메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 222-232

Occupational injury among hospital patient-care workers: What is the association with workplace verbal abuse?

Author keywords

Non physical violence; Occupational injury; Workplace abuse; Workplace harassment; Workplace violence

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; CONTUSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJURY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN; NON-PHYSICAL VIOLENCE; NURSE PATIENT RELATIONSHIP; NURSING STAFF; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PUBLIC RELATIONS; RISK MANAGEMENT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STATISTICS; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; WORKPLACE; WORKPLACE ABUSE; WORKPLACE HARASSMENT; WORKPLACE VIOLENCE;

EID: 84891904010     PISSN: 02713586     EISSN: 10970274     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22271     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (25)

References (45)
  • 2
    • 34748840236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing healthy worker survivor bias by restricting date of hire in a cohort study of Vermont granite workers
    • doi: 10.1136/oem.2006.031369
    • Applebaum KM, Malloy EJ, Eisen EA. 2007. Reducing healthy worker survivor bias by restricting date of hire in a cohort study of Vermont granite workers. Occup Environ Med 64(10):681-687. doi: 10.1136/oem.2006.031369
    • (2007) Occup Environ Med , vol.64 , Issue.10 , pp. 681-687
    • Applebaum, K.M.1    Malloy, E.J.2    Eisen, E.A.3
  • 3
    • 0036721618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational injury and illness surveillance: Conceptual filters explain underreporting
    • doi: 10.2105/ajph.92.9.1421
    • Azaroff LS, Levenstein C, Wegman DH. 2002. Occupational injury and illness surveillance: Conceptual filters explain underreporting. Am J Public Health 92(9):1421-1429. doi: 10.2105/ajph.92.9.1421
    • (2002) Am J Public Health , vol.92 , Issue.9 , pp. 1421-1429
    • Azaroff, L.S.1    Levenstein, C.2    Wegman, D.H.3
  • 4
    • 0036340167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The (un)reasonableness of reporting: Antecedents and consequences of reporting sexual harassment
    • Bergman ME, Langhout RD, Palmieri PA, Cortina LM, Fitzgerald LF. 2002. The (un)reasonableness of reporting: Antecedents and consequences of reporting sexual harassment. J Appl Psychol 87(2):230-242.
    • (2002) J Appl Psychol , vol.87 , Issue.2 , pp. 230-242
    • Bergman, M.E.1    Langhout, R.D.2    Palmieri, P.A.3    Cortina, L.M.4    Fitzgerald, L.F.5
  • 5
    • 84891930322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bureau of Labor Statistics. Workplace Injuries and Illnesses-2011 Retrieved November 6, 2012.
    • Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2012. Workplace Injuries and Illnesses-2011 Retrieved November 6, 2012.
    • (2012)
  • 6
    • 4444289933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of a "best practices" musculoskeletal injury prevention program in nursing homes
    • doi: 10.1136/ip.2004.005595
    • Collins JW, Wolf L, Bell J, Evanoff B. 2004. An evaluation of a "best practices" musculoskeletal injury prevention program in nursing homes. Injury Prevention 10(4):206-211. doi: 10.1136/ip.2004.005595
    • (2004) Injury Prevention , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 206-211
    • Collins, J.W.1    Wolf, L.2    Bell, J.3    Evanoff, B.4
  • 7
    • 0031910123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence proportion ratios: Estimation and hypothesis testing
    • Deddens J, Petersen MR, Endahl L. 1998. Prevalence proportion ratios: Estimation and hypothesis testing. Int J Epidemiol 27(1):91-95.
    • (1998) Int J Epidemiol , vol.27 , Issue.1 , pp. 91-95
    • Deddens, J.1    Petersen, M.R.2    Endahl, L.3
  • 8
    • 77649090643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work related psychosocial risks and musculoskeletal disorders: Potential risk factors, causation and evaluation methods
    • Deeney C, O'Sullivan L. 2009. Work related psychosocial risks and musculoskeletal disorders: Potential risk factors, causation and evaluation methods. Work 34(2):239-248. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0821
    • (2009) Work , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 239-248
    • Deeney, C.1    O'Sullivan, L.2
  • 9
    • 16244390855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavior change versus culture change: Divergent approaches to managing workplace safety
    • DeJoy DM. 2005. Behavior change versus culture change: Divergent approaches to managing workplace safety. Saf Sci 43(2):105-129. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2005.02.001
    • (2005) Saf Sci , vol.43 , Issue.2 , pp. 105-129
    • DeJoy, D.M.1
  • 10
    • 33747648558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scoping workplace aggression in nursing: Findings from an Australian study
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03956.x
    • Farrell GA, Bobrowski C, Bobrowski P. 2006. Scoping workplace aggression in nursing: Findings from an Australian study. J Adv Nurs 55(6):778-787. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03956.x
    • (2006) J Adv Nurs , vol.55 , Issue.6 , pp. 778-787
    • Farrell, G.A.1    Bobrowski, C.2    Bobrowski, P.3
  • 11
    • 7544248183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for work related violence in a health care organization
    • doi: 10.1136/ip.2003.004747
    • Findorff MJ, McGovern PM, Wall M, Gerberich SG, Alexander B. 2004. Risk factors for work related violence in a health care organization. Inj Prev 10(5):296-302. doi: 10.1136/ip.2003.004747
    • (2004) Inj Prev , vol.10 , Issue.5 , pp. 296-302
    • Findorff, M.J.1    McGovern, P.M.2    Wall, M.3    Gerberich, S.G.4    Alexander, B.5
  • 12
    • 0037938808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sharps-related injuries in health care workers: A case-crossover study
    • Fisman DN, Harris AD, Sorock GS, Mittleman MA. 2003. Sharps-related injuries in health care workers: A case-crossover study. Am J Med 114(8):688-694.
    • (2003) Am J Med , vol.114 , Issue.8 , pp. 688-694
    • Fisman, D.N.1    Harris, A.D.2    Sorock, G.S.3    Mittleman, M.A.4
  • 13
    • 2642544089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An epidemiological study of the magnitude and consequences of work related violence: The Minnesota Nurses' Study
    • doi: 10.1136/oem.2003.007294
    • Gerberich SG, Church TR, McGovern PM, Hansen HE, Nachreiner NM, Geisser MS, Watt GD. 2004. An epidemiological study of the magnitude and consequences of work related violence: The Minnesota Nurses' Study. Occup Environ Med 61(6):495-503. doi: 10.1136/oem.2003.007294
    • (2004) Occup Environ Med , vol.61 , Issue.6 , pp. 495-503
    • Gerberich, S.G.1    Church, T.R.2    McGovern, P.M.3    Hansen, H.E.4    Nachreiner, N.M.5    Geisser, M.S.6    Watt, G.D.7
  • 14
    • 34247236049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of socioeconomic status and psychosocial and physical workplace factors with musculoskeletal injury in hospital workers
    • doi: 10.1002/ajim.20429
    • Gillen M, Yen IH, Trupin L, Swig L, Rugulies R, Mullen K, Blanc P. 2007. The association of socioeconomic status and psychosocial and physical workplace factors with musculoskeletal injury in hospital workers. Am J Ind Med 50(4):245-260. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20429
    • (2007) Am J Ind Med , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 245-260
    • Gillen, M.1    Yen, I.H.2    Trupin, L.3    Swig, L.4    Rugulies, R.5    Mullen, K.6    Blanc, P.7
  • 15
    • 80052088595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace violence in healthcare settings: Risk factors and protective strategies
    • Gillespie GL, Gates DM, Miller M, Howard PK. 2010. Workplace violence in healthcare settings: Risk factors and protective strategies. Rehabil Nurs 35(5):177-184.
    • (2010) Rehabil Nurs , vol.35 , Issue.5 , pp. 177-184
    • Gillespie, G.L.1    Gates, D.M.2    Miller, M.3    Howard, P.K.4
  • 16
    • 84869091783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient and visitor violence in the general hospital, occurrence, staff interventions and consequences: A cross-sectional survey
    • Hahn S, Hantikainen V, Needham I, Kok G, Dassen T, Halfens RJ. 2012. Patient and visitor violence in the general hospital, occurrence, staff interventions and consequences: A cross-sectional survey. J Adv Nurs 68(12):2685-2699.
    • (2012) J Adv Nurs , vol.68 , Issue.12 , pp. 2685-2699
    • Hahn, S.1    Hantikainen, V.2    Needham, I.3    Kok, G.4    Dassen, T.5    Halfens, R.J.6
  • 17
    • 33748904653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • State and local regulatory approaches to preventing workplace violence
    • Howard J. 1996. State and local regulatory approaches to preventing workplace violence. Occup Med (Hanley and Belfus) 11(2):293-301.
    • (1996) Occup Med (Hanley and Belfus) , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 293-301
    • Howard, J.1
  • 18
    • 60249100537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International perspectives on workplace bullying among nurses: A review
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00679.x
    • Johnson SL. 2009. International perspectives on workplace bullying among nurses: A review. Int Nurs Rev 56(1):34-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00679.x
    • (2009) Int Nurs Rev , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 34-40
    • Johnson, S.L.1
  • 19
    • 60549110426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace bullying: Concerns for nurse leaders
    • 10.1097/NNA.1090b1013e318195a318195fc
    • Johnson SL, Rea RE. 2009. Workplace bullying: Concerns for nurse leaders. J Nurs Adm 39(2):84-90. 10.1097/NNA.1090b1013e318195a318195fc
    • (2009) J Nurs Adm , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 84-90
    • Johnson, S.L.1    Rea, R.E.2
  • 20
    • 0035880883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary: Considerations for use of racial/ethnic classification in etiologic research
    • Kaufman JS, Cooper RS. 2001. Commentary: Considerations for use of racial/ethnic classification in etiologic research. Am J Epidemiol 154(4):291-298.
    • (2001) Am J Epidemiol , vol.154 , Issue.4 , pp. 291-298
    • Kaufman, J.S.1    Cooper, R.S.2
  • 21
    • 33748880007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring and modeling the social and geographic context of trauma: A multilevel modeling approach. [Article]
    • doi: 10.1002/jts.20108
    • Kawachi I, Subramanian SV. 2006. Measuring and modeling the social and geographic context of trauma: A multilevel modeling approach. [Article]. J Trauma Stress 19(2):195-203. doi: 10.1002/jts.20108
    • (2006) J Trauma Stress , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 195-203
    • Kawachi, I.1    Subramanian, S.V.2
  • 22
    • 0035464312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace violence in the health sector: A problem of epidemic proportion
    • Kingma M. 2001. Workplace violence in the health sector: A problem of epidemic proportion. Int Nurs Rev 48(3):129-130.
    • (2001) Int Nurs Rev , vol.48 , Issue.3 , pp. 129-130
    • Kingma, M.1
  • 23
    • 30344479975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social hazards on the job: Workplace abuse, sexual harassment, and racial discrimination-A study of Black, Latino, and White low-income women and men workers in the United States
    • doi: 10.2190/3emb-ykrh-edj2-0h19
    • Krieger N, Waterman PD, Hartman C, Bates LM, Stoddard AM, Quinn MM, Barbeau EM. 2006. Social hazards on the job: Workplace abuse, sexual harassment, and racial discrimination-A study of Black, Latino, and White low-income women and men workers in the United States. Int J Health Serv 36(1):51-85. doi: 10.2190/3emb-ykrh-edj2-0h19
    • (2006) Int J Health Serv , vol.36 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-85
    • Krieger, N.1    Waterman, P.D.2    Hartman, C.3    Bates, L.M.4    Stoddard, A.M.5    Quinn, M.M.6    Barbeau, E.M.7
  • 24
    • 56749180747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The inverse hazard law: Blood pressure, sexual harassment, racial discrimination, workplace abuse and occupational exposures in US low-income black, white and Latino workers
    • Krieger N, Chen JT, Waterman PD, Hartman C, Stoddard AM, Quinn MM, Sorensen G, Barbeau EM. 2008. The inverse hazard law: Blood pressure, sexual harassment, racial discrimination, workplace abuse and occupational exposures in US low-income black, white and Latino workers. Soc Sci Med 67:1970-1981.
    • (2008) Soc Sci Med , vol.67 , pp. 1970-1981
    • Krieger, N.1    Chen, J.T.2    Waterman, P.D.3    Hartman, C.4    Stoddard, A.M.5    Quinn, M.M.6    Sorensen, G.7    Barbeau, E.M.8
  • 25
    • 33750633496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-physical violence: A risk factor for physical violence in health care settings
    • Lanza M, Zeiss R, Rierdan J. 2006. Non-physical violence: A risk factor for physical violence in health care settings. AAOHN J 54(9):397-402.
    • (2006) AAOHN J , vol.54 , Issue.9 , pp. 397-402
    • Lanza, M.1    Zeiss, R.2    Rierdan, J.3
  • 26
    • 79959614266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Support our staff-A unique program to help deal with patient assault
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00282.x
    • Lanza M, Schmidt S, McMillan F, Demaio J, Forester L. 2011. Support our staff-A unique program to help deal with patient assault. Perspect Psychiatr Care 47(3):131-137. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6163.2010.00282.x
    • (2011) Perspect Psychiatr Care , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 131-137
    • Lanza, M.1    Schmidt, S.2    McMillan, F.3    Demaio, J.4    Forester, L.5
  • 27
    • 0242720884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Violence policy recommendations on workplace violence (adopted 2002)
    • Love CC, Morrison E. 2003. American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel on Violence policy recommendations on workplace violence (adopted 2002). Issues Ment Health Nurs 24(6-7):599-604.
    • (2003) Issues Ment Health Nurs , vol.24 , Issue.6-7 , pp. 599-604
    • Love, C.C.1    Morrison, E.2
  • 28
    • 5444263804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace violence in health care: Recognized but not regulated
    • doi: topic25/tpc25_6.htm[pii]
    • McPhaul KM, Lipscomb JA. 2004. Workplace violence in health care: Recognized but not regulated. Online J Issues Nurs 9(3):7. doi: topic25/tpc25_6.htm[pii]
    • (2004) Online J Issues Nurs , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 7
    • McPhaul, K.M.1    Lipscomb, J.A.2
  • 29
    • 0030765251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A biopsychosocial approach to work-stress and musculosketal disorders
    • Melin B, Lundberg U. 1997. A biopsychosocial approach to work-stress and musculosketal disorders. J Psychophysiol 11:238-247.
    • (1997) J Psychophysiol , vol.11 , pp. 238-247
    • Melin, B.1    Lundberg, U.2
  • 30
    • 85027931895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violence at the workplace increases the risk of musculoskeletal pain among nursing home workers
    • doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.051474
    • Miranda H, Punnett L, Gore R, Boyer J. 2011. Violence at the workplace increases the risk of musculoskeletal pain among nursing home workers. Occup Environ Med 68(1):52-57. doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.051474
    • (2011) Occup Environ Med , vol.68 , Issue.1 , pp. 52-57
    • Miranda, H.1    Punnett, L.2    Gore, R.3    Boyer, J.4
  • 31
    • 79955977560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assault rates and implementation of a workplace violence prevention program in the Veterans Health Care Administration
    • Mohr DC, Warren N, Hodgson MJ, Drummond DJ. 2011. Assault rates and implementation of a workplace violence prevention program in the Veterans Health Care Administration. J Occup Environ Med 53(5):511.
    • (2011) J Occup Environ Med , vol.53 , Issue.5 , pp. 511
    • Mohr, D.C.1    Warren, N.2    Hodgson, M.J.3    Drummond, D.J.4
  • 32
    • 0032332318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence concerning specific forms, potential causes, and preferred targets
    • doi: 10.1177/014920639802400305
    • Neuman JH, Baron RA. 1998. Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence concerning specific forms, potential causes, and preferred targets. J Manag 24(3):391-419. doi: 10.1177/014920639802400305
    • (1998) J Manag , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 391-419
    • Neuman, J.H.1    Baron, R.A.2
  • 33
  • 34
    • 0034133196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aggression and violence in health care professions
    • doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01284.x
    • Rippon TJ. 2000. Aggression and violence in health care professions. J Adv Nurs 31(2):452-460. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01284.x
    • (2000) J Adv Nurs , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 452-460
    • Rippon, T.J.1
  • 35
    • 84868677766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychological consequences of bullying for hospital and aged care nurses
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.01018.x
    • Rodwell J, Demir D. 2012. Psychological consequences of bullying for hospital and aged care nurses. Int Nurs Rev 59(4):539-546. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2012.01018.x
    • (2012) Int Nurs Rev , vol.59 , Issue.4 , pp. 539-546
    • Rodwell, J.1    Demir, D.2
  • 36
    • 17844403217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stress and verbal abuse in nursing: Do burned out nurses eat their young
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00533.x
    • Rowe M, Sherlock H. 2005. Stress and verbal abuse in nursing: Do burned out nurses eat their young? J Nurs Manag 13(3):242-248. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00533.x
    • (2005) J Nurs Manag , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 242-248
    • Rowe, M.1    Sherlock, H.2
  • 37
    • 48949098051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effort-reward imbalance and incidence of low back and neck injuries in San Francisco transit operators. [Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]
    • doi: 10.1136/oem.2007.035188
    • Rugulies R, Krause N. 2008. Effort-reward imbalance and incidence of low back and neck injuries in San Francisco transit operators. [Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Occup Environ Med 65(8):525-533. doi: 10.1136/oem.2007.035188
    • (2008) Occup Environ Med , vol.65 , Issue.8 , pp. 525-533
    • Rugulies, R.1    Krause, N.2
  • 38
    • 33645305458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A controlled case study of supervisor training to optimize response to injury in the food processing industry
    • Shaw WS, Robertson MM, McLellan RK, Verma S, Pransky G. 2006. A controlled case study of supervisor training to optimize response to injury in the food processing industry. Work 26(2):107-114.
    • (2006) Work , vol.26 , Issue.2 , pp. 107-114
    • Shaw, W.S.1    Robertson, M.M.2    McLellan, R.K.3    Verma, S.4    Pransky, G.5
  • 39
    • 4243710442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of muscle activity and mental load in the development of pain and degenerative processes at the muscle cell level during computer work
    • doi: 10.1007/s004210000285
    • Sjøgaard G, Lundberg U, Kadefors R. 2000. The role of muscle activity and mental load in the development of pain and degenerative processes at the muscle cell level during computer work. Eur J Appl Physiol 83(2):99-105. doi: 10.1007/s004210000285
    • (2000) Eur J Appl Physiol , vol.83 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-105
    • Sjøgaard, G.1    Lundberg, U.2    Kadefors, R.3
  • 40
    • 0033161889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace violence in healthcare environments
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6198.1999.tb00988.x
    • Smith-Pittman MH, McKoy YD. 1999. Workplace violence in healthcare environments. Nurs Forum 34(3):5-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6198.1999.tb00988.x
    • (1999) Nurs Forum , vol.34 , Issue.3 , pp. 5-13
    • Smith-Pittman, M.H.1    McKoy, Y.D.2
  • 41
    • 85026135077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workplace violence: A focus on verbal abuse and intent to leave the organization
    • Sofield L, Salmond SW. 2003. Workplace violence: A focus on verbal abuse and intent to leave the organization. Orthop Nurs 22(4):274-283.
    • (2003) Orthop Nurs , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 274-283
    • Sofield, L.1    Salmond, S.W.2
  • 42
    • 80051801271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the work context in multiple wellness outcomes for hospital patient care workers
    • doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318226a74a
    • Sorensen G, Stoddard AM, Stoffel S, Buxton O, Sembajwe G, Hashimoto D, Hopcia K. 2011. The role of the work context in multiple wellness outcomes for hospital patient care workers. J Occup Environ Med 53(8):899-910. doi: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318226a74a
    • (2011) J Occup Environ Med , vol.53 , Issue.8 , pp. 899-910
    • Sorensen, G.1    Stoddard, A.M.2    Stoffel, S.3    Buxton, O.4    Sembajwe, G.5    Hashimoto, D.6    Hopcia, K.7
  • 43
    • 84856950156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are there health effects of harassment in the workplace? A gender-sensitive study of the relationships between work and neck pain
    • doi: 10.1080/00140139.2011.598243
    • Stock SR, Tissot F. 2011. Are there health effects of harassment in the workplace? A gender-sensitive study of the relationships between work and neck pain. Ergonomics 55(2):147-159. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2011.598243
    • (2011) Ergonomics , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 147-159
    • Stock, S.R.1    Tissot, F.2
  • 44
    • 0027460832 scopus 로고
    • Pain thresholds during standardized psychological stress in relation to perceived psychosocial work situation
    • doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(93)90039-i
    • Theorell T, Nordemar R, Michélsen H. 1993. Pain thresholds during standardized psychological stress in relation to perceived psychosocial work situation. J Psychosom Res 37(3):299-305. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(93)90039-i
    • (1993) J Psychosom Res , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 299-305
    • Theorell, T.1    Nordemar, R.2    Michélsen, H.3
  • 45
    • 0030665275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible bias from rating behavior when subjects rate both exposure and outcome
    • Toomingas A, Alfredsson L, Kilbom A. 1997. Possible bias from rating behavior when subjects rate both exposure and outcome. Scand J Work Environ Health 23(5):370-377.
    • (1997) Scand J Work Environ Health , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 370-377
    • Toomingas, A.1    Alfredsson, L.2    Kilbom, A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.