The physicochemical hydrodynamics of vascular plants

Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics

Volumn 46, Issue , 2014, Pages 615-642

  Stroock, Abraham D ^a   Pagay, Vinay V ^b   Zwieniecki, Maciej A ^c   Holbrook, N Michele ^d  

^a School of Operations Research and Industrial Engineering   (United States)

^b University of California ^*  (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cavitation; Membrane; Osmosis; Transpiration; Xylem

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL PROCESS; META-STABLE STATE; NEGATIVE PRESSURES; POSITIVE PRESSURE; SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS; SYNTHETIC SYSTEMS; TRANSPORT PHENOMENA; XYLEM;

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CAVITATION; MEMBRANES; OSMOSIS; THERMODYNAMICS; TRANSPIRATION; WATER MANAGEMENT;

PLANTS (BOTANY);

CAVITATION; HYDRODYNAMICS; MEMBRANE; OSMOSIS; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; PRESSURE; TENSION; THERMODYNAMICS; TRANSPIRATION; XYLEM;

TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 84891755569     PISSN: 00664189     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141411     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Ambrose AR, Sillett SC, Koch GW, Van Pelt R, Antoine ME, Dawson TE. 2010. Effects of height on treetop transpiration and stomatal conductance in coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Tree Physiol. 30:1260-72
2. Askenasy E. 1895. Ueber das Saftsteigen. Verh. Nat. Med. Ver. Heidelb. 5:325-45
3. Azouzi ME, Ramboz C, Lenain JF, Caupin F. 2013. A coherent picture of water at extreme negative pressure. Nat. Phys. 9:38-41
4. Boehm J. 1893. Capillarität und Saftsteigen. Ber. Deut. Botan. Ges. 11:203-12
5. Bowen WR, Jenner F. 1995. Electroviscous effects in charged capillaries. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 173:388-95
6. Brodersen CR, McElrone AJ, Choat B, Matthews MA, Shackel KA. 2010. The dynamics of embolism repair in xylem: In vivo visualizations using high-resolution computed tomography. Plant Physiol. 154:1088-95
7. Canny MJ. 1995. A new theory for the ascent of sap: Cohesion supported by tissue pressure. Ann. Bot. 75:343-57
8. Canny MJ. 1995. Potassium cycling in helianthus: Ions of the xylem sap and secondary vessel formation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 348:457-69
9. Canny MJ. 1997. Vessel contents during transpiration: Embolisms and refilling. Am. J. Bot. 84:1223-30
10. Choat B, Jansen S, Brodribb TJ, Cochard H, Delzon S, et al. 2012. Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature 491:752-56
11. Cochard H, Cruiziat P, Tyree MT. 1992. Use of positive pressures to establish vulnerability curves: Further support for the air-seeding hypothesis and implications for pressure-volume analysis. Plant Physiol. 100:205-9
12. Cowan IR. 1972. Oscillations in stomatal conductance and plant functioning associated with stomatal conductance: Observations and a model. Planta 106:185-219
13. Cramer MD. 2012. Unravelling the limits to tree height: A major role for water and nutrient trade-offs. Oecologia 169:61-72
14. Debenedetti PG. 1996. Metastable Liquids. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
15. de Gennes PG, Brochard-Wyart F, Quéré D. 2004. Capillarity and Wetting Phenomena: Drops, Bubbles, Pearls, Waves. New York: Springer
16. Dixon HH, Joly J. 1895. On the ascent of sap. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 186:563-76
17. Domec JC, Lachenbruch B, Meinzer FC, Woodruff DR, Warren JM, McCulloh KA. 2008. Maximum height in a conifer is associated with conflicting requirements for xylem design. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:12069-74
18. Domec JC, Meinzer FC, Lachenbruch B, Housset J. 2007. Dynamic variation in sapwood specific conductivity in six woody species. Tree Physiol. 27:1389-400
19. Duan C, Karnik R, Lu MC, Majumdar A. 2012. Evaporation-induced cavitation in nanofluidic channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 109:3688-93
20. Effenhauser CS, Harttig H, Kramer P. 2002. An evaporation-based disposable micropump concept for continuous monitoring applications. Biomed. Microdevices 4:27-32
21. Eijkel JCT, Bomer JG, Van Den Berg A. 2005. Osmosis and pervaporation in polyimide submicron microfluidic channel structures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 87:114103
22. Eijkel JCT, Van Den Berg A. 2005. Water in micro- and nanofluidics systems described using the water potential. Lab Chip 5:1202-9
23. Eschrich W, Evert RF, Young JH. 1972. Solution flow in tubular semipermeablemembranes. Planta 107:279-300
24. Farquhar GD, Cowan IR. 1974. Oscillations in stomatal conductance: Influence of environmental gain. Plant Physiol. 54:769-72
25. Fisher JB, Angeles G, Ewers FW, Ĺ opez-Portillo J. 1997. Survey of root pressure in tropical vines and woody species. Int. J. Plant Sci. 158:44-50
26. Fu QS, Cheng LL, Guo YD, Turgeon R. 2011. Phloem loading strategies and water relations in trees and herbaceous plants. Plant Physiol. 157:1518-27
27. Giaquinta RT. 1983. Phloem loading of sucrose. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 34:347-87
28. Goedecke N, Eijkel J, Manz A. 2002. Evaporation driven pumping for chromatography application. Lab Chip 2:219-23
29. Goeschl JD, Magnuson CE, Demichele DW, Sharpe PJH. 1976. Concentration-dependent unloading as a necessary assumption for a closed formmathematical model of osmotically driven pressure flow in phloem. Plant Physiol. 58:556-62
30. Good BT, Bowman CN, Davis RH. 2007. A water-Activated pump for portable microfluidic applications. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 305:239-49
31. Gouin H. 2008. A new approach for the limit to tree height using a liquid nanolayer model. Contin. Mech. Thermodyn. 20:317-29
32. Guan YX, Xu ZR, Dai J, Fang ZL. 2006. The use of a micropump based on capillary and evaporation effects in a microfluidic flow injection chemiluminescence system. Talanta 68:1384-89
33. Hacke UG, Sperry JS. 2003. Limits to xylem refilling under negative pressure in Laurus nobilis and Acer negundo. Plant Cell Environ. 26:303-11
34. Hacke UG, Sperry JS, Pockman WT, Davis SD, McCulloch KA. 2001. Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure. Oecologia 126:457-61
35. Hartt CE, Kortschak HP. 1967. Translocation of 14C in the sugarcane plant during the day and night. Plant Physiol. 42:89-94
36. Herbert E, Caupin F. 2005. The limit of metastability of water under tension: Theories and experiments. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17:S3597-602
37. Holbrook NM, Ahrens ET, Burns MJ, Zwieniecki MA. 2001. In vivo observation of cavitation and embolism repair using magnetic resonance imaging. Plant Physiol. 126:27-31
38. Holbrook NM, Burns MJ, Field CB. 1995. Negative xylem pressures in plants: A test of the balancing pressure technique. Science 270:1193-94
39. Holbrook NM, ZwienieckiMA 1999. Embolism repair and xylem tension: Do we need amiracle?Plant Physiol. 120:7-10
40. Holbrook NM, Zwieniecki MA, eds. 2005. Vascular Transport in Plants. Amsterdam: Elsevier
41. Horwitz L. 1958. Some simplified mathematical treatments of translocation in plants. Plant Physiol. 33:81-93
42. Jensen KH, Lee J, Bohr T, Bruus H. 2009. Osmotically driven flows in microchannels separated by a semipermeable membrane. Lab Chip 9:2093-99
43. Jensen KH, Lee J, Bohr T, Bruus H, Holbrook NM, Zwieniecki MA. 2011. Optimality of the Münch mechanism for translocation of sugars in plants. J. R. Soc. Interface 8:1155-65
44. Jensen KH, Berg-Sørensen K, Friis SMM, Bohr T. 2012. Analytic solutions and universal properties of sugar loading models in Münch phloem flow. J. Theor. Biol. 304:286-96
45. Jensen KH, Zwieniecki MA. 2013. Physical limits to leaf size in tall trees. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110:018104
46. Juncker D, Schmid H, Drechsler U, Wolf H, Wolf M, et al. 2002. Autonomous microfluidic capillary system. Anal. Chem. 74:6139-44
47. Knoblauch M, Oparka K. 2012. The structure of the phloem: Still more questions than answers. Plant J. 70:147-56
48. Knoblauch M, Peters WS. 2010.Münch, morphology, microfluidics: Our structural problem with the phloem. Plant Cell Environ. 33:1439-52
49. Konrad W, Roth-Nebelsick A. 2003. The dynamics of gas bubbles in conduits of vascular plants and implications for embolism repair. J. Theor. Biol. 224:43-61
50. LaBarbera M. 1990. Principles of design of fluid transport systems in zoology. Science 249:992-1000
51. Lahey RT. 1992. Boiling Heat Transfer: Modern Developments and Advances. Amsterdam: Elsevier
52. Lang A. 1973. Working model of a sieve tube. J. Exp. Bot. 24:896-904
53. Lee JN, Holbrook NM, Zwieniecki MA. 2012. Ion induced changes in the structure of bordered pit membranes. Front. Plant Sci. 3:55
54. Levich V. 1962. Physicochemical Hydrodynamics. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
55. Lewis AM, Harnden VD, Tyree MT. 1994. Collapse of water-stress emboli in the tracheids of Thuja occidentalis L. Plant Physiol. 106:1639-46
56. Ĺ opez-Portillo J, Ewers FW, Angeles G. 2005. Sap salinity effects on xylem conductivity in two mangrove species. Plant Cell Environ. 28:1285-92
57. Lowell S, Shields JE. 1991. Powder Surface Area and Porosity. New York: Chapman & Hall
58. Marenco RA, Siebke K, Farquhar GD, Ball MC. 2006. Hydraulically based stomatal oscillations and stomatal patchiness in Gossypium hirsutum. Funct. Plant Biol. 33:1103-13
59. McCabe WL, Smith J, Harriott P. 2005. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill
60. McCulloh KA, Sperry JS, Adler FR. 2004. Murray's law and the hydraulic versus mechanical functioning of wood. Funct. Ecol. 18:931-38
61. Melcher PJ, Meinzer FC, Yount DE, Goldstein G, Zimmermann U. 1998. Comparative measurements of xylem pressure in transpiring and non-Transpiring leaves by means of the pressure chamber and the xylem pressure probe. J. Exp. Bot. 49:1757-60
62. Milburn JA. 1996. Sap ascent in vascular plants: Challengers to the cohesion theory ignore the significance of immature xylem and the recycling of Münch water. Ann. Bot. 78:399-407
63. Milburn JA, Johnson RPC. 1966. The conduction of sap II. Detection of vibrations produced by sap cavitation in Ricinus xylem. Planta 69:43-52
64. Münch E. 1930. Die Stoffbewegungen in der Pflanze. Jena, Ger.: Fischer
65. Murray CD. 1926. The physiological principle of minimum work: I. The vascular system and the cost of blood volume. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 12:207-14
66. Nardini A, Gasco A, Trifilo P, Lo Gullo MA, Salleo S. 2007. Ion-mediated enhancement of xylem hydraulic conductivity is not always suppressed by the presence of Ca2+ in the sap. J. Exp. Bot. 58:2609-15
67. Nardini A, Lo Gullo MA, Salleo S 2011. Refilling embolized xylem conduits: Is it a matter of phloem unloading? Plant Sci. 180:604-11
68. Netting AG. 2009. Limitations within "the limits to tree height." Am. J. Bot. 96:542-44
69. Niklas KJ. 1994. Plant Allometry: The Scaling of Form and Process. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
70. Nobel PS. 1999. Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology. San Diego: Academic
71. Noblin X, Mahadevan L, Coomaraswamy IA, Weitz DA, Holbrook NM, ZwienieckiMA. 2008. Optimal vein density in artificial and real leaves. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:9140-44
72. Palladin VI, Livingston BE. 1926. Palladin's Plant Physiology. Boston: P. Blakiston's Son
73. Philipp A, Lauterborn W. 1998. Cavitation erosion by single laser-produced bubbles. J. Fluid Mech. 361:75-116
74. PickardWF. 1981. The ascent of sap in plants. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 37:181-229
75. Probstein RF. 1994. Physicochemical Hydrodynamics: An Introduction. New York: Wiley
76. Rand RH. 1983. Fluid mechanics of green plants. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 15:29-45
77. Ryan MG, Yoder BJ. 1997. Hydraulic limits to tree height and tree growth. Bioscience 47:235-42
78. Salleo S, Lo Gullo MA. 1989. Xylem cavitation in nodes and internodes of Vitis vinifera L. plants subjected to water stress: Limits of restoration of water conduction in cavitated xylem conduits. In Structural and Functional Responses to Environmental Stresses: Water Shortage, ed. KH Kreeb, H Richter, TM Hynckley, pp. 33-42. The Hague: SPB Acad.
79. Salleo S, Lo Gullo MA, De Paoli D, Zippo M. 1996. Xylem recovery from cavitation-induced embolism in young plants of Laurus nobilis: A possible mechanism. New Phytol. 132:47-56
80. Salleo S, Lo Gullo MA, Trifilo P, Nardini A. 2004. New evidence for a role of vessel-Associated cells and phloem in the rapid xylem refilling of cavitated stems of Laurus nobilis L. Plant Cell Environ. 27:1065-76
81. Salleo S, Trifilo P, Esposito S, Nardini A, Lo Gullo MA. 2009. Starch-To-sugar conversion in wood parenchyma of field-growing Laurus nobilis plants: A component of the signal pathway for embolism repair? Funct. Plant Biol. 36:815-25
82. Scholander PF, Bradstreet ED, Hemmingsen EA, Hammel HT. 1965. Sap pressure in vascular plants:Negative hydrostatic pressure can be measured in plants. Science 148:339-46
83. Secchi F, Gilbert ME, Zwieniecki MA. 2011. Transcriptome response to embolism formation in stems of Populus trichocarpa provides insight into signaling and the biology of refilling. Plant Physiol. 157:1419-29
84. Secchi F, Zwieniecki MA. 2010. Patterns of PIP gene expression in Populus trichocarpa during recovery from xylem embolism suggest a major role for the PIP1 aquaporin subfamily as moderators of refilling process. Plant Cell Environ. 33:1285-97
85. Secchi F, ZwienieckiMA. 2011. Sensing embolism in xylem vessels: The role of sucrose as a trigger for refilling. Plant Cell Environ. 34:514-24
86. Slatyer RO. 1967. Plant-Water Relationships. London: Academic
87. Smith JAC, Milburn JA. 1980. Phloem turgor and the regulation of sucrose loading in Ricinus communis L. Planta 148:42-48
88. Sperry JS. 2003. Evolution of water transport and xylem structure. Int. J. Plant Sci. 164:S115-27
89. Stone HA, Stroock AD, Ajdari A. 2004. Engineering flows in small devices: Microfluidics toward a lab-on-Achip. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 36:381-411
90. Taiz L, Zeiger E. 2010. Plant Physiology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc.
91. Tas NR, Escalante M, Van Honschoten JW, Jansen HV, Elwenspoek M. 2010. Capillary negative pressure measured by nanochannel collapse. Langmuir 26:1473-76
92. Tas NR, Mela P, Kramer T, Berenschot JW, Van Den Berg A. 2003. Capillarity induced negative pressure of water plugs in nanochannels. Nano Lett. 3:1537-40
93. Thompson MV. 2006. Phloem: The long and the short of it. Trends Plant Sci. 11:26-32
94. Thompson MV, Holbrook NM. 2003. Scaling phloem transport: Water potential equilibrium and osmoregulatory flow. Plant Cell Environ. 26:1561-77
95. Thut HF. 1928. Demonstrating the lifting power of transpiration. Ohio J. Sci. 28:292-98
96. Turgeon R. 2010. The puzzle of phloem pressure. Plant Physiol. 154:578-81
97. Turgeon R. 2010. The role of phloem loading reconsidered. Plant Physiol. 152:1817-23
98. Tyree MT, Dixon MA. 1983. Cavitation events in Thuja occidentalis L: Ultrasonic acoustic emissions from the sapwood can be measured. Plant Physiol. 72:1094-99
99. Tyree MT, Salleo S, Nardini A, Lo Gullo MA, Mosca R 1999. Refilling of embolized vessels in young stems of laurel: Do we need a new paradigm? Plant Physiol. 120:11-21
100. Tyree MT, Sperry JS. 1989. Vulnerability of xylem to cavitation and embolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40:19-38
101. Tyree MT, Yang SD. 1992. Hydraulic conductivity recovery versus water pressure in xylem of Acer saccharum. Plant Physiol. 100:669-76
102. Tyree MT, Zimmermann MH. 1971. The theory and practice of measuring transport coefficients and sap flow in the xylem of red maple stems (Acer rubrum). J. Exp. Biol. 70:1-18
103. Tyree MT, Zimmermann MH. 2002. Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
104. Van Doorn WG, Hiemstra T, Fanourakis D. 2011. Hydrogel regulation of xylem water flow: An alternative hypothesis. Plant Physiol. 157:1642-49
105. Van Ieperen W, Van Meeteren U, Van Gelder H. 2000. Fluid ionic composition influences hydraulic conductance of xylem conduits. J. Exp. Bot. 51:769-76
106. Velten T, Schuck H, Knoll T, Scholz O, Schumacher A, et al. 2006. Intelligent intraoral drug delivery microsystem. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. C 220:1609-17
107. Vincent O, Marmottant P, Quinto-Su PA, Ohl CD. 2012. Birth and growth of cavitation bubbles within water under tension confined in a simple synthetic tree. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108:184502
108. Wheeler TD, Stroock AD. 2008. The transpiration of water at negative pressures in a synthetic tree. Nature 455:208-12
109. Wheeler TD, Stroock AD. 2009. Stability limit of liquid water in metastable equilibrium with subsaturated vapors. Langmuir 25:7609-22
110. Woodruff DR, Bond BJ, Meinzer FC 2004. Does turgor limit growth in tall trees? Plant Cell Environ. 27:229-36
111. Xu ZR, Yang CG, Liu CH, Zhou Z, Fang J, Wang JH. 2010. An osmotic micro-pump integrated on a microfluidic chip for perfusion cell culture. Talanta 80:1088-93
112. Zheng Q, Durben DJ, Wolf GH, Angell CA. 1991. Liquids at large negative pressures: Water at the homogeneous nucleation limit. Science 254:829-32
113. Zimmermann MH. 1978. Hydraulic architecture of some diffuse-porous trees. Can. J. Bot. 56:2286-95
114. Zimmermann U, Schneider H, Wegner LH, Wagner H-J, Szimtenings M, et al. 2002. What are the driving forces for water lifting in the xylem conduit? Physiol. Plant. 114:327-35
115. Zufferey V, Cochard H, Ameglio T, Spring JL, Viret O. 2011. Diurnal cycles of embolism formation and repair in petioles of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Chasselas). J. Exp. Bot. 62:3885-94
116. Zwieniecki MA, Holbrook NM. 1998. Diurnal variation in xylem hydraulic conductivity in white ash (Fraxinus americana L), red maple (Acer rubrum L) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg). Plant Cell Environ. 21:1173-80
117. Zwieniecki MA, Holbrook NM. 2000. Bordered pit structure and vessel wall surface properties: Implications for embolism repair. Plant Physiol. 123:1015-20
118. Zwieniecki MA, Holbrook NM. 2009. Confronting Maxwell's demon: Biophysics of xylem embolism repair. Trends Plant Sci. 14:530-34
119. Zwieniecki MA, Melcher PJ, Holbrook NM. 2001. Hydrogel control of xylem hydraulic resistance in plants. Science 291:1059-62