Analyzing remediation potential of wastewater through wetland plants: A review

Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 9-27

  Bhatia, Misha ^a   Goyal, Dinesh ^a  

^a THAPAR UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

bioaugmentation; biostimulation; constructed wetlands; designer rhizospheres; wastewater

Indexed keywords

BIO-AUGMENTATION; BIOSTIMULATION; CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS; DESIGNER RHIZOSPHERES; MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES; MICROBIAL DEGRADATION; PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS; POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

BIOCHEMISTRY; BIODEGRADATION; BIOMASS; EFFLUENTS; HEAVY METALS; LOADING; MICROORGANISMS; PESTICIDES; SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL; SOILS; WASTEWATER; WASTEWATER DISPOSAL; WASTEWATER TREATMENT; WETLANDS;

CHEMICALS REMOVAL (WATER TREATMENT);

JUNCUS; PHRAGMITES; SCIRPUS; SPARTINA; TYPHA;

EID: 84891829510     PISSN: 19447442     EISSN: 19447450     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ep.11822     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Orebiyi, O., &, Awomeso, A., (2008). Water and pollution agents in the 21st century. Nature and Science 6, 16-24.
2. Sharma, D., &, Dubey, A., (2011). Seasonal Study of Nutritional Status for Microcystis Aeruginosa and Water Hyacianth of Water bodies of Indore, India. Annals of Biological Research, 2, 461-468.
3. Pendias, H., &, Pendias, K., (1989). Trace elements in soil and plants. Bota Racon, FL: CRC.
4. Wakelin, S.A., Colloff, M.J., &, Kookana, R.S., (2008). Effect of wastewater treatment plant effluent on microbial function and community structure in the sediment of a freshwater stream with variable season flow. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 2659-2668.
5. Cunningham, S.D., Shann, J.R., Crowley, D.E., &, Anderson, T.A., (1997). Phytoremediation of contaminated water and soil. In:, E.L. Kruger, T.A. Anderson, &, J.R. Coats, (Ed.), Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants. ACS symposium series 664 (pp. 2-19), Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.
6. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. (1997). Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, Ramsar, Iran. Available at: http://www.ramsar.org/[Accessed 16 August 2007].
7. Begg, J.S., Lavigne, R.L., &, Veneman, P.L.M., (2000). Phragmites reed beds: Constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment-European perspective. in 7th Int. Conf. on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control; University of Florida, pp. 399-405.
8. Pivetz, B.E., (2001). Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and ground water at hazardous waste sites. United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/540/S-01/500.
9. Rice, P.J., Anderson, T.A., Anhalt, J.C., &, Coats, J.R., (1997). Phytoremediation of surface water and soil contaminated with aircraft deicing agents. Posters Shawnee A, P-53, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC 29670.
10. Ye, Z.H., Baker, A.J.M., Wong, M.H., &, Willis, A.J., (1997). Zinc, lead and cadmium tolerance, uptake and accumulation by the common reed, Phragmites australis (Cav) Trin Ex. Steudel. Annals of Botany, 80, 363-370.
11. Yu, Y.H., Feng, W.S., &, Shen, Y.F., (2005). Use of microbial community to evaluate performance of a wetland system in treating Pb/ Zn mine drainage. Journal Environmental Management, 36, 842-848.
12. Lesage, E., Rousseau, D.P.L., Meers, E., Tack, F.M.G., &, De Pauw, N., (2007). Accumulation of metals in the sediments and reed biomass of a combined constructed wetland treating domestic wastewater. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 183, 253-264.
13. Chu, W.K., Wong, M.H., &, Zhang, J., (2006). Accumulation, distribution and transformation of DDT and PCBs by Phragmites australis and Oryza sativa L:1. Whole plant study. Environmental Geochemistry Health, 28, 159-168.
14. Blankenberg, A.G.B., Anne-Grete B., Braskerud, B., &, Haarstad, K., (2005). Pesticide retention in two small constructed wetlands: Treating non-point source pollution from agricultural runoff. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 86, 225-231.
15. Czako, M., Feng, X., He, Y., Liang, D., &, Marton, L., (2006). Transgenic Spartina alterniflora for phytoremediation. Environmental Geochemistry Health, 28, 95-102.
16. Dunbabin, J.S., &, Bowmer, K.H., (1992). Potential use of constructed wetlands for treatment of industrial wastewater containing metals. Science of the Total Environment, 111, 151-168.
17. Wand, H., Kuschk, P., Soltmann, U., &, Stottmeister, U., (2002). Enhanced removal of Xenobiotics by Helophytes. Acta Biotechnologica, 22, 175-181.
18. Bhattacharya, T., Banerjee, D., &, Gopal, B., (2006). Heavy metal uptake by Scirpus littoralis Schrad. from fly ash dosed and metal spiked soils. Environmental Monitoring Assistance, 121, 361-378.
19. Cynthia, M., &, John, R., (2002). Contributions of Scirpus californicus in a constructed wetland system receiving copper contaminated wastewater. In (P261) SETAC-2002, Salt lake city, Utah. 16-20 November.
20. Reinartz, J.A., &, Warne, E.L., (1993). Development of vegetation in small created wetlands in south eastern Wisconsin. Wetlands, 13, 153-164.
21. Xu, S., &, Jaffe, P.R., (2006). Effect of plant on the removal of hexavalent chromium in wetland sediment. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35, 334-341.
22. Emerson, D., Weiss, J.V., &, Megonigal, J.P., (1999). Iron-oxidizing bacteria are associated with ferric hydroxide precipitates (Fe-plaque) on the roots of Wetland Plants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 65, 2758-2761.
23. Vinton, M.A., &, Burke, I.C., (1995). Interactions between individual plant species and soil nutrient status in shortgrass steppe. Ecology, 76, 1116-33.
24. Greenway, M., (1997). Nutrient content of wetland plants in constructed wetlands receiving municipal effluent in tropical Australia. Water Science Technology, 35, 135-142.
25. Marisa, C., Almeida, R., Mucha, A.P., Teresa, M., &, Vasconcelos, S.D., (2004). Influence of sea rush Juncus maritimus on metal concentration and speciation in Esturine sediment colonized by plant. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 3112-3118.
26. Debusk, T.A., Laughlin, R.B., &, Schwartz, L.N., (1996). Retention and compartmentalization of lead and cadmium in wetland microcosms. Water Research, 30, 2707-2716.
27. Prasad, M.N.V., &, Freitas, H., (2003). Metal hyperaccumulation in plants- Biodiversity prospecting for phytoremediation technology. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 6, 285-321.
28. Jayaweera, M.W., Kasturiarachchi, J.C., Kularatne, R.K.A., &, Wijeyekoon, S.L.J., (2007). Removal of aluminium by constructed wetlands with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) grown under different nutritional conditions. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & Environmental Engineering, 42, 185-193; ISSN 1093-4529.
29. Wu, L., &, Guo, X., (2002). Selenium accumulation in submerged aquatic macrophytes Potamogeton pectinatus L. and Ruppia maritima L. from water with elevated chloride and sulfate salinity. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 51, 22-27.
30. IWA Specialist Group on Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution Control. (2000). Constructed wetlands for pollution control. Scientific and Technical Report Number 8. London, UK: IWA Publishing.
31. Scholz, M., (2006). Wetland systems to control Urban runoff. The Netherlands: Elsevier, Amsterdam.
32. Gampel, T., (2003). Kistelepülések szennyví ztisztítása vízinövényes talajszûrô vel. Vízellátás, csatornázás VI. Évf., pp. 70-72.
33. Ivándi, L., Major, B., &, Szilágyi, F., (1998). Az eleveniszapos és a gyökérmezôs szennyví ztisztítás összehasonlítása. XVI MHT Vándorgyûlés. Júl. 8-9. I. kötet: 414-428.
34. Tanner, C.C., (2000). Plants as ecosystem engineers in subsurface-flow treatment wetlands. In 7th Int. Conf. on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, University of Florida, pp. 13-22.
35. Vymazal, J., (2000). Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the Czech Republic. In 7th Int. Conf. on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control; University of Florida, pp. 955-961.
36. Clarke, E., &, Baldwin, A.H., (2002). Responses of wetland plants ammonia and water level. Ecological Engineering, 18, 257-264.
37. Matheson, F.E., Nguyen, M.L., Cooper, A.B., Burt, T.P., &, Bull, D.C., (2002). Fate of 15N- nitrate in unplanted, planted and harvested riparian wetland soil microcosms. Ecological Engineering, 19, 249-264.
38. Mbuligwe, S.E., (2005). Comparative treatment of dye rich wastewater in engineered wetland system (EWS's) vegetated with different plants. Water Research, 39, 271-280.
39. Vymazal, J., (2005). Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment. Ecological Engineering, 25, 478-490.
40. Kumar, P.B.A.N., Dushenkov, V., Motto, H., &, Rasakin, I., (1995). Phytoextraction: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils. Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 1232-1238.
41. Burken, J.G., &, Schnoor, J.L., (1997). Uptake and metabolism of atrazine by poplar trees. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 1399-406.
42. Dushenkov, V., Kumar, P.B.A.N., Motto, H., &, Raskin, I., (1995). Rhizofiltration: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from aqueous streams. Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 1239-45.
43. Vangronsveld, J., Van Assche, F., &, Clijsters, H., (1995). Reclamation of a bare industrial area contaminated by non-ferrous metals: In situ metal immobilization and revegetation. Environmental Pollution, 87, 51-59.
44. BanËœuelos, G.S., Ajwa, H.A., Mackey, L.L., Wu, C., Cook, S., &, Akohoue, S., (1997). Evaluation of different plant species used for phytoremediation of high soil selenium. Journal of Environmental Quality, 26, 639-646.
45. Burken, J.G., &, Schnoor, J.L., (1999). Distribution and volatilisation of organic compounds following uptake by hybrid poplar trees. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 1, 139-151.
46. Pilon-Smits, E., (2005). Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 56, 15-39.
47. Chaudhry, Q., Blom-Zandstra, M., Gupta, S., &, Joner, E.J., (2005). Utilising the synergy between plants and rhizosphere microorganisms to enhance breakdown of organic pollutants in the environment. Environ Science and Pollution Research, 12, 34-48.
48. Kuiper, I., Lagendijk, E.L., Bloemberg, G.V., &, Lugtenberg, B.J.J., (2004). Rhizoremediation: A beneficial plant microbe interaction. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 17, 6-15.
49. Paul, D., Pandey, G., Pandey, J., &, Jain, R.K., (2005). Accessing microbial diversity for bioremediation and environmental restoration. Trends in Biotechnology, 3, 135-142.
50. Salt, D.E., Smith, & R.D., Raskin, I., (1998). Phytoremediation. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 49, 643-668.
51. Su, Y., &, Liang, Y., (2013). The foliar uptake and downward translocation of trichloroethylene and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene in air-plant-water systems. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 252-253, 300-305.
52. Moore, M.T., Rodgers Jr, J.H., Cooper, C.M., &, Smith Jr, S., (2000). Constructed wetland for mitigation of atrazine associated agricultural runoff. Environmental Pollution, 110, 393-399.
53. O'Niell, Walter L., &, Nzengung, V.A., (2004). In-situ bioremediation and phytoremediation of contaminated soils and water: Three case studies. Environmental research, engineering and management, 4, 49-54.
54. Daane, L.L., Harjono, I., Zylstra, G.J., &, Haggblom, M.M., (2001). Isolation and characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon- degrading associated bacteria with the rhizosphere of salt marsh plants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 2683-2691.
55. Ali, N.A., Bernal, M.P., &, Ater, M., (2001). Tolerance and bioaccumulation of copper in Phragmites australis and Zea mays. Plant and Soil, 239, 103-111.
56. O'Sullivan, A.D., Murray, A.D., &, Otte, M.L., (2001). Bioremediation of alkaline mine effluent using treatment wetlands. In, R. Vincent, et al. (Ed.), Land Reclamation-A different approach: Proceedings of 18th annual meeting of the American Society for Surface Mining and Reclamation (pp. 292-293), Albuquerque, NM, USA.
57. Healy, M., &, Cawley, A.M., (2002). Nutrient processing capacity of constructed wetland in western Ireland. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 1739-1747.
58. Ye, Z.H., Baker, A.J.M., Wong, M.H., &, Willis, A.J., (2003). Copper tolerance, uptake and accumulation by Phragmites australis. Chemosphere, 50, 795-800.
59. Windham, L., Weis, J.S., &, Weis, P., (2004). Metal dynamics of plant litter of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis in metal-contaminated salt marshes. Part 1: Patterns of decomposition and metal uptake. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23, 1520-1528.
60. Azaizeh, H., Salhani, N., Sebesvari, Z., &, Emons, H., (2006). Phytoremediation of Selenium using sub-surfcae flow constructed wetlands. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 8, 187-198.
61. Southichak, B., Nakano, K., Nomura, M., Chiba, N., &, Nishimura, O., (2006). Phragmites australis: A novel biosorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Water Research, 40, 2295-2302.
62. Santos-Díaz, M.S., Barrõn-Cruz, M.C., &, Torre, M.C.A., (2007). Induction of in vitro roots cultures of Thypha latifolia and Scirpus americanus and study of their capacity to remove heavy metals. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 417-424.
63. Gurudeva, V., Doycheva, A., Krumova, K., &, Groudev, S., (2007). Bioremediation in situ of an alkaline soil polluted with heavy metals. Advance Materials Research, 20, 287-290.
64. Mateos-Naranjo, E., Redondo-Gõmez, S., Cambrolle, J., Luque, T., &, Figueroa, M.E., (2008). Growth and photosynthetic responses to zinc stress of an invasive cordgrass, Spartina densiflora. Plant Biology, 10, 754-762.
65. Cambrollé, J., Redondo-Gõmez, S., Mateos-Naranjo, E., &, Figueroa, M.E., (2008). Comparison of the role of two Spartina species in terms of phytostabilization and bioaccumulation of metals in the estuarine sediment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56, 2037-2042.
66. Du Laing, G., Van de Moortel, A.M.K., Moors, W., De. Grauwe, P., Meers, E., Tack, F.M.G., &, Verloo, M.G., (2009). Factors affecting metal concentrations in reed plants (Phragmites australis) of intertidal marshes in the Scheldt estuary. Ecological Engineering, 35, 310-318.
67. Wang, H., &, Jia, Y., (2009). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by Phragmites australis cultivated in synthesized substrates. Journal of Environmental Science, 21, 1409-14.
68. Bragato, C., Schiavon, M., Polese, R., Ertani, A., Pittarello, M., &, Malagoli, M., (2009). Seasonal variations of Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr concentration in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex steudel in a constructed wetland of North Italy. Desalination, 246, 35-44.
69. Yeh, T.Y., Chou, C.C., &, Pan, C.T., (2009). Heavy metal removal within pilot-scale constructed wetlands receiving river water contaminated by confined swine operations. Desalination, 249, 368-373.
70. Vymazal, J., Kröpfelováb, L., Švehlac, J., Chrastnýc, V., Štíchovác, J., (2009). Trace elements in Phragmites australis growing in constructed wetlands for treatment of municipal wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 35, 303-309.
71. Bonanno, G., &, Lo Giudice, R., (2010). Heavy metal bioaccumulation by the organs of Phragmites australis (common reed) and their potential use as contamination indicators. Ecological Indicators, 10, 639-645.
72. Liu, Y., Chen, H., Wu, G., &, Wu, X., (2010). Feasibility of estimating heavy metal concentrations in Phragmites australis using laboratory-based hyperspectral data-A case study along Le'an River, China. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 12, S166-S170.
73. Ren, J., Fu, Z.W., Tao, L., &, Yang, Q., (2011). Accumulation Effect of Phragmites australis, Acorns calamus and Scirpus tabernaemontani on Zn super(2+) in Water Body. Wetland Science, 9, 322-327.
74. Hou, Y.X., Wang, Y., Li, H.Y., Li, X.X., &, Hu, X.J., (2011). Accumulation and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Phragmites australis in the Wetland of Liaohe River Estuary. Advance Materials Research, 356-360, 994-997.
75. Chandra, R., &, Yadav, S., (2011). Phytoremediation of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn from Aqueous Solution Using Phragmites Cummunis, Typha Angustifolia and Cyperus Esculentus. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 13, 580-591.
76. Salla, V., Hardaway, C.J., &, Sneddon, J., (2011). Preliminary investigation of Spartina alterniflora for phytoextraction of selected heavy metals in soils from Southwest Louisiana. Microchemical Journal, 97, 207-212.
77. Xua, W., Shia, W., Yanc, F., Zhang, B., &, Liang, L., (2011). Mechanisms of cadmium detoxification in cattail (Typha angustifolia L.). Aq. Bot, 94, 37-43.
78. Hegazy, A.K., Abdel-Ghani, N.T., &, El-Chaghaby, G.A., (2011). Phytoremediation of industrial wastewater potentiality by Typha domingensis. International journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 8, 639-648
79. Wang, F.Y., Guo, Z.H., Miao, X.F., &, Xiao, X.Y., (2011). Tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Typha orientalis Presl for As, Cd and Pb in heavily contaminated soils. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 30, 1966-1971.
80. Bah, A.M., Dai, H., Zhao, J., Sun, H., Cao, F., Zhang, G., &, Wu, F., (2011). Effects of cadmium, chromium and lead on growth, metal uptake and antioxidative capacity in Typha angustifolia. Biological Trace Element Research, 142, 77-92.
81. Cambrolle, J., Mateos-Naranjo, M., Redondo-Gõmez, S., Luque, T., &, Figueroa, M.E., (2011). The role of two Spartina species in phytostabilization and bioaccumulation of Co, Cr, and Ni in the Tinto-Odiel estuary (SW Spain). Hydrobiologia, 671, 95-103
82. Hadad, H.R., Mufarrege, M.M., Pinciroli, M., Di Luca, G.A., &, Maine, M.A., (2010). Morphological response of typha domingensis to an industrial effluent containing heavy metals in a constructed wetland. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 58, 666-675.
83. Marquesa, B., Lillebøb, A.I., Pereiraa, E., &, Duartea, A.C., (2011). Mercury cycling and sequestration in salt marshes sediments: An ecosystem service provided by Juncus maritimus and Scirpus maritimus. Environmental Pollution, 159, 1869-1876.
84. Redondo-Gõmeza, S., Mateos-Naranjoa, E., Vecino-Buenoa, I., &, Feldmanb, S.R., (2011). Accumulation and tolerance characteristics of chromium in a cordgrass Cr-hyperaccumulator, Spartina argentinensis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185, 862-869
85. Bedell, J.P., Saulais, S., &, Delolme, C., (2012). Zinc, cadmium, and copper mobility and accumulation in reeds (Phragmites australis) in urban sediments from two stormwater infiltration basins. Geophysical Research Abstracts 14, 7480.
86. Yuka, U.N., Mohammed, H.A., &, Aina, E., (2012). Preliminary Studies on the Phytoremediation Potential of Phragmites karka (Retz.) in Asa River. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 8, 87-93.
87. Ayeni, O., Ndakidemi, P., Snyman, R., &, Odendaa, J., (2012). Assessment of metal concentrations, chlorophyll content and photosynthesis in phragmites australis along the Lower Diep River, CapeTown, South Africa. Energy and Environment Research, 2, 128-139.
88. Zhang, Z., Rengel, Z., Chang, H., Meney, K., Pantelic, L., &, Tomanovic, R., (2012). Phytoremediation potential of Juncus subsecundus in soils contaminated with cadmium and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Geoderma, 175-176, 1-8.
89. Anjum, N.A., Ahmad, I., Válega, M., Pacheco, M., Figueira, E., Duarte, A.C., &, Pereira, E., (2012). Salt marsh macrophyte Phragmites australis strategies assessment for its dominance in mercury-contaminated coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19, 2879-2888.
90. Chaturvedi, S., Chandra, R., &, Rai, V., (2006). Isolation and characterization of Phragmites australis (L. rhizosphere bacteria from contaminated site for bioremediation of colored distillery effluent. Ecological Engineering, 27, 202-207.
91. Kadlec, R.H., &, Keoleian, G.A., (1986). Metal ion exchange on peat. In, C.H. Fuchsman, (Ed.), Peat and water (pp. 61-93). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
92. Sheoran, A.S., &, Sheoran, V., (2006). Heavy metal removal mechanism of acid mine drainage in wetlands: A critical review. Minerals Engineering, 19, 105-116.
93. Williams, J., Bhagat, M., May, E., Ford, M., &, Butler, J., (2000). Mineralisation and pathogen removal in gravel bed hydroponic constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Water Science Technology, 32, 49-58.
94. Ibekwe, A.M., Grieve, C.M., &, Lyon, S.R., (2003). Characterization of microbial communities and composition in constructed dairy wetland wastewater effluent. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 5060-5069.
95. Keffala, C., &, Ghrabi, A., (2005). Nitrogen and bacterial removal in constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater. Desalination, 185, 383-389.
96. Davies, L.C., Carias, C.C., Novais, J.M., &, Martins-Dias, S., (2005). Phytoremediation of textile effluents containing azo dye by using Phragmites australis in a vertical flow intermittent feeding constructed wetland. Ecological Engineering, 25, 594-605.
97. Moir, S.E., Svoboda, I., Sym, G., Clark, J., Mcgechan, M.B., &, Castle, K., (2005). An experimental plant for testing methods of treating dilute farm effluents and dirty water. Biosystems Engineering, 90, 349-355.
98. Wand, H., Vacca, G., Kuschk, P., Kruger, M., &, Kastner, M., (2006). Removal of bacteria by filtration in planted and non-planted sand columns. Water Research, 41, 159-167.
99. Lee, B., &, Scholz, M., (2007). What is the role of Phragmites australis in experimental constructed wetland filters treating urban runoff? Ecological Engineering, 29, 87-95.
100. Gebremariam, S.Y., &, Beutel, M.Y., (2009). Nitrate removal and DO levels in batch wetland mesocosms: Cattail (Typha spp.) versus bulrush (Scirpus spp.). Ecological Engineering, 34, 1-6.
101. Calheiros, C.S., Rangel, A.O., &, Castro, P.M., (2009). Treatment of industrial wastewater with two-stage constructed wetlands planted with Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis. Bioresource Technology, 100, 3205-13.
102. Kantawanichkula, S., Kladpraserta, S., &, Brix, H., (2009). Treatment of high-strength wastewater in tropical vertical flow constructed wetlands planted with Typha angustifolia and Cyperus involucratus. Ecological Engineering, 35, 238-247.
103. Bianchia, V., Peruzzib, E., Masciandaro, G., Ceccanti, B., Raveloc, S.M., &, Iannelli, R., (2011). Efficiency assessment of a reed bed pilot plant (Phragmites australis) for sludge stabilisation in Tuscany (Italy). Ecological Engineering, 37, 779-785.
104. Vymazal, J., &, Kröpfelováa, L., (2011). A three-stage experimental constructed wetland for treatment of domestic sewage: First 2 years of operation. Ecological Engineering, 37, 90-98.
105. Kalipci, E., (2011). Investigation of decontamination effect of Phragmites australis for Konya domestic wastewater treatment. Journal of Medicinal and Aroma Plants, 5, 6571-6577.
106. Chale, F.M.M., (2012). Nutrient removal in domestic wastewater using common reed (Phragmites mauritianus) in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands. TaJONAS: Tanzania Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. 3, 495-499.
107. Abou-Elela, S.I., &, Hella, M.S., (2012). Municipal wastewater treatment using vertical flow constructed wetlands planted with Canna, Phragmites and Cyprus. Ecological Engineering, 47, 209-213.
108. Wilson, P.C., Whitwell, T., &, Klaine, S.J., (2000). Metalaxyl and Simazine toxicity and uptake by Typha latifolia. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 39, 282-288.
109. Groudeva, V.I., Groudev, S.N., &, Doycheva, A.S., (2001). Bioremediation of waters contaminated with crude oil and toxic heavy metals. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 62, 293-299.
110. Mendelssohn, I.A., &, Oianxin, L., (Ed.) (2003). The development of bioremediation for oil spill cleanup in coastal wetlands. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA. OCS Study MMS 2002-048. 84 pp.
111. Matamoros, V., Puigagut, J., Garcia, J., &, Bayona, J.M., (2007). Behaviour of selected priority organic pollutants in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands: A preliminary screening. Chemosphere, 69, 1374-1380.
112. Carias, C.C., Novais, J.M., &, Martins-Dias, S., (2008). Are Phragmites australis enzymes involved in the degradation of the textile azo dye acid orange 7? Bioresource Technology, 99, 243-251.
113. Tadashi, T., Yusuke, S., Daisuke; I., Kazunari, S., Young-Cheol, C., Shintaro, K., &, Michihiko, K., (2009). Biodegradation of bisphenol A and bisphenol F in the rhizosphere sediment of Phragmites australis. Journal of Bioscience Bioengineering, 108, 147-150.
114. Dordio A., Carvalho, A.J.P., Teixeira, D.M., Dias, C.B., &, Pinto, A.P., (2010). Removal of pharmaceuticals in microcosm constructed wetlands using Typha spp. and LECA. Bioresource Technology, 101, 886-892.
115. Carvalho, P.N., Basto, M.C., &, Almeida, C.M., (2012). Potential of Phragmites australis for the removal of veterinary pharmaceuticals from aquatic media. Bioresource Technology, 116, 497-501.
116. Gikas, E., Papadopoulos, N.G., Bazoti, F.N., Zalidis, G., &, Tsarbopoulos, A., (2012). Use of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to study the degradation pathways of terbuthylazine (TER) by Typha latifolia in constructed wetlands: Identification of a new TER metabolite. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 26, 181-188
117. Miguel, A.S., Ravanel, P., &, Raveton, M., (2013). A comparative study on the uptake and translocation of organochlorines by Phragmites australis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 244-245M, 60-69.
118. Faure, M., Miguel, A.S., Ravanel, P., &, Raveton, M., (2012). Concentration responses to organochlorines in Phragmites australis. Environmental Pollution, 164, 188-194
119. Reed, S.C., Middlebrooks, E.J., &, Crites, R.W., (1995). Natural systems for waste management and treatment. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
120. Drizo, A., Frost, C.A., Smith, K.A., &, Grace, J., (1996). Phosphate and ammonium removal by constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow, using shale as a substrate. In 5th Int. Conf. on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Vienna, I/10-1-8.
121. Brix, H., (1997). Do macrophytes play a role in constructed treatment wetland. Water Science and Technology, 35, 11-17.
122. Kivaisi, A.K., (2001). The potential for constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in developed countries: A Review. Ecological Engineering, 16, 545-560.
123. Koottatep, T., &, Polprasert, C., (1997). Role of plant uptake on nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands located in the tropics. Water Science Technology, 36, 1-8.
124. 2 transfer to and through submerged rhizomes and roots via aerenchyma. Soil and Crop Science Society Florida, 56, 47-54.
125. Gopal, B.B., (1999). Natural and constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: Potentials and problems. Water Science Technology, 40, 27-35.
126. Anderson, C.W.N., Brooks, R.R., Stewart, R.B., &, Simcock, R., (1998). Harvesting a crop of gold in plants. Nature, 395, 553-554.
127. Churchmann, G.J., Slade, P.G., Rengasamy, P., Peter, P., Wright, M., &, Naidu, R., (1999). Use of fine grained minerals to minimize the bioavaliability of metal contaminants. Environmental impacts of metals. Int Workshop, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 49-52.
128. Huang, J.W., &, Cunningham, S.D., (1996). Lead phytoextraction: Species variation in lead uptake and translocation. New Phytologist, 134, 75-84.
129. Huttermann, A., Arduini, I., &, Godbold, D.L., (1999). Metal pollution and forest decline. In, M.N.V. Prasad, &, J. Hagemeyer, (Ed.), Heavy metal stress in plants-From molecules to ecosystems (pp. 253-272), Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer-Verlag.
130. Zorpas, A.A., Constantinides, T., Vlyssides, A.G., Aralambous, I., &, Loizidou, M., (1999). Heavy metal uptake by natural zeolite and metals partitioning in sewage sludge compost. Bioresource Technology, 71, 113-119.
131. Gentry, T.J., Rensing, C., &, Pepper, I.L., (2004). New Approaches for Bioaugmentation as a Remediation Technology. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 447-494.
132. Rittman, B.E., &, Whiteman, R., (1994). Bioaugmentation: A coming of age. Water Quality International 1, 12-16.
133. Vogel, T.M., (1996). Bioaugmentation as a soil bioremediation approach. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 7, 311-316.
134. Kuiper, I., Bloemberg, G.V., &, Lugtenberg, B.J.J., (2001). Selection of a plant-bacterium pair as a novel tool for rhizostimulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 14, 1197-1205.
135. Ronchel, M.C., &, Ramos, J.L., (2001). Dual system to reinforce biological containment of recombinant bacteria designed for rhizoremediation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 67, 2649-2656.
136. Sriprang, R., Hayashi, M., Yamashita, M., Ono, H., Saeki, K., &, Murooka, Y., (2002). A novel bioremediation system for heavy metals using the symbiosis between leguminous plant and genetically engineered rhizobia. Journal of Biotechnology, 99, 279-293.
137. Widada, J., Nojiri, H., &, Omori, T., (2002). Recent developments in molecular techniques for identification and monitoring of xenobiotic-degrading bacteria and their catabolic genes in bioremediation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60, 45-59.
138. Namkoong, W., Hwang, E.Y., Park, J.S., &, Choi, J.Y., (2002). Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil with composting. Environmental Pollution, 119, 23-31.
139. Pelz, O., Tesar, M., Wittich, R.M., Moore, E.R.B., Timmis, K.N., &, Abraham, W.R., (1999). Towards elucidation of microbial community metabolic pathways; unraveling the network of carbon sharing in a pollutant degrading bacterial consortium by immunocapture and isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. Environmental Microbiology, 1, 167-174.