Implicit motive profile analysis: An if-then contingency approach to the picture-story exercise

Social and Personality Psychology Compass

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-16

  Schultheiss, Oliver C ^a   Schultheiss, Maria ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891809796     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17519004     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12082     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Atkinson, J. W. (1958a). Motives in Fantasy, Action, and Society: A Method of Assessment and Study. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
2. Atkinson, J. W. (1958b). Thematic apperceptive measurement of motives within the context of a theory of motivation. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society: A method of assessment and study (pp. 596-616). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
3. Atkinson, J. W. (1981). Studying personality in the context of an advanced motivational psychology. American Psychologist, 36, 117-128.
4. Atkinson, J. W., & Birch, D. (1970). The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
5. Atkinson, J. W., Bongort, K., & Price, L. H. (1977). Explorations using computer simulation to comprehend thematic apperceptive measurement of motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 1, 1-27.
6. Atkinson, J. W., Heyns, R. W., & Veroff, J. (1958). The effect of experimental arousal of the affiliation motive on thematic apperception. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in fantasy, action, and society: A method of assessment and study (pp. 95-104). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
7. Auld, F., Jr. (1954). Contributions of behavior theory to projective testing. Journal of Projective Techniques, 18, 421-426.
8. Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: Isolation and communion in Western man. Boston MA: Beacon Press.
9. Blankenship, V., & Zoota, A. L. (1998). Comparing power imagery in TATs written by hand or on the computer. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 30, 441-448.
10. Borsboom, D. (2005). Measuring the Mind: Conceptual Issues in Contemporary Psychometrics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
11. Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2004). The concept of validity. Psychological Review, 111, 1061-1071.
12. Brunstein, J. C. (2010). Implicit motives and explicit goals: The role of motivational congruence in emotional well-being. In O. C. Schultheiss, & J. C. Brunstein (Eds.), Implicit motives (pp. 347-374). New York: Oxford University Press.
13. Brunstein, J. C., Schultheiss, O. C., & Grässmann, R. (1998). Personal goals and emotional well-being: The moderating role of motive dispositions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 494-508.
14. Busch, H., & Hofer, J. (2012). Picture story exercise picture set in a German and a Cameroonian sample: Ipsative stability, retest reliability, and sample-level stability. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28, 125-131.
15. Entwisle, D. R. (1972). To dispel fantasies about fantasy-based measures of achievement motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 377-391.
16. Fleming, J. (1982). Projective and psychometric approaches to measurement: The case of fear of success. In A. J. Stewart (Ed.), Motivation and society. A volume in honor of David C. McClelland (pp. 63-96). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
17. Fleming, J., & Horner, M. S. (1992). The motive to avoid success. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis (pp. 179-189). New York: Cambridge University Press.
18. Furr, R. M. (2009). Profile analysis in person-situation integration. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 196-207.
19. Goss, A. E., & Brownell, M. H. (1957). Stimulus-response concepts and principles applied to projective test behavior. Journal of Personality, 25, 505-523.
20. Heckhausen, H. (1963). Hoffnung und Furcht in der Leistungsmotivation [Hope and Fear Components of Achievement Motivation]. Meisenheim am Glan: Anton Hain.
21. Hofer, J., & Busch, H. (2013). Living in accordance with one's implicit motives: Cross-cultural evidence for beneficial effects of motive-goal congruence and motive satisfaction. In A. Efklides, & D. Moraitou (Eds.), A Positive Psychology Perspective on Quality of Life (pp. 51-66). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
22. Jackson, D. N. (1984). Personality Research Form (3rd edn). Port Huron, MI: Sigma Assessment Systems, Inc.
23. Kazén, M., & Kuhl, J. (2011). Directional discrepancy between implicit and explicit power motives is related to well-being among managers. Motivation and Emotion, 35, 317-327.
24. Lilienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. E., & Garb, H. N. (2000). The scientific status of projective techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 1, 27-66.
25. Lundy, A. (1985). The reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 141-145.
26. McAdams, D. P. (1980). A thematic coding system for the intimacy motive. Journal of Research in Personality, 14, 413-432.
27. McAdams, D. P., & Powers, J. (1981). Themes of intimacy in behavior and thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 573-587.
28. McClelland, D. C. (1958). Methods of measuring human motivation. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.), Motives in Fantasy, Action, and Society: A Method of Assessment and Study (pp. 7-42). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
29. McClelland, D. C. (1980). Motive dispositions: The merits of operant and respondent measures. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 10-41). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
30. McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human Motivation. New York: Cambridge University Press.
31. McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The Achievement Motive. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
32. McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690-702.
33. Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102, 246-268.
34. Morgan, C., & Murray, H. A. (1935). A method for investigating fantasies: The Thematic Apperception Test. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 34, 289-306.
35. Pang, J. S., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2005). Assessing implicit motives in U.S. College students: Effects of picture type and position, gender and ethnicity, and cross-cultural comparisons. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 280-294.
36. Ramsay, J. E., & Pang, J. S. (forthcoming). Set ambiguity: A key determinant of reliability and validity in the picture story exercise. Motivation and Emotion.
37. Reuman, D. A. (1982). Ipsative behavioral variability and the quality of thematic apperceptive measurement of the achievement motive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1098-1110.
38. Schultheiss, O. C. (2008). Implicit motives. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (3rd edn. pp. 603-633). New York: Guilford.
39. Schultheiss, O. C. (2013). The hormonal correlates of implicit motives. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7, 52-65.
40. Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (2001). Assessing implicit motives with a research version of the TAT: Picture profiles, gender differences, and relations to other personality measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 71-86.
41. Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (2002). Inhibited power motivation and persuasive communication: A lens model analysis. Journal of Personality, 70, 553-582.
42. Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (Eds.), (2010). Implicit Motives. New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Schultheiss, O. C., & Pang, J. S. (2007). Measuring implicit motives. In R. W. Robins, R. C. Fraley, & R. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology (pp. 322-344). New York: Guilford.
44. Schultheiss, O. C., Campbell, K. L., & McClelland, D. C. (1999). Implicit power motivation moderates men's testosterone responses to imagined and real dominance success. Hormones and Behavior, 36, 234-241.
45. Schultheiss, O. C., Liening, S., & Schad, D. (2008). The reliability of a Picture Story Exercise measure of implicit motives: Estimates of internal consistency, retest reliability, and ipsative stability. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1560-1571.
46. Schultheiss, O. C., Patalakh, M., Rawolle, M., Liening, S., & MacInnes, J. J. (2011). Referential competence is associated with motivational congruence. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 59-70.
47. Schultheiss, O. C., Wirth, M. M., Torges, C. M., Pang, J. S., Villacorta, M. A., & Welsh, K. M. (2005). Effects of implicit power motivation on men's and women's implicit learning and testosterone changes after social victory or defeat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 174-188.
48. Schultheiss, O. C., Yankova, D., Dirlikov, B., & Schad, D. J. (2009). Are implicit and explicit motive measures statistically independent? A fair and balanced test using the picture story exercise and a cue- and response-matched questionnaire measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 72-81.
49. Shoda, Y., Mischel, W., & Wright, J. C. (1994). Intraindividual stability in the organization and patterning of behavior: Incorporating psychological situations into the idiographic analysis of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 674-687.
50. Smith, C. P. (Ed.). (1992). Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
51. Spangler, W. D. (1992). Validity of questionnaire and TAT measures of need for achievement: Two meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 140-154.
52. Stanton, S. J., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2007). Basal and dynamic relationships between implicit power motivation and estradiol in women. Hormones and Behavior, 52, 571-580.
53. Thrash, T. M., Maruskin, L. A., & Martin, C. C. (2012). Implicit-explicit motive congruence. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation (pp. 141-156). New York: Oxford University Press.
54. Tuerlinckx, F., De Boeck, P., & Lens, W. (2002). Measuring needs with the Thematic Apperception Test: A psychometric study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 448-461.
55. Veroff, J. (1957). Development and validation of a projective measure of power motivation. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 1-8.
56. Winter, D. G. (1973). The Power Motive. New York: Free Press.
57. Winter, D. G. (1991). Measuring personality at a distance: Development of an integrated system for scoring motives in running text. In D. J. Ozer, J. M. Healy, & A. J. Stewart (Eds.), Perspectives in Personality (Vol. 3, pp. 59-89). London: Jessica Kingsley.
58. Winter, D. G. (1994). Manual for Scoring Motive Imagery in Running Text (4th edn). Ann Arbor: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan. Unpublished manuscript.
59. Winter, D. G., & Stewart, A. J. (1977). Power motive reliability as a function of retest instructions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 436-440.
60. Wirth, M. M., Welsh, K. M., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2006). Salivary cortisol changes in humans after winning or losing a dominance contest depend on implicit power motivation. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 346-352.