727-731. (Pubitemid 34620593)
47. Topp L, Mattick RP: Choosing a cut-off on the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for amphetamine users. Addiction 1997; 92: 839-845. (Pubitemid 27326237)
48. Bruno R, Matthews AJ, Topp L, Degenhardt L, Gomez R, Dunn M: Can the Severity of Dependence Scale be usefully applied to 'ecstasy'? Neuropsychobiology 2009; 60: 137-147.
49. Kassim S, Islam S, Croucher R: Validity and reliability of a Severity of Dependence Scale for khat (SDS-khat). J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 132: 570-577.
50. de las Cuevas C, Sanz EJ, de la Fuente JA, Padilla J, Berenguer JC: The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) as screening test for benzodiazepine dependence: SDS validation study. Addiction 2000; 95: 245-250. (Pubitemid 30111245)