Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: A 30 month emergency department review

EMA - Emergency Medicine Australasia

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 521-530

  Munir, Venita L ^a   Hutton, Jennie E ^a   Harney, Jason P ^a   Buykx, Penny ^b   Weiland, Tracey J ^a,c   Dent, Andrew W ^a,c  

^a ST VINCENT S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b TURNING POINT ALCOHOL AND DRUG CENTRE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Glasgow Coma Score; Hydroxybutyrate; Overdose; Poisoning; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; OXYBATE SODIUM;

ADULT; ADVERSE OUTCOME; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; CONVALESCENCE; DRUG INTOXICATION; EMERGENCY WARD; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMAN; LENGTH OF STAY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; ADOLESCENT; AUSTRALIA; BRADYCARDIA; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; COMPLICATION; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; MIDDLE AGED; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; TACHYCARDIA; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BRADYCARDIA; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDERS; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HUMANS; LENGTH OF STAY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SODIUM OXYBATE; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; TACHYCARDIA; VICTORIA; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 58149293718     PISSN: 17426731     EISSN: 17426723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01140.x     Document Type: Review

References (33)

1. Dunn M, Degenhardt L, Campbell G et al. Australian trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2006 Findings from the Ecstasy and related drugs reporting system (EDRS). NDARC Monograph no 61, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC) University of New South Wales (NSW).
2. Johnston J, Quinn B, Jenkinson R. Victorian trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2006 findings from the ecstasy and related drugs reporting system (EDRS). NDARC Technical Report no 282, Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre and NDARC University of NSW.
3. Drugs and Crime Prevention Committee, Parliament of Victoria. Inquiry into amphetamine and 'party drug' use in Victoria final report. Government Printer for the State of Victoria, May 2004.
4. Degenhardt L, Darke S, Dillon P. The prevalence and correlates of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose among Australian users. Addiction 2003 98 : 199 204.
5. Degenhardt L, Darke S, Dillon P. GHB use among Australians: characteristics use patterns and associated harm. Drug. Alcohol. Depend. 2002 67 : 89 94.
6. Gahlinger PM. Club drugs: MDMA, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), rohypnol, and ketamine. Am. Fam. Physician 2004 69 : 2619 26.
7. Rodgers J, Ashton CH, Gilvarry E, Young AH. Liquid ecstasy: a new kid on the block. Br. J. Psychiatry 2004 184 : 104 6.
8. Shannon M, Lawrence Q. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol: a case report and review of the literature. Pediatr. Emerg. Care 2000 16 : 435 40.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adverse events associated with ingestion of gamma-butyrolactone - Minnesota, New Mexico, and Texas, 1998-1999. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 1999 48 : 137 40.
10. Zvosec DL, Smith SW, McCutcheon JR, Spillane J, Hall BJ, Peacock EA. Adverse events, including death associated with the use of 1,4-Butanediol. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001 344 : 87 94.
11. Liechti ME, Kunz I, Greminger P, Speich R, Kupferschmidt H. Clinical features of gamma hydroxybutyrate and gamma butyrolactone toxicity and concomitant drug and alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006 81 : 323 6.
12. Sporer KA, Chin RL, Dyer JE, Lamb R. Gamma Hydroxybutyrate serum levels and clinical syndrome after severe overdose. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2003 42 : 3 8.
13. Chin RL, Sporer KA, Cullison B, Dyer JE, Wu TD. Clinical course of gamma hydroxybutyrate overdose. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1998 31 : 716 22.
14. Li J, Stokes SA, Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication: a review of the effects of gamma hydroxybutyric acid with recommendations for management. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1998 31 : 729 33.
15. Li J, Stokes SA, Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication: seven cases of gamma hydroxybutyric acid overdose. Ann. Emerg. Med. 1998 31 : 723 8.
16. Ragg M. Gamma hydroxy butyrate overdose. Emerg. Med. 1997 9 : 29 31.
17. Zvosec DL, Smith SW, Porrata T, Strobl AQ, Dyer JE. Preventable deaths from gamma hydroxybutyrate ingestion. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2006 48 : 75.
18. Harney J, Munir V, Dent AW. Party drugs: emergency presentations in an inner city adult teaching hospital. Poster presentation 10th International Conference on Emergency Medicine (ICEM), June 2004, Cairns, Australia.
19. Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM). Chart Reviews - improving the quality of data. ACEM Training and Examination Handbook, March 2006.
20. Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM) Website. Policy on the Australasian Triage Scale. 1993 (revised 2000, reviewed March 2006). Available from URL: http://www.acem.org.au (Accessed February 2008)
21. Lettieri J, Fung HL. Improved pharmacological activity via pro-drug modification: comparative pharmacokinetics of sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1978 22 : 107 18.
22. Higgins TF, Borron SW. Coma and respiratory arrest after exposure to butyrolactone. J. Emerg. Med. 1996 14 : 435 7.
23. Anderson IB, Kim SY, Dyer JE et al. Trends in γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and related drug intoxication: 1999-2003. Ann. Emerg. Med. 2006 47 : 177 83.
24. Harraway T, Stephenson L. Gamma hydroxybutyrate intoxication: the gold coast experience. Emerg. Med. 1999 11 : 45 8.
25. Berry J. 12 overdoses as party drug hits dance festivals. The Age Fairfax 9/3/04.
26. Miletic D. Dealer drops appeal. The Age Fairfax 2/3/06.
27. McMahon N, Jacobsen G. Ship of fools. The Age Fairfax 25/3/06.
28. Gunja N, Doyle E, Carpenter K et al. γ-Hydroxybutyrate poisoning from toy beads. Med. J. Aust. 2008 188 : 54 5.
29. McARthur G. Anger at drug taking, arrests and overdoses at rave. Herald Sun Melbourne 11/12/07.
30. Johnston J, Jenkinson R. Victorian Trends in ecstasy and related drug markets 2005. Findings from the Party Drugs Initiative (PDI), Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre, NDARC technical report no. 246, 2006.
31. Liechti ME, Kupferschmidt H. Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and gamma butyrolactone (GBL): analysis of overdose cases reported to the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2004 134 : 534 7.
32. Miro O, Nogue S, Espinosa G, To-Figueras J, Sanchez M. Trends in drug emergencies: the emerging role of gamma hydroxybutyrate. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila) 2002 40 : 129 35.
33. Caldicott DGE, Chow FY, Burns BJ, Felgate PD, Byard RW. Fatalities associated with the use of gamma hydroxybutyrate and its analogues in Australasia. Med. J. Aust. 2004 181 : 310 13.