Spectroscopy, manipulation and trapping of neutral atoms, molecules, and other particles using optical nanofibers: A review

Sensors (Switzerland)

Volumn 13, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 10449-10481

  Morrissey, Michael J ^a   Deasy, Kieran ^b   Frawley, Mary ^b,c   Kumar, Ravi ^b,c   Prel, Eugen ^b,c   Russell, Laura ^b,c   Truong, Viet Giang ^b   Chormaic, Síle Nic ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b OKINAWA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Atomic vapor; Cold atoms; Evanescent field; Laser cooling; Optical cavities; Optical nanofiber; Single particle detection; Spectroscopy; Taper; Whispering gallery resonators

Indexed keywords

ATOMS; EVANESCENT FIELDS; LASER COOLING; MOLECULES; NANOFIBERS; OPTICAL FIBER FABRICATION; OPTICAL FIBERS; SPECTROSCOPY;

ATOMIC VAPOR; COLD ATOMS; OPTICAL CAVITIES; SINGLE PARTICLE DETECTION; TAPER; WHISPERING GALLERY RESONATORS;

ATOM LASERS;

EID: 84891758517     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s130810449     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Vetsch, E.; Reitz, D.; Sagué, G.; Schmidt, R.; Dawkins, S.T.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Optical interface created by laser-cooled atoms trapped in the evanescent field surrounding an optical nanofiber. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 104, 203603.
2. Das, M.; Shirasaki, A.; Nayak, K.P.; Morinaga, M.; Le Kien, F.; Hakuta, K. Measurement of fluorescence emission spectrum of few strongly driven atoms using an optical nanofiber. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 17154–17164.
3. Russell, L.; Deasy, K.; Daly, M.J.; Morrissey, M.J.; Nic Chormaic, S. Sub-doppler temperature measurements of laser-cooled atoms using optical nanofibres. Meas. Sci. Tech. 2012, 23, 015201.
4. Goban, A.; Choi, K.S.; Alton, D.J.; Ding, D.; Lacroute, C.; Pototschnig, M.; Thiele, T.; Stern, N.P.; Kimble, H.J. Demonstration of a state-insensitive, compensated nanofiber trap. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 033603.
5. Brownnutt, M. Private Communication, Innsbruck, Austria, March 2013.
6. Brownnutt, M. Ions and Fibres: A Target Rich Environment. In Proceedings of Optical Nanofiber Applications (ONNA2013), Okinawa, Japan, 1–7 June 2013.
7. Andre, A.; Demille, D.; Doyle, J.M.; Lukin, M.D.; Maxwell, S.E.; Rabl, P.; Schoelkopf, R.J.; Zoller, P. A coherent all-electrical interface between polar molecules and mesoscopic superconducting resonators. Nat. Phys. 2006, 2, 636–642.
8. Aoki, T.; Dayan, B.; Wilcut, E.; Bowen, W.P.; Parkins, A.S.; Kippenberg, T.J.; Vahala, K.J.; Kimble, H.J. Observation of strong coupling between one atom and a monolithic microresonator. Nature 2006, 443, 671–674.
9. Reichel, J. Microchip traps and Bose-Einstein condensation. Appl. Phys. B Las. Opt. 2002, 74, 469–487.
10. Tong, L.M.; Gattass, R.R.; Ashcom, J.B.; He, S.L.; Lou, J.Y.; Shen, M.Y.; Maxwell, I.; Mazur, E. Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding. Nature 2003, 426, 816–819.
11. Tong, L.; Lou, J.; Mazur, E. Single-mode guiding properties of subwavelength-diameter silica and silicon wire waveguides. Opt. Express 2004, 12, 1025–1035.
12. Tong, L. Brief introduction to optical microfibers and nanofibers. Front. Optoelectron. China 2010, 3, 54–60.
13. Tong, L.M.; Zi, F.; Guo, X.; Lou, J.Y. Optical microfibers and nanofibers: A tutorial. Opt. Commun. 2012, 285, 4641–4647.
14. Lee, B. Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors. Opt. Fiber Tech. 2003, 9, 57–79.
15. Moar, P.; Huntington, S.; Katsifolis, J.; Cahill, L.; Roberts, A.; Nugent, K. Fabrication, modeling, and direct evanescent field measurement of tapered optical fiber sensors. J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 85, 3395.
16. Brambilla, G.; Finazzi, V.; Richardson, D.J. Ultra-low-loss optical fiber nanotapers. Opt. Express 2004, 12, 2258–2263.
17. Brambilla, G.; Jung, Y.; Renna, F. Optical fiber microwires and nanowires manufactured by modified flame brushing technique: Properties and applications. Front. Optoelectron. China 2010, 3, 61–66.
18. Ward, J.; O’Shea, D.; Shortt, B.; Morrissey, M.; Deasy, K.; Nic Chormaic, S. Heat-and-pull rig for fiber taper fabrication. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2006, 77, 083105.
19. Ding, L.; Belacel, C.; Ducci, S.; Leo, G.; Favero, I. Ultralow loss single-mode silica tapers manufactured by a microheater. Appl. Opt. 2010, 49, 2441–2445.
20. Shi, L.; Chen, X.; Liu, H.; Chen, Y.; Ye, Z.; Liao, W.; Xia, Y. Fabrication of submicron-diameter silica fibers using electric strip heater. Opt. Express 2006, 14, 5055–5060.
21. Kenny, R.; Birks, T.; Oakley, K. Control of optical fibre taper shape. Elec. Lett. 1991, 27, 1654–1656.
22. Birks, T.A.; Li, Y.W. The shape of fiber tapers. J. Lightwave Tech. 1992, 10, 432–438.
23. Love, J.; Henry, W.; Stewart, W.; Black, R.; Lacroix, S.; Gonthier, F. Tapered single-mode fibres and devices. I. Adiabaticity criteria. IEE Proc. J. Optoelectron. 1991, 138, 343–354.
24. Snyder, A.W.; Love, J.D. Optical Waveguide Theory; Chapman and Hall: London, UK, 1980.
25. Sagué, G.; Baade, A.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Blue-detuned evanescent field surface traps for neutral atoms based on mode interference in ultra-thin optical fibres. New J. Phys. 2008, 10, 113008.
26. Petcu-Colan, A.; Frawley, M.; Nic Chormaic, S. Tapered few-mode tapered fibers: Mode evolution during fabrication and adiabaticity. J. Nonlin. Opt. Phys. Mater. 2011, 20, 293–307.
27. Frawley, M.C.; Petcu-Colan, A.; Viet Giang, T.; Nic Chormaic, S. Higher order mode propagation in an optical nanofiber. Opt. Commun. 2012, 285, 4648–4654.
28. Bures, J.; Ghosh, R. Power density of the evanescent field in the vicinity of a tapered fiber. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1999, 16, 1992–1996.
29. Franson, J.D.; Jacobs, B.C.; Pittman, T.B. Quantum computing using single photons and the zeno effect. Phys. Rev. A 2004, 70, 062302.
30. Ghosh, S.; Bhagwat, A.R.; Renshaw, C.K.; Goh, S.; Gaeta, A.L.; Kirby, B.J. Low-light-level optical interactions with rubidium vapor in a photonic band-gap fiber. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 023603.
31. Tanji-Suzuki, H.; Chen, W.; Landig, R.; Simon, J.; Vuletić, V. Vacuum-induced transparency. Science 2011, 333, 1266–1269.
32. Le Kien, F.; Gupta, S.D.; Balykin, V.I.; Hakuta, K. Spontaneous emission of a cesium atom near a nanofiber: Efficient coupling of light to guided modes. Phys. Rev. A 2005, 72, 032509.
33. Ebbesen, T.W.; Lezec, H.J.; Ghaemi, H.F.; Thio, T.; Wolff, P.A. Extraordinary optical transmission through sub-wavelength hole arrays. Nature 1998, 391, 667–669.
34. Choi, K.Y.; Yoon, J.; Song, S.H.; Oh, C.H.; Kim, P.S. Surface-plasmon coupling in subwavelength periodic structures. Proc. SPIE 2005, 5636, 22–26.
35. Russell, L.; Gleeson, D.A.; Minogin, V.G.; Nic Chormaic, S. Spectral distribution of atomic fluorescence coupled into an optical nanofibre. J. Phys. B Atomic Mol. Opt. Phys. 2009, 42, 185006.
36. Minogin, V.G.; Nic Chormaic, S. Manifestation of the van der Waals surface interaction in the spontaneous emission of atoms into an optical nanofiber. Laser Phys. 2010, 20, 32–37.
37. Frawley, M.C.; Nic Chormaic, S.; Minogin, V.G. The van der Waals interaction of an atom with the convex surface of a nanocylinder. Phys. Scr. 2012, 85, 058103.
38. Nayak, K.P.; Melentiev, P.N.; Morinaga, M.; Kien, F.L.; Balykin, V.I.; Hakuta, K. Optical nanofiber as an efficient tool for manipulating and probing atomic fluorescence. Opt. Express 2007, 15, 5431–5438.
39. Watkins, A.; Tiwari, V.B.; Ward, J.M.; Nic Chormaic, S. Observation of Zeeman shift in the rubidium D2 line using an optical nanofiber in vapor. 2012, arXiv:1208.4708.
40. Esslinger, T.; Bloch, I.; Hänsch, T.W. Bose-Einstein condensation in a quadrupole-Ioffe-configuration trap. Phys. Rev. A 1998, 58, R2664–R2667.
41. Schlosser, N.; Reymond, G.; Protsenko, I.; Grangier, P. Sub-Poissonian loading of single atoms in a microscopic dipole trap. Nature 2001, 411, 1024–1027.
42. Paredes, B.; Widera, A.; Murg, V.; Mandel, O.; Folling, S.; Cirac, I.; Shlyapnikov, G.V.; Hansch, T.W.; Bloch, I. Tonks-Girardeau gas of ultracold atoms in an optical lattice. Nature 2004, 429, 277–281.
43. Bolpasi, V.; Grucker, J.; Morrissey, M.J.; von Klitzing, W. A gradient and offset compensated ioffe-pritchard trap for Bose-Einstein condensation experiments. J. Phys. B Atomic Mol. Opt. Phys. 2012, 45, 235301.
44. Richmond, J.A.; Nic Chormaic, S.; Cantwell, B.P.; Opat, G.I. A magnetic guide for cold atoms. Acta Phys. Slovaca 1998, 48, 481–488.
45. Opat, G.I.; Nic Chormaic, S.; Cantwell, B.P.; Richmond, J.A. Optical elements for slowly moving neutral atoms based on magnetic fields. J. Opt. B Quant. Semiclass. Opt. 1999, 1, 415–419.
46. Denschlag, J.; Cassettari, D.; Schmiedmayer, J. Guiding neutral atoms with a wire. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 82, 2014–2017.
47. Reichel, J.; Hansell, W.; Hänsch, T.W. Atomic micromanipulation with magnetic surface traps. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 83, 3398–3401.
48. Kuhr, S.; Alt, W.; Schrader, D.; Muller, M.; Gomer, V.; Meschede, D. Deterministic delivery of a single atom. Science 2001, 293, 278–280.
49. Gustavson, T.L.; Chikkatur, A.P.; Leanhardt, A.E.; Gorlitz, A.; Gupta, S.; Pritchard, D.E.; Ketterle, W. Transport of Bose-Einstein condensates with optical tweezers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88, 020401.
50. Richmond, J.A.; Cantwell, B.P.; Chormaic, S.N.; Lau, D.C.; Akulshin, A.M.; Opat, G.I. Magnetic guide for neutral atoms. Phys. Rev. A 2002, 65, 033422.
51. Kadlecek, S.; Sebby, J.; Newell, R.; Walker, T.G. Nondestructive spatial heterodyne imaging of cold atoms. Opt. Lett. 2001, 26, 137–139.
52. Turner, L.D.; Domen, K.; Scholten, R.E. Diffraction-contrast imaging of cold atoms. Phys. Rev. A 2005, 72, 031403.
53. Pappa, M.; Condylis, P.C.; Konstantinidis, G.O.; Bolpasi, V.; Lazoudis, A.; Morizot, O.; Sahagun, D.; Baker, M.; von Klitzing, W. Ultra-sensitive atom imaging for matter-wave optics. New J. Phys. 2011, 13, 115012.
54. Le Kien, F.; Balykin, V.I.; Hakuta, K. Scattering of an evanescent light field by a single cesium atom near a nanofiber. Phys. Rev. A 2006, 73, 013819.
55. Hennessy, T.; Busch, T. Creating atom-number states around tapered optical fibers by loading from an optical lattice. Phys. Rev. A 2012, 85, 053418.
56. Masalov, A.V.; Minogin, V.G. Pumping of higher-order modes of an optical nanofiber by laser excited atoms. Las. Phys. Lett. 2013, 10, 075203.
57. Sagué, G.; Vetsch, E.; Alt, W.; Meschede, D.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Cold-atom physics using ultrathin optical fibers: Light-induced dipole forces and surface interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 99, 163602.
58. Nayak, K.; Hakuta, K. Single atoms on an optical nanofibre. New J. Phys. 2008, 10, 053003.
59. Hughes, S. Modified spontaneous emission and qubit entanglement from dipole-coupled quantum dots in a photonic crystal nanocavity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 94, 227402.
60. Chang, D.E.; Sorensen, A.S.; Hemmer, P.R.; Lukin, M.D. Quantum optics with surface plasmons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 97, 053002.
61. Berman, P. Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (Advances in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics); Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 1994.
62. Nha, H.; Jhe, W. Cavity quantum electrodynamics for a cylinder: Inside a hollow dielectric and near a solid dielectric cylinder. Phys. Rev. A 1997, 56, 2213–2220.
63. Sondergaard, T.; Tromborg, B. General theory for spontaneous emission in active dielectric microstructures: Example of a fiber amplifier. Phys. Rev. A 2001, 64, 033812.
64. Klimov, V.; Ducloy, M. Spontaneous emission rate of an excited atom placed near a nanofiber. Phys. Rev. A 2004, doi:10.1016/S0030-4018(02)01802-3.
65. Nayak, K.; Le Kien, F.; Morinaga, M.; Hakuta, K. Antibunching and bunching of photons in resonance fluorescence from a few atoms into guided modes of an optical nanofiber. Nat. (Lond.) Phys. Rev. A 2009, 79, 021801.
66. Landragin, A.; Courtois, J.Y.; Labeyrie, G.; Vansteenkiste, N.; Westbrook, C.I.; Aspect, A. Measurement of the van der Waals force in an atomic mirror. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 1464–1467.
67. Harber, D.M.; Obrecht, J.M.; McGuirk, J.M.; Cornell, E.A. Measurement of the Casimir-Polder force through center-of-mass oscillations of a Bose-Einstein condensate. Phys. Rev. A 2005, 72, 033610.
68. Le Kien, F.; Gupta, S.D.; Hakuta, K. Optical excitation spectrum of an atom in a surface-induced potential. Phys. Rev. A 2007, 75, 032508.
69. Le Kien, F.; Hakuta, K. Spontaneous radiative decay of translational levels of an atom near a dielectric surface. Phys. Rev. A 2007, 75, 013423.
70. Nayak, K.P.; Das, M.; Kien, F.L.; Hakuta, K. Spectroscopy of near-surface atoms using an optical nanofiber. Opt. Commun. 2012, 285, 4698–4704.
71. Deasy, K.; Watkins, A.; Morrissey, M.; Schmidt, R.; Nic Chormaic, S. Few Atom Detection and Manipulation using Optical Nanofibres. In Quantum Communication and Quantum Networking; Sergienko, A., Pascazio, S., Villoresi, P., Eds.; Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 2010; Volume 36, pp. 200–209.
72. Morrissey, M.J.; Deasy, K.; Wu, Y.; Chakrabarti, S.; Nic Chormaic, S. Tapered optical fibers as tools for probing magneto-optical trap characteristics. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2009, 80, 053102.
73. Russell, L.; Kumar, R.; Tiwari, V.; Nic Chormaic, S. Measurements on release-recapture of cold Rb-85 atoms using an optical nanofibre in a magneto-optical trap. Opt. Commun. 2013, doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2013.07.080.
74. Kien, F.L.; Balykin, V.I.; Hakuta, K. Light-induced force and torque on an atom outside a nanofiber. Phys. Rev. A 2006, 74, 033412.
75. Hakuta, K. Single atoms on an optical nanofiber: A novel work system for slow light. Proc. SPIE 2008, 6904, 690406.
76. Letokhov, V. Nonlinear high resolution laser spectroscopy. Science 1975, 190, 344–351.
77. Spillane, S.M.; Pati, G.S.; Salit, K.; Hall, M.; Kumar, P.; Beausoleil, R.G.; Shahriar, M.S. Observation of nonlinear optical interactions of ultralow levels of light in a tapered optical nanofiber embedded in a hot rubidium vapor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2008, 100, 233602.
78. Hendrickson, S.M.; Pittman, T.B.; Franson, J.D. Nonlinear transmission through a tapered fiber in rubidium vapor. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2009, 26, 267–271.
79. Hendrickson, S.M.; Lai, M.M.; Pittman, T.B.; Franson, J.D. Observation of two-photon absorption at low power levels using tapered optical fibers in rubidium vapor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 105, 173602.
80. Russell, L.; Daly, M.; Nic Chormaic, S. 1- and 2-photon absorption by laser-cooled 85Rb using an optical nanofiber. AIP Conf. Proc. 2012, 1469, 82–90.
81. Lai, M.; Franson, J.D.; Pittman, T.B. Transmission degradation and preservation for tapered optical fibers in rubidium vapor. Appl. Opt. 2013, 52, 2595–2601.
82. Balykin, V.I.; Hakuta, K.; Le Kien, F.; Liang, J.Q.; Morinaga, M. Atom trapping and guiding with a subwavelength-diameter optical fiber. Phys. Rev. A 2004, 70, 011401.
83. Le Kien, F.; Balykin, V.I.; Hakuta, K. Atom trap and waveguide using a two-color evanescent light field around a subwavelength-diameter optical fiber. Phys. Rev. A 2004, 70, 063403.
84. Dawkins, S.T.; Mitsch, R.; Reitz, D.; Vetsch, E.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Dispersive optical interface based on nanofiber-trapped atoms. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 107, 243601.
85. Schneeweiss, P.; Dawkins, S.; Mitsch, R.; Reitz, D.; Vetsch, E.; Rauschenbeutel, A. A nanofiber-based optical conveyor belt for cold atoms. Appl. Phys. B 2013, 110, 279–283.
86. Reitz, D.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Nanofiber-based double-helix dipole trap for cold neutral atoms. Opt. Commun. 2012, 285, 4705–4708.
87. Le Kien, F.; Liang, J.Q.; Hakuta, K.; Balykin, V.I. Field intensity distributions and polarization orientations in a vacuum-clad subwavelength-diameter optical fiber. Opt. Commun. 2004, 242, 445–455.
88. Fatemi, F.K.; Ravets, S.; Hoffman, J.E.; Beadie, G.; Rolston, S.L.; Orozco, L.A. Higher order mode propagation in ultrathin optical fibers for atom traps. Proc. SPIE 2013, 8637, 86370X.
89. Warken, F.; Vetsch, E.; Meschede, D.; Sokolowski, M.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Ultra-sensitive surface absorption spectroscopy using sub-wavelength diameter optical fibers. Opt. Express 2007, 15, 11952–11958.
90. Garcia-Fernandez, R.; Alt, W.; Bruse, F.; Dan, C.; Karapetyan, K.; Rehband, O.; Stiebeiner, A.; Wiedemann, U.; Meschede, D.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Optical nanofibers and spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. B Las. Opt. 2011, 105, 3–15.
91. Stiebeiner, A.; Rehband, O.; Garcia-Fernandez, R.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Ultra-sensitive fluorescence spectroscopy of isolated surface-adsorbed molecules using an optical nanofiber. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 21704–21711.
92. Takiguchi, M.; Yoshikawa, Y.; Yamamoto, T.; Nakayama, K.; Kuga, T. Saturated absorption spectroscopy of acetylene molecules with an optical nanofiber. Opt. Lett. 2011, 36, 1254–1256.
93. Wiedemann, U.; Alt, W.; Meschede, D. Switching photochromic molecules adsorbed on optical microfibres. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 12710–12720.
94. Gregor, M.; Kuhlicke, A.; Benson, O. Soft-landing and optical characterization of a preselected single fluorescent particle on a tapered optical fiber. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 24234–24243.
95. Srinivasan, K.; Painter, O.; Stintz, A.; Krishna, S. Single quantum dot spectroscopy using a fiber taper waveguide near-field optic. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91, 091102.
96. Davanco, M.; Srinivasan, K. Efficient spectroscopy of single embedded emitters using optical fiber taper waveguides. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 10542–10563.
97. Davanco, M.; Srinivasan, K. Fiber-coupled semiconductor waveguides as an efficient optical interface to a single quantum dipole. Opt. Lett. 2009, 34, 2542–2544.
98. Davanco, M.; Srinivasan, K. Hybrid gap modes induced by fiber taper waveguides: Application in spectroscopy of single solid-state emitters deposited on thin films. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 10995–11007.
99. Yalla, R.; Nayak, K.P.; Hakuta, K. Fluorescence photon measurements from single quantum dots on an optical nanofiber. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 2932–2941.
100. Yalla, R.; Le Kien, F.; Morinaga, M.; Hakuta, K. Efficient channeling of fluorescence photons from single quantum dots into guided modes of optical nanofiber. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 109, 063602.
101. Fujiwara, M.; Toubaru, K.; Noda, T.; Zhao, H.-Q.; Takeuchi, S. Highly efficient coupling of photons from nanoemitters into single-mode optical fibers. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4362–4365.
102. Schröder, T.; Fujiwara, M.; Noda, T.; Zhao, H.-Q.; Benson, O.; Takeuchi, S. A nanodiamond-tapered fiber system with high single-mode coupling efficiency. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 10490–10497.
103. Le Kien, F.; Hakuta, K. Cavity-enhanced channeling of emission from an atom into a nanofiber. Phys. Rev. A 2009, 80, 053826.
104. Nayak, K.P.; Le Kien, F.; Kawai, Y.; Hakuta, K.; Nakajima, K.; Miyazaki, H.T.; Sugimoto, Y. Cavity formation on an optical nanofiber using focused ion beam milling technique. Opt. Express 2011, 19, 14040–14050.
105. Tian, Y.; Wang, W.; Wu, N.; Zou, X.; Wang, X. Tapered optical fiber sensor for label-free detection of biomolecules. Sensors 2011, 11, 3780–3790.
106. Yoshie, T.; Tang, L.; Su, S.-Y. Optical microcavity: Sensing down to single molecules and atoms. Sensors 2011, 11, 1972–1991.
107. Vahala, K.J. Optical microcavities. Nature 2003, 424, 839–846.
108. Ward, J.M.; O’Shea, D.G.; Shortt, B.J.; Nic Chormaic, S. Optical bistability in Er-Yb codoped phosphate glass microspheres at room temperature. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 102, 023104.
109. Wu, Y.; Ward, J.M.; Nic Chormaic, S. Ultralow threshold green lasing and optical bistability in ZBNA microspheres. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 107, 033103–033106.
110. Ward, J.M.; Wu, Y.; Khalfi, K.; Nic Chormaic, S. Short vertical tube furnace for the fabrication of doped glass microsphere lasers. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2010, 81, 073106.
111. Nic Chormaic, S.; Wu, Y.; Ward, J.; Watkins, A. Fano Resonances and Electromagnetically Induced Absorption and Transparency-like Effects in Single Silica Microspheres. In Proceedings of the Frontiers in Optics 2010/Laser Science XXVI, OSA Technical Digest (CD), Rochester, NY, USA, 24–28 October 2010.
112. Watkins, A.; Ward, J.; Wu, Y.; Nic Chormaic, S. Single-input spherical microbubble resonator. Opt. Lett. 2011, 36, 2113–2115.
113. Alton, D.J.; Stern, N.P.; Aoki, T.; Lee, H.; Ostby, E.; Vahala, K.J.; Kimble, H.J. Strong interactions of single atoms and photons near a dielectric boundary. Nat. Phys. 2011, 7, 159–165.
114. Purcell, E.M. Spontaneous emission probabilities at radio frequencies. Phys. Rev. 1946, 69, 681–681.
115. Vollmer, F.; Yang, L. Label-free detection with high-q microcavities: A review of biosensing mechanisms for integrated devices. Nanophotonics 2012, 1, 267–291.
116. Armani, A.M.; Kulkarni, R.P.; Fraser, S.E.; Flagan, R.C.; Vahala, K.J. Label-free, single-molecule detection with optical microcavities. Science 2007, 317, 783–787.
117. Knight, J.C.; Cheung, G.; Jacques, F.; Birks, T.A. Phase-matched excitation of whispering-gallery-mode resonances by a fiber taper. Opt. Lett. 1997, 22, 1129–1131.
118. Cai, M.; Painter, O.; Vahala, K.J. Observation of critical coupling in a fiber taper to a silica-microsphere whispering-gallery mode system. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 74–77.
119. Spillane, S.M.; Kippenberg, T.J.; Painter, O.J.; Vahala, K.J. Ideality in a fiber-taper-coupled microresonator system for application to cavity quantum electrodynamics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91, 043902.
120. Srinivasan, K.; Painter, O. Optical fiber taper coupling and high-resolution wavelength tuning of microdisk resonators at cryogenic temperatures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 031114.
121. Watkins, A.; Ward, J.; Nic Chormaic, S. Thermo-optical tuning of whispering gallery modes in Erbium: Ytterbium doped glass microspheres to arbitrary probe wavelengths. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 51, 052501.
122. Kakarantzas, G.; Dimmick, T.E.; Birks, T.A.; Le Roux, R.; Russell, P.S.J. Miniature all-fiber devices based on CO2 laser microstructuring of tapered fibers. Opt. Lett. 2001, 26, 1137–1139.
123. Pöllinger, M.; O’Shea, D.; Warken, F.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Ultrahigh-Q tunable whispering-gallery-mode microresonator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2009, 103, 053901.
124. Junge, C.; O’Shea, D.; Volz, J.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Strong coupling between single atoms and nontransversal photons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2013, 110, 213604.
125. Fam Le, K.; Hakuta, K. Intracavity electromagnetically induced transparency in atoms around a nanofiber with a pair of Bragg grating mirrors. Phys. Rev. A 2009, 79, 043813.
126. Fam Le, K.; Hakuta, K. Triggered generation of single guided photons from a single atom in a nanofiber cavity. Phys. Rev. A 2011, 83, 043801.
127. Le Kien, F.; Hakuta, K. Deterministic generation of a pair of entangled guided photons from a single atom in a nanofiber cavity. Phys. Rev. A 2011, 84, 053801.
128. Kien, F.L.; Nayak, K.P.; Hakuta, K. Nanofibers with Bragg gratings from equidistant holes. J. Mod. Opt. 2012, 59, 274–286.
129. Fam Le, K.; Hakuta, K. Translational motion of an atom in a weakly driven fiber-Bragg-grating cavity. Adv. Nat. Sci. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 025009.
130. Lindner, E.; Chojetzki, C.; Brückner, S.; Becker, M.; Rothhardt, M.; Bartelt, H. Thermal regeneration of fiber Bragg gratings in photosensitive fibers. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 12523–12531.
131. Zhang, Y.; Lin, B.; Tjin, S.C.; Zhang, H.; Wang, G.; Shum, P.; Zhang, X. Refractive index sensing based on higher-order mode reflection of a microfiber Bragg grating. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 26345–26350.
132. Wieduwilt, T.; Brueckner, S.; Bartelt, H. High force measurement sensitivity with fiber Bragg gratings fabricated in uniform-waist fiber tapers. Meas. Sci. Tech. 2011, 22, 075201.
133. Yang, R.; Long, J.; Yan-Nan, T.; Li-Peng, S.; Jie, L.; Bai-Ou, G. High-efficiency ultraviolet inscription of Bragg gratings in microfibers. IEEE Photon. J. 2012, 4, 181–186.
134. Ding, M.; Zervas, M.N.; Brambilla, G. A compact broadband microfiber Bragg grating. Opt. Express 2011, 19, 15621–15626.
135. Liu, Y.; Meng, C.; Zhang, A.P.; Xiao, Y.; Yu, H.; Tong, L. Compact microfiber Bragg gratings with high-index contrast. Opt. Lett. 2011, 36, 3115–3117.
136. Ding, M.; Wang, P.; Lee, T.; Brambilla, G. A microfiber cavity with minimal-volume confinement. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 051105.
137. Feng, J.; Ding, M.; Kou, J.-L.; Xu, F.; Lu, Y.-Q. An optical fiber tip micrograting thermometer. IEEE Photon. J. 2011, 3, 810–814.
138. Dragomir, A.; Nikogosyan, D.N.; Zagorulko, K.A.; Kryukov, P.G.; Dianov, E.M. Inscription of fiber Bragg gratings by ultraviolet femtosecond radiation. Opt. Lett. 2003, 28, 2171–2173.
139. Grobnic, D.; Mihailov, S.J.; Ding, H.M.; Smelser, C.W. Bragg grating evanescent field sensor made in biconical tapered fiber with femtosecond ir radiation. IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 2006, 18, 160–162.
140. Zhao, P.; Li, Y.; Zhang, J.; Shi, L.; Zhang, X. Nanohole induced microfiber Bragg gratings. Opt. Express 2012, 20, 28625–28630.
141. Nayak, K.P.; Hakuta, K. Photonic crystal formation on optical nanofibers using femtosecond laser ablation technique. Opt. Express 2013, 21, 2480–2490.
142. Wuttke, C.; Becker, M.; Brückner, S.; Rothhardt, M.; Rauschenbeutel, A. Nanofiber Fabry-Perot microresonator for nonlinear optics and cavity quantum electrodynamics. Opt. Lett. 2012, 37, 1949–1951.
143. Sumetsky, M. Optical fiber microcoil resonator. Opt. Express 2004, 12, 2303–2316.
144. Fei, X.; Horak, P.; Brambilla, G. Optimized design of microcoil resonators. J. Lightwave Tech. 2007, 25, 1561–1567.
145. Fei, X.; Brambilla, G. Manufacture of 3-D microfiber coil resonators. IEEE Photon. Tech. Lett. 2007, 19, 1481–1483.
146. Jiang, X.; Yang, Q.; Vienne, G.; Li, Y.; Tong, L.; Zhang, J.; Hu, L. Demonstration of microfiber knot laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 143513.
147. Xiao, L.; Birks, T.A. High finesse microfiber knot resonators made from double-ended tapered fibers. Opt. Lett. 2011, 36, 1098–1100.
148. Sumetsky, M.; Dulashko, Y.; Fini, J.M.; Hale, A. Optical microfiber loop resonator. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 161108.
149. Sumetsky, M.; Dulashko, Y.; Fini, J.M.; Hale, A.; DiGiovanni, D.J. The microfiber loop resonator: Theory, experiment, and application. J. Lightwave Tech. 2006, 24, 242–250.
150. Yu, W.; Xu, Z.; Changlun, H.; Jian, B.; Guoguang, Y. A tunable all-fiber filter based on microfiber loop resonator. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2008, 92, 191112.
151. Chen, Z.; Hsiao, V.K.S.; Li, X.; Li, Z.; Yu, J.; Zhang, J. Optically tunable microfiber-knot resonator. Opt. Express 2011, 19, 14217–14222.
152. Chen, G.Y.; Lee, T.; Zhang, X.L.; Brambilla, G.; Newson, T.P. Temperature compensation techniques for resonantly enhanced sensors and devices based on optical microcoil resonators. Opt. Commun. 2012, 285, 4677–4683.
153. Sulaiman, A.; Harun, S.W.; Ahmad, F.; Norizan, S.F.; Ahmad, H. Electrically tunable microfiber knot resonator based erbium-doped fiber laser. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 2012, 48, 443–446.
154. Sulaiman, A.; Harun, S.W.; Ahmad, H. Thermally tunable microfiber knot resonator based erbium-doped fiber laser. Opt. Commun. 2012, 285, 4684–4687.
155. Jung, Y.M.; Brambilla, G.; Richardson, D.J. Polarization-maintaining optical microfiber. Opt. Lett. 2010, 35, 2034–2036.